Perseverance of the saints

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Perseverance of the saints, also known as preservation of the saints, is a Calvinist doctrine asserting that the elect will persevere in faith and ultimately achieve salvation. This concept was initially developed by Augustine of Hippo in the early 5th century, who formulated the idea of predestination by predeterminism. In the 16th century, John Calvin and other reformers integrated this idea into their theological framework. The doctrine of perseverance of the saints is rooted in this understanding of predestination and continues to be a central tenet of Reformed theology today.

Definition and terminology[edit]

Definition[edit]

The doctrine of perseverance of the saints asserts that the elect will persevere in faith until the end of their lives and ultimately achieve salvation. Those who are truly born again are the elect who will persevere to the end.[1][2]

Terminology[edit]

The alternative term "preservation of the saints" emphasizes God's role in determining the elect's perseverance. Conversely, "perseverance of the saints" highlights the human act of perseverance, which is a consequence of God's preservation.[3][4][5]

Because one practical interpretation of the Calvinist doctrine of "perseverance of the saints" leads to "eternal security",[6] over time, the term became synonymous with the doctrine itself.[7] However, given the theological significance of the term "eternal security" in common usage, it's important to distinguish them.[8] Indeed, some Calvinist theologians reject the use of "eternal security" for their doctrine of perseverance,[9] as do proponents of non-Calvinist forms of eternal security.[10]

History[edit]

Augustine's doctrine of perseverance[edit]

Botticelli, Sandro. (c. 1480) Saint Augustine in His Study

Before his conversion to Christianity in 387, Augustine of Hippo (354–430), adhered to three deterministic philosophies: Stoicism, Neoplatonism and Manichaeism.[11][12][13][14][15][16] After his conversion, he taught traditional Christian theology against forms of theological determinism until 412.[17][18][19]

During his conflict with the Pelagians, however Augustine seemed to reintroduce certain Manichean principles into his thought,[20][21][22][23][24][25] a shift notably influenced by the controversy over infant baptism.[26] His early exposure to Stoicism, with its emphasis on meticulous divine predeterminism, also shaped his views.[27] According to Manichean doctrine, unborn and unbaptized infants were condemned to hell due to their physical bodies.[28] Augustine asserted that God predetermined parents to seek baptism for their newborns, linking water baptism to regeneration,[29] and ultimately predetermining which infants are damned and which are justified.[30]

Augustine had to explain why some baptized infants continued in the faith while others fell away and lived immoral lives. He taught that among those regenerated through baptism, some receive an additional gift of perseverance (donum perseverantiae) enabling them to maintain their faith and preventing them from falling away.[31][32][33] Without this second gift, a baptized Christian with the Holy Spirit would not persevere and ultimately would not be saved. Augustine developed this doctrine of perseverance in De correptione et gratia (c. 426–427).[34] While this doctrine theoretically give security to the elect who receive the gift of perseverance, individuals cannot ascertain whether they have received it.[35][13][36]

Proponents of Augustinian soteriology before the Reformation[edit]

Between the 5th century and the Reformation in the 16th century, theologians who upheld Augustinian soteriology, included: Gottschalk (c. 808–868),[37] Ratramnus (died 868),[38] Thomas Bradwardine (1300–1349),[39] Gregory of Rimini (1300–1358),[40] John Wycliffe (1320s – 1384),[41] Johann Ruchrat von Wesel (died 1481),[42] Girolamo Savonarola (1452–1498)[43] and Johannes von Staupitz (1460–1524).[44]

Development of the Calvinist doctrine of perseverance[edit]

See also: Augustine's influence on John Calvin and History of Calvinist-Arminian debate

John Calvin among other Reformers, was deeply influenced by Augustine soteriology.[45][46] The soteriology of Calvin was further shaped and systematized by Theodore Beza and other theologians.[47] It was then articulated during the Second Synod of Dort (1618–1619) in response to the opposing Five Articles of Remonstrance.[48][49] The Calvinist doctrine of perseverance is present in the Canons of Dort[3] and in Reformed confessions of faith such as the Westminster Confession of Faith.[5]

Doctrine[edit]

The Five Points
of Calvinism
A "Page Polka" tulip
(TULIP)
Total depravity
Unconditional election
Limited atonement
Irresistible grace
Perseverance of the saints

A consequence of the Calvinist doctrine of predestination[edit]

Orthodox forms of Calvinism view God's providence as expressed through theological determinism.[50][51][52] This means that every event in the world is determined by God.[53] As the Westminster Confession of Faith put it: "God, from all eternity, did, by the most wise and holy counsel of His own will, freely, and unchangeably ordain whatever comes to pass."[54]

Concerning salvation, Calvin expressly taught that it is God's sovereign decision to determine whether an individual is saved or damned.[55][56] He writes "By predestination we mean the eternal decree of God, by which he determined with himself whatever he wished to happen with regard to every man. All are not created on equal terms, but some are preordained to eternal life, others to eternal damnation; and, accordingly, as each has been created for one or other of these ends, we say that he has been predestinated to life or to death."[57] Indeed, human actions leading to this end are also predetermined by God.[58] In accordance, Calvin held to the doctrine of perseverance of the saints, contending for the unconditional preservation of the elect.[59]

Practical interpretations of the doctrine of perseverance of the saints[edit]

Practical interpretation rejecting an absolute assurance of salvation[edit]

According to Calvinism, apostasy is not possible for those who are true Christians.[60] However, being a true Christian is only demonstrated by perseverance to the end.[61] This arises because there are instances where individuals appear to come to God but later display definitive apostasy. To address this phenomenon, Calvinist theologians have postulated that common grace might include effects that cannot be distinguished from effectual calling and subsequent irresistible grace. About that issue, Calvin formulated the concept of a temporary grace (sometimes called "evanescent grace") that appears and works for only a while in the reprobate but then to disappears.[62][63][64][65] According to this concept, the Holy Spirit can create in some people effects which are indistinguishable from those of the irresistible grace of God, producing also a visible "fruit" in their life.[66][67] Temporary grace was also supported by later Calvinist theologians such as Theodore Beza, William Perkins,[68] John Owen,[69] A. W. Pink[70] and Loraine Boettner.[71] This suggests that the knowledge of being a true Christian is theoretically not accessible during life.[72] Thus a first interpretation of the doctrine of perseverance of the saints acknowledges explanations of apparent apostasy like "evanescent grace," which avoids offering to the believer absolute assurance of salvation during life. Several Reformed theologians have expressed a non-absolute assurance of salvation from a personal standpoint.[73][74][75][76]

Practical interpretation supporting an absolute assurance of salvation[edit]

Anonymous (17th century) Portrait of John Calvin

According to Augustine, the gift of perseverance is granted only to certain regenerated individuals.[33] Therefore, both Augustine and Luther, who was an Augustinian friar, held that believers, based on their own understanding, cannot definitively know if they are among the "elect to perseverance."[77][78][13]

Calvin is known to heavily drew upon Augustine soteriology.[45][46] However, despite Calvin's inability to offer a clear rationale,[73] he was more optimistic than Luther regarding this possibility.[79] Indeed, Calvin suggested that it might be possible to have some assurance of being an elect.[80] This possibility of assurance, based on personal introspection, as expressed by Calvin was also expressed by later Calvinist theologians,[81] for instance in the Westminster Confession of Faith (1646).[82] In the 18th century,[83] similarly, Hyper-Calvinism encouraged introspection as a means for adherents to determine whether or not one was elect.[84] This assurance forms the foundation of unconditional eternal security within Calvinist circles.

The process leading to eternal security unfolds as follows: Initially, the believer must embrace the Calvinist system, emphasizing unconditional election and irresistible grace. Subsequently, through self-examination, they must discern the spiritual influence of the Holy Spirit. This introspection may lead to a faith in their own predetermined election. In this context, the concept of the perseverance of the saints may prompt the believer to believe in their irresistible perseverance.[85][86]

Because this practical interpretation of the doctrine of "perseverance of the saints" leads to "eternal security", within Reformed Christianity, the term has become synonymous with the doctrine itself over time.[7] Besides, in broader Protestantism, "eternal security" often carries a distinct meaning.[7] It's then important to differentiate the two due to their respective theological significance.[8]

Summary of the interpretations[edit]

In Calvinist circles, thus, two practical interpretations emerge regarding "perseverance of the saints": One interpretation accept explanations of apparent apostasy such as "evanescent grace," which does not offer believers absolute assurance of salvation during life. The other interpretation rejects these explanations, asserting that believers, through introspection, can know with absolute certainty that they are elect, thus allowing belief in eternal security.[6] These two perspectives were already observed in the 16th century. Jacobus Arminius, (1560-1609), a pastor of the Reformed Church, encountered both perspectives stemming from the doctrine of perseverance of the saints. He labeled the first perspective "despair" (Latin: desperatio) and the second "security" (Latin: securitas).[85]

Objections[edit]

Perseverance of the saints hinders assurance of salvation[edit]

The doctrine of perseverance of the saints can suggest that a believer has some assurance of salvation. However, this interpretation faces criticism for perceived inconsistency. In orthodox Calvinism, while the elect will persevere to the end, believers cannot know they are elect until they persevere to the end.[61] This reality, regardless of explanations for definitive apostasy, undermines the practical utility of "perseverance of the saints," hindering assurance of salvation. This critique has been advanced by various Non-Calvinist sources, including proponents of free grace theology,[87] and advocates of conditional preservation of the saints, such as Arminians.[88]

Inconsistencies in explaining definitive apostasy[edit]

Within the perseverance of the saints framework, the phenomenon of definitive apostasy is generally explained by Calvinist theologians by the "evanescent grace" concept. This concept implies that the Holy Spirit voluntarily gives temporary faith and related "fruits".[72] Non-Calvinist Christians find this explanation contrary to the revealed character of God and inconsistent with the overall revelation.[89]

The eternal security interpretation introduces a tension in the subject of faith[edit]

The "eternal security" practical interpretation of perseverance of the saints asserts that an individual can believe he is an elect and will thus irresistibly persevere.[85] Arminians often highlight a tension in this view between present faith in Jesus and faith in a past event,[90] namely, election.[79] They argue that such faith in a past event is given equal significance in ensuring final salvation as present faith in Jesus.[91] Arminians contend that genuine faith should be unique and focused solely on Jesus.[92]

The eternal security interpretation can lead to antinominianism[edit]

The "eternal security" practical interpretation of perseverance of the saints asserts that an individual can believe he is an elect and will thus irresistibly persevere.[85] This can lead him to abandon a dynamic understanding of sanctification in favor of a static, antinomian perspective.[93]

Exegetical defense[edit]

Warning passages of the book of Hebrews[edit]

Several passages in the book of Hebrews, especially Hebrews 6:4–12 and Heb 10:26–39 seem to contradict the Calvinistic doctrine of the unconditional preservation of the elect.[94] The debate over these passages centers around the identity of the persons in question, with the following main interpretations proposed:[95]

  • The hypothetical view: The warnings are genuine but hypothetical, intended to jar believers into moral rectitude and perseverance.[96]
  • The phenomenological-false believer view: The warnings are real and directed toward people who can genuinely commit the sin, but those who can do so are not true believers.[96][97]
  • The phenomenological-true believer view: The warnings are given to true believers who can genuinely commit the sin.[98][97]
  • The covenant community view: The warnings concern the rejection of a covenant community by God when the community as a whole turns away from God's will, rather than individual believers.[99][97]

There are several less relevant interpretations. One suggests that the warnings do not refer to a loss of salvation but rather a loss of eternal rewards.[100] Another posits that the warnings could refer to Jewish Christians reverting to Judaism.[101]

Hebrew 6:4-8 interpretations supporting Calvinist unconditional preservation[edit]

"Hypothetical view": Hebrews 6:4-8 can describe those who temporarily backslide in their faith but does not address the issue of the loss of salvation.[102][103]

"Phenomenological-false believer view": Hebrews 6:4-8 does not refer to saved individuals, but to unbelievers who have received God's gifts and benefited from His grace yet remained skeptics.[104][105]

Hebrew 6:4-8 interpretation contradicting Calvinist unconditional preservation[edit]

"Phenomenological-true believer view": Oropeza asserts that the recipients of the letter to the Hebrews had faced persecutions, and the author acknowledges that some members had become apostates despite their genuine conversion experiences. The author warns the current audience that despite their past benefits and experiences confirming their faith, they too could fall away if they continue in their state of malaise and neglect, with dire consequences for apostasy.[106] McKnight suggests that apostasy by a regenerated Christian is possible but not irreversible as long as they are alive. The author of Hebrews would then describe an apostasy that exceeds the grace period given by God, which is irreversible, not the remediable apostasy that can occur during a person's life.[107]

Differing Protestant views[edit]

Anabaptist view[edit]

Anabaptist theology traditionally teaches conditional preservation of the saints.[108]

Lutheran view[edit]

Lutherans believe that a true Christian can lose his or her salvation.[109][110]

Arminian view[edit]

Arminians argue that God, in His sovereignty and omnipotence, has endowed humanity with libertarian free will, allowing true Christians to fall away from sanctifying grace. Thus, they advocate for a conditional preservation of the believers, unlike the unconditional view in Calvinism.[111]

Free Grace view[edit]

Free grace advocates believe that believers are promised eternal security, but not guaranteed perseverance. Those who do not persevere will face temporal discipline and loss of rewards.[112]

Calvinists argue that Free Grace theology weakens the gospel message by avoiding a call for unbelievers to repent of their sins,[113] offering a false promise of eternal life.[114]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

Citations[edit]

  1. ^ Grudem 1994, p. 970. "The Perseverance of the Saints means that all those who are truly born again will be kept by God's power and will persevere as Christians until the end of their lives, and that only those who persevere until the end have been truly born again."
  2. ^ Westminster Assembly 1946, ch. 17, art. 2. "They, whom God hath accepted in His Beloved, effectually called, and sanctified by His Spirit, can neither totally nor finally fall away from the state of grace, but shall certainly persevere therein to the end, and be eternally saved."
  3. ^ a b Sproul 2016, ch. Perseverance and Preservation.
  4. ^ Palmer 1996, p. 82.
  5. ^ a b Westminster Assembly 1946, ch. 17, art. 3.
  6. ^ a b Purkiser 1972, p. 74. "In the majority of cases, however, the doctrine of eternal security is not grounded on the Calvinistic dogma of unconditional predestination. While all who teach eternal security are frequently called "Calvinists," actually the greater portion of them are no more than 20 percent Calvinistic."
  7. ^ a b c Johnson 2008, pp. 21–22. "It is common to hear the term “eternal security” used basically as a synonym for “the perseverance of the saints”. [...] However, the term “eternal security” is often used in a very different and unbiblical way [...] Hence, in common usage, the term “eternal security” can sometimes refer to a doctrine diametrically opposed to the Reformed doctrine of perseverance."
  8. ^ a b Grudem 1994, p. 860. "[W]e see why the phrase eternal security can be quite misleading. In some evangelical churches, instead of teaching the full and balanced presentation of the doctrine of the perseverance of the saints, pastors have sometimes taught a watered-down version, which in effect tells people that all who have once made a profession of faith and been baptized are “eternally secure.”"
  9. ^ Horton 2002, p. 24. "In fact, eternal security itself is not a Calvinistic doctrine but, at least in the expressions with which I am familiar, rests on Arminian presuppositions concerning grace and free will."
  10. ^ Hunt & White 2009, p. 392. "[As Laurence M.] Vance says: It is the Calvinists who reject the biblical teaching of eternal security. The fifth point of the TULIP, as it was originally formulated and commonly interpreted, is at enmity with eternal security. Perseverance of the Saints...is not the same thing as eternal security."
  11. ^ McCann 2009, pp. 274–277.
  12. ^ Oort 2006, pp. 709–723.
  13. ^ a b c Christie-Murray 1989, p. 89.
  14. ^ Adam 1968, pp. 1–25.
  15. ^ Latourette 1945, p. 332. "The young Augustine for a time had fellowship with it [Manichaeanism). It seems to have left a permanent impression upon him."
  16. ^ Newman 1904, p. 361.
  17. ^ Wilson 2018, pp. 41–94.
  18. ^ O'Donnell 2005, pp. 45, 48.
  19. ^ Chadwick 1986, p. 14.
  20. ^ Hanegraaf 2005, pp. 757–765, ch. Manichaeism.
  21. ^ Bonner 1999, pp. 227–243, ch. Augustine, the Bible and the Pelagians.
  22. ^ Schaff 1997, pp. 789, 835.
  23. ^ Chadwick 1993, p. 232-233.
  24. ^ Strong & McClintock 1880.
  25. ^ Mozley 1855, p. 149. "When St. Augustine is charged by Pelagius with fatalism, he does not disown the certainty and necessity, but only the popular superstitions and impieties of that system."
  26. ^ Haight 1974, p. 30. "Infant baptism tended to be regarded as an initiation into the kingdom of God and the effects of Original Sin as mediated by society. Only adult baptism included the remission of sin. Augustine denied this traditional view: Man's nature is fundamentally disordered because of inherited sin and this involved personal guilt so that an unbaptized infant could not be save."
  27. ^ Chadwick 1965.
  28. ^ Cross 2005, p. 701.
  29. ^ Augustine 1994, pp. 184, 196, Sermons III/8, Sermon 294.
  30. ^ Wilson 2017, p. 40.
  31. ^ Wilson 2018, pp. 150, 160–162, 185–189.
  32. ^ Hägglund 2007, p. 139–140.
  33. ^ a b Burnell 2005, pp. 85–86.
  34. ^ Wilson 2018, pp. 184–189, 305.
  35. ^ Davis 1991, p. 213.
  36. ^ Newman 1904, p. 317.
  37. ^ McGrath 1998, pp. 160–163.
  38. ^ EncyclopaediaE 2024a.
  39. ^ dePrater 2015, pp. 37.
  40. ^ EncyclopaediaE 2024b.
  41. ^ Stacey 2024.
  42. ^ Schaff 1997b, § 75.
  43. ^ Schaff 1997, § 76.
  44. ^ dePrater 2015, pp. 42–43.
  45. ^ a b McMahon 2012, pp. 7–9. "This is why one finds that every four pages written in the Institutes of the Christian Religion John Calvin quoted Augustine. Calvin, for this reason, would deem himself not a Calvinist, but an Augustinian. [...] Christian Calvinist, should they be more likely deemed an Augustinian-Calvinist?"
  46. ^ a b McKinley 1965, p. 19.
  47. ^ Muller 2003, pp. 64–67.
  48. ^ Sproul 2016, p. 32.
  49. ^ Palmer 1996, p. 10.
  50. ^ Helm 2010, p. 230. "[I]t is reasonable to conclude that although Calvin does not avow determinism in so many words, he nevertheless adopts a broadly deterministic outlook."
  51. ^ Helm 2010, p. 268.
  52. ^ Clark 1961, pp. 237–238. "God is the sole ultimate cause of everything. There is absolutely nothing independent of him. He alone is the eternal being. He alone is omnipotent. He alone is sovereign."
  53. ^ Alexander & Johnson 2016, p. 204. "It should be conceded at the outset, and without any embarrassment, that Calvinism is indeed committed to divine determinism: the view that everything is ultimately determined by God."
  54. ^ Westminster Assembly 1946, ch. 3.
  55. ^ Calvin 1845, 3.21.5.
  56. ^ Calvin 1845, 3.23.1. "Those therefore whom God passes by [does not elect] He reprobates, and that for no other cause than He is pleased to exclude them."
  57. ^ Calvin 1845, 3.21.7.
  58. ^ Sproul 2011, p. 37. "If God has decided our destinies from all eternity, that strongly suggests that our free choices are but charades, empty exercises in predetermined playacting. It is as though God wrote the script for us in concrete and we are merely carrying out his scenario."
  59. ^ Davis 1991, p. 217.
  60. ^ Pink 2001, pp. 39, 47, 58.
  61. ^ a b Grudem 1994, p. 860, ‌"[T]his doctrine of the perseverance of the saints, if rightly understood, should cause genuine worry, and even fear, in the hearts of any who are “backsliding” or straying away from Christ. Such persons must clearly be warned that only those who persevere to the end have been truly born again."
  62. ^ Calvin 1961, p. 66. "[T]hose who appear to live piously may be called sons of God; but since they will eventually live impiously and die in that impiety, God does not call them sons in His foreknowledge. There are sons of God who do not yet appear so to us, but now do so to God; and there are those who, on account of some arrogated or temporal grace, are called so by us, but are not so to God."
  63. ^ Calvin 1961, pp. 151–152.
  64. ^ Calvin 1845, 3:24:8. "Sometimes, however, he communicates it also to those whom he enlightens only for a time, and whom afterwards, in just punishment for their ingratitude, he abandons and smites with greater blindness."
  65. ^ Calvin 1963, p. 76. "[...] I do not see that this is any reason why He should not touch the reprobate with a taste of His grace, or illumine their minds with some glimmerings of His light, or affect them with some sense of His goodness, or to some extent engrave His Word in their hearts. Otherwise where would be that passing faith which Marks mentions (4.17)? Therefore there is some knowledge in the reprobate, which later vanishes away either because it drives its roots less deep than it ought to, or because it is choked and withers away."
  66. ^ Calvin 1845, 3:2:11. "Experience shows that the reprobate are sometimes affected in a way so similar to the elect that even in their own judgment there is no difference between them. [...] [T]he Lord, the better to convict them, and leave them without excuse, instills into their minds such a sense of goodness as can be felt without the Spirit of adoption [...] Therefore, as God regenerates the elect only for ever by incorruptible seed, [...] there is nothing to prevent an inferior operation of the Spirit from taking its course in the reprobate. [...] Thus we dispose of the objection, that if God truly displays his grace, it must endure for ever. There is nothing inconsistent in this with the fact of his enlightening some with a present sense of grace, which afterwards proves evanescent."
  67. ^ Calvin 1845, pp. 478–479, 3:2:11-12. "[Some reprobates are] just as a tree not planted deep enough may take root, but in the process of time wither away, though it may for several years not only put forth leaves and flowers, but produce fruit."
  68. ^ Keathley 2010, p. 170. "The doctrine of temporary faith, a notion first formulated by Calvin but later developed by Beza and William Perkins, further intensified the problem of assurance in Calvinist and Puritan theology. According to them, God gives to the reprobate, whom He never intended to save in the first place, a “taste” of his grace. Based on passages such as Matt 7:21–23; Heb 6:4–6, and the parable of the Sower, Beza and Perkins attribute this false, temporary faith to an ineffectual work of the Holy Spirit."
  69. ^ Gribben & Tweeddale 2022, p. 402. "[...] Owen readily admits that the Spirit occasionally induces a partial illumination of the gospel truth, which might produce some conviction of sin and reformation of behavior. [...] For whatever its superficial resemblance to genuine conversion, it nevertheless falls short of that reality and explains the phenomenon of an apparently temporary illumination famously described in Heb. 6.4."
  70. ^ Pink 2009, pp. 18–19. "Scripture also teaches that people may possess a faith which is one of the Holy Spirit, and yet which is a non-saving one. This faith which we now allude to has two ingredients which neither education nor self-effort can produce: spiritual light and a Divine power moving the mind to assent. Now a man may have both illumination and inclination from heaven, and yet not be regenerated. We have a solemn proof of this in Hebrews 6:4-6."
  71. ^ Boettner 1932, ch. 14. "In addition to what has been said it is to be admitted that often times the common operations of the Spirit on the enlightened conscience lead to reformation and to an externally religious life. Those so influenced are often very strict in their conduct and diligent in their religious duties. To the awakened sinner the promises of the Gospel and the exhibition of the plan of salvation contained in the Scriptures appear not only as true but as suited to his condition. [...] This faith continues as long as the state of mind by which it is produced continues. When that changes, he relapses into his usual state of insensibility, and his faith disappears."
  72. ^ a b Walls & Dongell 2004, pp. 201–202. "What is truly remarkable here is that persons who receive this partial and temporary illumination appear for a time to be truly elect but in fact aren't. They are deluded by a false hope. This dreadful possibility is what haunts Calvinists who struggle with the assurance and certainty of salvation."
  73. ^ a b Calvin 1961, p. 126. "Men preposterously ask how they can be certain of a salvation which lies in the hidden counsel of God. I have replied with the truth. Since the certainty of salvation is set forth to us in Christ, it is wrong and injurious to Christ to pass over this proffered fountain of life from which supplies are available, and to toil to draw life out of the hidden recesses of God." (Emphasis added)
  74. ^ Paton 2013b. "You ask me: Michael, do you know you are saved? My answer: yes. You ask me: Michael, do you have assurance? My answer: yes. You ask me: Michael, why do you believe you are saved? My answer: because today I am still believing. But I have to test this all the time, as I am not infallible. I could have a false faith, but I don’t believe I do. This ninety percent assurance will have to do."
  75. ^ Keathley 2010, p. 164. "Michael Eaton [quotes the Calvinist preacher Asahel] Nettleton: “The most that I have ventured to say respecting myself is, that I think it possible I may get to heaven.”"
  76. ^ Keathley 2010, p. 171. "John Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress has blessed multitudes of Christians, but his spiritual autobiography, Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners, is disturbing. He recounts how, in his seemingly endless search for assurance of salvation, he was haunted by the question, “How can I tell if I am elected?”"
  77. ^ Davis 1991, p. 213, ‌"Unlike Calvin and those in the later Reformed tradition, however, Augustine does not believe that the Christian can in this life know with infallible certitude that he is in fact among the elect and that he will finally persevere."
  78. ^ Davis 1991, p. 213, ‌‌"Whether the believer, now in a state of grace, would remain in grace to the end was for Luther an open question."
  79. ^ a b Davis 1991, p. 217, ‌. "Calvin, however, has greater confidence than Luther and the Catholic tradition before him that the believer can also have great assurance of his election and final perseverance."
  80. ^ Davis 1991, p. 217, ‌‌"[For Calvin, when the Church father Gregory the Great] “teaches that we are aware only of our call but unsure of our election, he is badly and dangerously in error.”"
  81. ^ Keathley 2010, p. 167. "The post-Reformation Calvinists and Puritans held to a [...] view which saw assurance as a grace given subsequent to conversion and discerned by careful self-examination."
  82. ^ Westminster Assembly 1946, ch. 18, art. 2. "This certainty is not a bare conjectural and probable persuasion grounded upon a fallible hope; but an infallible assurance of faith founded upon the divine truth of the promises of salvation, the inward evidence of those graces [...]."
  83. ^ Ellis 2008, ch. Conclusion.
  84. ^ Toon 2011, p. 144. "Hyper-Calvinism led its adherents to hold that evangelism was not necessary and to place much emphasis on introspection in order to discover whether or not one was elect."
  85. ^ a b c d Stanglin 2018.
  86. ^ Keathley 2010, p. 172. "The later Calvinists and Puritans employed two syllogisms, the practical syllogism and the mystical syllogism, in their attempt to ascertain assurance by way of logical deduction. [...] The practical syllogism is as follows: Major premise: If effectual grace is manifested in me by good works, then I am elect. Minor premise (practical): I manifest good works. Conclusion: Therefore, I am one of the elect. But how does one know the minor premise of the practical syllogism is true for him? The Puritans attempted to answer this question by an introspective self-examination using the mystical syllogism. The mystical syllogism is as follows: Major premise: If I experience the inward confirmation of the Spirit, then I am elect. Minor premise (mystical): I experience the confirmation of the Spirit. Conclusion: Therefore, I am one of the elect."
  87. ^ Geisler 2002, p. 68, n. 7. "Most strong Calvinists claim that full assurance in this life is possible. However, this is inconsistent with their other beliefs that one must maintain a life of faithful works to the end to be sure one is saved and did not really have "false assurance" during one's life and was, therefore, one of the nonelect."
  88. ^ Purkiser 1972, p. 74, ‌‌"This turns out to be a curious sort of security. In effect one says, "If I am elected to eternal life, I am eternally secure. But I cannot, in the nature of the case, be sure that I am so elected."."
  89. ^ Robinson 2022, pp. 352–253. "For God to act in this manner strikes the non-Calvinist as not only ludicrous, but more importantly, as God being deceptive in lulling the temporary believer into thinking that he (and his fellow believers) are true believers and part of God's elect at one time. [...] [I]t is contrary to the character of the God who reveals himself as the God of truth and faithfulness [...] ."
  90. ^ Ashby 2002, pp. 164–169.
  91. ^ Wynkoop 1967, chap. 6. "[Assurance] is a growing, deepening, expanding faith in Christ measured by a growth in love and obedience and which looks upward to Him, not backward to some past point, as important as this may be to the “entering in.”".
  92. ^ Purkiser 1972, p. 74, ‌‌‌"Their own faith is lacking because they will not —cannot— trust themselves completely to the love of God as expressed in the finished work of Christ, nor to the promises and privileges of either."
  93. ^ Wynkoop 1967, chap. 6‌. "The very conditionality of biblical salvation, then, leads us into a very serious and profound understanding of sanctification. Assurance is not a static, amoral, even antinomian positionalism. [...] The true antithesis to Calvinism is the Wesleyan and (we believe) biblical concept of sanctification with its dynamic, life-involving meaning [...]".
  94. ^ McKnight 1992, p. 55.
  95. ^ Oropeza 2011, Part 1, A Synthetic Approach to the Warnings.
  96. ^ a b McKnight 1992, p. 23.
  97. ^ a b c Oropeza 2011, Part 1.
  98. ^ McKnight 1992, p. 24.
  99. ^ McKnight 1992, p. 25.
  100. ^ McKnight 1992, p. 36.
  101. ^ McKnight 1992, p. 39.
  102. ^ Kim 2022, Ch. 2, § K..
  103. ^ Picirilli 2002, p. 228.
  104. ^ DeSilva 1999.
  105. ^ Oropeza 2011, Part 1, The Test-of-Genuineness.
  106. ^ Oropeza 2012, pp. 30–70..
  107. ^ McKnight 1992, pp. 55–59.
  108. ^ Eby 2020.
  109. ^ Jacobs 1911, p. 586, Formula of Concord : Solid declaration, ch. 4, par. 31-32.
  110. ^ Jacobs 1911, p. 657, Formula of Concord : Solid declaration, ch. 11, par. 42.
  111. ^ McKinley 1965, p. 56.
  112. ^ Stanley 1990, pp. 81, 116–118.
  113. ^ Grudem 2016, p. 74.
  114. ^ Grudem 2016, p. 77.

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