1997 ICC Trophy

1997 ICC Trophy
Administrator(s)International Cricket Council
Cricket formatLimited overs cricket
Tournament format(s)Round-robin and Knockout
Host(s) Malaysia
Champions Bangladesh (1st title)
Runners-up Kenya
Participants22
Matches81
Player of the seriesKenya Maurice Odumbe
Most runsKenya Maurice Odumbe (493)
Most wicketsKenya Aasif Karim (19)
Netherlands Asim Khan (19)
Bangladesh Mohammad Rafique (19)
1994
2001

The Carlsberg 1997 ICC Trophy was a cricket tournament played in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia between 24 March and 13 April 1997. It was the Cricket World Cup qualification tournament for the 1999 Cricket World Cup.[1]

Bangladesh were the winners of the tournament, defeating Kenya in the final, while Scotland won the third place play-off. These three teams took the three available spots in the World Cup, Bangladesh and Scotland both qualifying for this tournament for the first time.

With some World Cup matches scheduled in Scotland and the Netherlands, Scotland would become the first Associate nation to play a home fixture in a World Cup. The Netherlands failed to qualify but World Cup matches were still held in the Netherlands.

Squads

[edit]

First round

[edit]

The first round took the form of a group stage, with four groups, two comprising six teams and two consisting of five teams. The top two teams from each group went through to the second round, whilst the remaining 14 teams took part in play-offs for the final standings.

Points tables

[edit]
Group A Table
Team Played Won Lost No result Abandoned Points Net RRA
 Kenya 5 5 0 0 0 10 2.712
 Ireland 5 4 1 0 0 8 1.682
 United States 5 3 2 0 0 6 0.740
 Singapore 5 2 3 0 0 4 −1.066
 Gibraltar 5 1 4 0 0 2 −2.134
 Israel 5 0 5 0 0 0 −1.823
Group B Table
Team Played Won Lost No result Abandoned Points Net RRA
 Bangladesh 5 5 0 0 0 10 1.909
 Denmark 5 4 1 0 0 8 0.931
 United Arab Emirates 5 3 2 0 0 6 0.323
 Malaysia (H) 5 2 3 0 0 4 0.050
 West Africa 5 1 4 0 0 2 −1.096
 Argentina 5 0 5 0 0 0 −2.350
Group C Table
Team Played Won Lost No result Abandoned Points Net RRA
 Netherlands 4 3 0 0 1 7 2.932
 Canada 4 3 0 0 1 7 0.850
 Fiji 4 2 2 0 0 4 0.184
 Namibia 4 1 3 0 0 2 −1.293
 East and Central Africa 4 0 4 0 0 0 −0.984
Group D Table
Team Played Won Lost No result Abandoned Points Net RRA
 Scotland 4 4 0 0 0 8 1.646
 Hong Kong 4 3 1 0 0 6 0.707
 Bermuda 4 2 2 0 0 4 0.696
 Papua New Guinea 4 1 3 0 0 2 −0.722
 Italy 4 0 4 0 0 0 −2.359

Position of teams in the table is determined by:
1. Total points
2. Head-to-head result (if more than two teams level, head-to-head only applies if all those teams have played the same number of matches against each other)
3. Net run rate

Second round

[edit]

The second round was also a group stage, this time with two groups of four. The top two teams went through to the semi-final stage, whilst the third placed teams played off for fifth place, and the fourth placed teams played off for 7th place.

Group E

[edit]

Points tables

[edit]
Team Played Won Lost No result Abandoned Points Net RRA
 Kenya 3 2 0 1 1 5 2.025
 Scotland 3 1 1 1 1 3 0.045
 Denmark 3 1 1 1 1 3 −0.380
 Canada 3 0 2 1 1 1 −1.617

Matches

[edit]
1 April
Scorecard
Kenya 
303/6 (50 overs)
v
 Canada
143/8 (48 overs)
Maurice Odumbe 148* (122)
Shiv Seeram 3/46 (10 overs)
Ingleton Liburd 28 (71)
Tony Suji 3/38 (7 overs)
 Kenya won by 141 runs
Kilat Kelab Club, Kuala Lumpur
Umpires: Louis Hogan (Ireland) and Duco Ohm (Netherlands)
Player of the match: Maurice Odumbe (Kenya)
  • Kenya won the toss and elected to bat

1 April
Scorecard
Scotland 
167 (48 overs)
v
 Denmark
122 (45.3 overs)
George Salmond 59 (115)
Peer Jensen 4/25 (10 overs)
Johnny Jensen 21 (24)
Ian Beven 4/23 (10 overs)
 Scotland won by 45 runs
RMC, Kuala Lumpur
Umpires: AFM Akhtaruddin (Bangladesh) and H Whitlock (Hong Kong)
Player of the match: George Salmond (Scotland)
  • Scotland won the toss and elected to bat

2 April
Scorecard
Canada 
99/4 (29.4 overs)
v
Ingleton Liburd 39 (80)
Scott Gourlay 1/10 (6 overs)
  • Canada won the toss and elected to bat
  • Match abandoned due to rain

2 April
Scorecard
Kenya 
33/4 (9.4 overs)
v
Kennedy Otieno 10 (14)
Soren Sorensen 2/12 (5 overs)
  • Kenya won the toss and elected to bat
  • Match abandoned due to rain

4 April
Scorecard
Denmark 
126 (48.1 overs)
v
 Canada
119 (27.2 overs)
Baljit Singh 29 (76)
Ingleton Liburd 3/14 (5 overs)
Nigel Isaacs 43* (58)
Thomas Hansen 5/51 (10 overs)
 Denmark won by 7 runs
Royal Selangor Club, Kuala Lumpur
Umpires: JK Kruger (Namibia) and Duco Ohm (Netherlands)
Player of the match: Thomas Hansen (Denmark)
  • Denmark won the toss and elected to bat

4 April
Scorecard
Kenya 
153 (48.2 overs)
v
 Scotland
37/3 (23 overs)
Steve Tikolo 32 (59)
Scott Gourlay 3/26 (9.2 overs)
Bryn Lockie 18* (63)
Martin Suji 3/18 (10 overs)
 Kenya won by 26 runs (D/L)
Perbadanan Kemajuan Negeri Selangor, Kuala Lumpur
Umpires: Louis Hogan (Ireland) and H Whitlock (Hong Kong)
Player of the match: Unknown
  • Kenya won the toss and elected to bat
  • Rain halted Scotland's innings; Under the Duckworth-Lewis method, Scotland needed to be at least 63 runs to win the match at this stage

Group F

[edit]

Points tables

[edit]
Team Played Won Lost No result Abandoned Points Net RRA
 Bangladesh 3 2 0 1 1 5 0.969
 Ireland 3 2 0 1 1 5 0.471
 Netherlands 3 0 2 1 1 1 −0.424
 Hong Kong 3 0 2 1 1 1 −1.030

Matches

[edit]
1 April
Scorecard
Hong Kong 
145 (45.2 overs)
v
 Bangladesh
148/3 (38.2 overs)
Riaz Farcy 38 (65)
Mohammad Rafique 3/20 (7.2 overs)
Aminul Islam 53* (83)
Stewart Brew 1/19 (6 overs)
 Bangladesh won by 7 wickets
Perbadanan Kemajuan Negeri Selangor, Kuala Lumpur
Umpires: Johan Luther (Denmark) and William Smith (Scotland)
Player of the match: Aminul Islam (Bangladesh)
  • Bangladesh won the toss and elected to field

1 April
Scorecard
Netherlands 
211/8 (50 overs)
v
 Ireland
91/3 (23 overs)
Peter Cantrell 53* (74)
Peter Gillespie 2/20 (9 overs)
Dekker Curry 30 (32)
Andre van Troost 1/11 (3 overs)
 Ireland won by 5 runs (D/L)
Kelab Aman, Kuala Lumpur
Umpires: Farid Malik (United Arab Emirates) and JK Kruger (Namibia)
Player of the match: Unknown
  • Ireland won the toss and elected to field
  • Rain halted Ireland's innings; Under the Duckworth-Lewis method, Ireland needed to be at least 87 runs to win the match at this stage

2 April
Scorecard
Ireland 
129 (49.1 overs)
v
 Bangladesh
24/0 (6.4 overs)
Neil Doak 32 (73)
Hasibul Hossain 3/21 (10 overs)
Athar Ali Khan 8* (21)
Mark Patterson 0/8 (3 overs)
  • Ireland won the toss and elected to bat
  • Match abandoned due to a slippery outfield

2 April
Scorecard
Hong Kong 
170 (47.5 overs)
v
 Netherlands
16/0 (5.2 overs)
Pat Fordham 32 (73)
Asim Khan 4/28 (8.5 overs)
Bas Zuiderent 7* (16)
Riaz Farcy 0/6 (2.2 overs)
  • Hong Kong won the toss and elected to bat
  • Match abandoned due to rain and lightning

4 April
Scorecard
Netherlands 
171 (49.5 overs)
v
 Bangladesh
141/7 (31.4 overs)
Robert van Oosterom 40 (59)
Akram Khan 2/21 (4.5 overs)
Akram Khan 68* (92)
Roland Lefebvre 3/8 (7 overs)
 Bangladesh won by 3 wickets (D/L)
Rubber Research Institute Ground, Kuala Lumpur
Umpires: Makbul Jaffer (Kenya) and I Massey (England)
Player of the match: Akram Khan (Bangladesh)
  • Bangladesh won the toss and elected to field
  • Rain interrupted Bangladesh's innings; Duckworth-Lewis revised target to win: 141 runs in 33 overs for Bangladesh

4 April
Scorecard
Ireland 
223/7 (50 overs)
v
 Hong Kong
172 (45.3 overs)
Angus Dunlop 54 (61)
Rahul Sharma 3/29 (10 overs)
Stewart Brew 50 (85)
Paul McCrum 3/30 (10 overs)
 Ireland won by 51 runs
Kelab Aman, Kuala Lumpur
Umpires: Tony Cooper (Fiji) and Johan Luther (Denmark)
Player of the match: Angus Dunlop (Ireland)
  • Hong Kong won the toss and elected to field


Plate championship and play-offs

[edit]

14 Teams placed below second position from first round groups contested for the plate championship and play-offs. Champion team was awarded Philip Snow Plate named after legendary Fijian cricketer Philip Snow.

1 April
Scorecard
Argentina 
150 (46.3 overs)
v
 Gibraltar
151/6 (41.1 overs)
Bernardo Irigoyen 39 (60)
Gary De'Ath 2/21 (10 overs)
Tim Buzaglo 48 (78)
Diego Lord 2/16 (5 overs)
 Gibraltar won by 4 wickets
Royal Selangor Club, Kuala Lumpur
Umpires: Colin Hoare (Canada) and Khoo Chai Huat (Malaysia)
Player of the match: Tim Buzaglo (Gibraltar)
  • Gibraltar won the toss and elected to field
  • Gibraltar advanced to 17th place play-off semi finals

1 April
Scorecard
West Africa 
247/6 (50 overs)
v
 Israel
57 (21.1 overs)
Okon Ukpong 78* (91)
Benzie Kehimkar 2/28 (10 overs)
Avi Talkar 16 (29)
Daniel Vanderpuje-Orgle 5/31 (10 overs)
 West Africa won by 190 runs
RMC, Kuala Lumpur
Umpires: D Ker (Argentina) and Hammy Reid (United States)
Player of the match: Okon Ukpong (West Africa)
  • Israel won the toss and elected to field
  • West Africa advanced to 17th place play-off semi finals

17th place play-off semi finals

[edit]
2 April
Scorecard
East and Central Africa 
232 (49.5 overs)
v
Yekesh Patel 95 (98)
Akhlaq Qureshi 3/30 (9.5 overs)
  • East and Central Africa won the toss and elected to bat
  • Match abandoned due to rain and a flooded ground
  • East and Central Africa advanced on tournament net run rate

2 April
Scorecard
West Africa 
132 (49.2 overs)
v
 Gibraltar
10/1 (2 overs)
Kome Agodo 36 (76)
Gary De'Ath 4/25 (10 overs)
Rudolph Phillips 4* (5)
Seye Fadahunsi 1/4 (1 overs)
  • Gibraltar won the toss and elected to field
  • Match abandoned due to rain
  • West Africa advanced on tournament net run rate

13th place play-off semi finals

[edit]
1 April
Scorecard
Papua New Guinea 
134 (27.3 overs)
v
 Namibia
129 (47.5 overs)
Vavine Pala 39 (36)
Mark Barnard 3/18 (5.3 overs)
Ian Stevenson 32 (82)
Vavine Pala 5/16 (6.5 overs)
 Papua New Guinea won by 5 runs
University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur
Umpires: D Beltran (Gibraltar) and Naor Gudker (Israel)
Player of the match: Vavine Pala (Papua New Guinea)
  • Papua New Guinea won the toss and elected to bat

2 April
Scorecard
Malaysia 
130 (48.2 overs)
v
 Singapore
54/3 (18.1 overs)
Santhara Vello 41 (78)
Rod David 3/19 (10 overs)
Moiz Sithawalla 15 (41)
Dinesh Ramadas 1/4 (3 overs)
 Singapore won by 7 wickets (D/L)
Rubber Research Institute Ground, Kuala Lumpur
Umpires: Randy Butler (Bermuda) and Naor Gudker (Israel)
Player of the match: Unknown
  • Singapore won the toss and elected to field
  • Rain interrupted Singapore's innings; Duckworth-Lewis revised target to win: 54 runs in 20 overs for Singapore

Plate semi finals

[edit]
1 April
Scorecard
United Arab Emirates 
189/8 (50 overs)
v
 United States
155 (40.2 overs)
Ali Akbar 32 (80)
Derek Kallicharran 2/32 (10 overs)
Faoud Bacchus 51 (45)
Azhar Saeed 3/30 (9 overs)
 United Arab Emirates won by 34 runs
Victoria Institution, Kuala Lumpur
Umpires: Tony Cooper (Fiji) and VM Rafik (East and Central Africa)
Player of the match: Faoud Bacchus (United States)
  • United Arab Emirates won the toss and elected to bat

2 April
Scorecard
Bermuda 
146 (46 overs)
v
 Fiji
46/3 (12.3 overs)
Arnold Manders 28 (51)
Neil Maxwell 4/17 (9 overs)
Jone Sorovakatini 17 (17)
Corey Hill 2/27 (6 overs)
  • Bermuda won the toss and elected to bat
  • Match abandoned due to rain
  • Bermuda advanced on tournament net run rate

19th place play-off

[edit]
4 April
Scorecard
Israel 
64 (21.5 overs)
v
 Argentina
65/1 (27.3 overs)
Yefeth Nagavkar 26 (32)
Bernardo Irigoyen 4/27 (8.3 overs)
Brian Roberts 30 (86)
Louis Hall 2/25 (8 overs)
 Argentina won by 9 wickets
Victoria Institution, Kuala Lumpur
Umpires: Randy Butler (Bermuda) and Hammy Reid (United States)
Player of the match: Bernardo Irigoyen (Argentina)
  • Israel won the toss and elected to bat

17th place play-off

[edit]
4 April
Scorecard
East and Central Africa 
158 (49.4 overs)
v
 West Africa
113 (42.2 overs)
Arif Ebrahim 42 (116)
Seye Fadahunsi 3/23 (8.4 overs)
Obo Omoigui 32 (72)
Imran Brohi 3/6 (4 overs)
 East and Central Africa won by 45 runs
RMC, Kuala Lumpur
Umpires: D Beltran (Gibraltar) and AS Peter (Malaysia)
Player of the match: Imran Brohi (East & Central Africa)
  • East and Central Africa won the toss and elected to bat

15th place play-off

[edit]
4 April
Scorecard
Malaysia 
142 (48.3 overs)
v
 Namibia
147/3 (35.3 overs)
Suresh Navaratnam 41 (69)
Rudie van Vuuren 4/27 (8.3 overs)
Danie Keulder 45 (59)
Rohan Selvaratnam 2/25 (8 overs)
 Namibia won by 7 wickets
Kilat Kelab Club, Kuala Lumpur
Umpires: William Smith (Scotland) and Rafiq Valimahomed (East and Central Africa)
Player of the match: Danie Keulder (Namibia)
  • Namibia won the toss and elected to field

13th place play-off

[edit]
5 April
Scorecard
Papua New Guinea 
166 (45.1 overs)
v
 Singapore
96 (41.4 overs)
Navu Maha 45 (60)
Graham Wilson 3/53 (10 overs)
Anthon Ranggi 14 (52)
Toka Gaudi 4/23 (10 overs)
 Papua New Guinea won by 70 runs
Royal Selangor Club, Kuala Lumpur
Umpires: Farid Malik (United Arab Emirates) and Colin Hoare (Canada)
Player of the match: Toka Gaudi (Papua New Guinea)
  • Papua New Guinea won the toss and elected to field

11th place play-off

[edit]
5 April
Scorecard
United States 
193 (48.3 overs)
v
 Fiji
197/5 (47 overs)
Aijaz Ali 44 (70)
Waisake Tukana 5/31 (7 overs)
Joji Bulabalavu 37 (48)
Derek Kallicharran 2/33 (10 overs)
 Fiji won by 5 wickets
RMC, Kuala Lumpur
Umpires: AFM Akhtaruddin (Bangladesh) and Ismail Khan (Malaysia)
Player of the match: Waisake Tukana (Fiji)
  • United States won the toss and elected to bat

Plate final

[edit]
5 April
Scorecard
Bermuda 
214/8 (50 overs)
v
 United Arab Emirates
156 (40.2 overs)
Janeiro Tucker 42 (68)
Arshad Laeeq 4/28 (7 overs)
Saleem Raza 37 (32)
Delano Hollis 3/20 (10 overs)
 Bermuda won by 58 runs
Kelab Aman, Kuala Lumpur
Umpires: D Ker (Argentina) and Khoo Chai Huat (Malaysia)
Player of the match: Glen Smith (Bermuda)
  • Bermuda won the toss and elected to bat

Finals & play-offs

[edit]

7th place play-off

[edit]
5 April
Scorecard
Hong Kong 
125 (42.4 overs)
v
 Canada
126/6 (41.5 overs)
Stewart Brew 46 (90)
Latchman Bhansingh 3/13 (5 overs)
Muneeb Diwan 35 (75)
Ravi Sujanani 2/16 (7 overs)
 Canada won by 4 wickets
Perbadanan Kemajuan Negeri Selangor, Kuala Lumpur
Umpires: Louis Hogan (Ireland) and Makbul Jaffer (Kenya)
Player of the match: Muneeb Diwan (Canada)
  • Hong Kong won the toss and elected to bat

5th place play-off

[edit]
5 April
Scorecard
Netherlands 
198/8 (50 overs)
v
 Denmark
200/7 (49.4 overs)
Asim Khan 48* (33)
Morten Hedegaard 2/20 (10 overs)
Soren Henriksen 42 (72)
Steven van Dijk 3/35 (10 overs)
 Denmark won by 3 wickets
Rubber Research Institute Ground, Kuala Lumpur
Umpires: S Kathiravel (Malaysia) and H Whitlock (Hong Kong)
Player of the match: Thomas Hansen (Denmark)
  • Denmark won the toss and elected to field

Semi finals

[edit]

The first semi final between Ireland and Kenya was won by Kenya by just seven runs. Maurice Odumbe won the man of the match award for his 67 in Kenya's innings. The second semi final was won by Bangladesh who beat Scotland by 72 runs.

6, 7 April
Scorecard
Kenya 
215/8 (50 overs)
v
 Ireland
208/9 (50 overs)
Maurice Odumbe 67 (76)
Paul McCrum 4/51 (9 overs)
Derek Heasley 51 (48)
Aasif Karim 4/28 (10 overs)
 Kenya won by 7 runs
Kilat Kelab Club, Kuala Lumpur
Umpires: Darrell Hair (Australia) and Nigel Plews (England)
Player of the match: Maurice Odumbe (Kenya)
  • Ireland won the toss and elected to field
  • Reserve day used
  • Kenya qualified for the 1999 World Cup as a result of this match

8, 9 April
Scorecard
Bangladesh 
243/4 (50 overs)
v
 Scotland
171 (44.5 overs)
Khaled Mashud 70 (96)
Ian Beven 2/29 (10 overs)
Greig Williamson 39* (59)
Mohammad Rafique 4/25 (5.5 overs)
 Bangladesh won by 72 runs
Kilat Kelab Club, Kuala Lumpur
Umpires: Nigel Plews (England) and S. Venkataraghavan (India)
Player of the match: Khaled Mashud (Bangladesh)
  • Scotland won the toss and elected to field
  • Reserve day used
  • Bangladesh qualified for the 1999 World Cup as a result of this match

3rd place play-off

[edit]

In the 3rd place play off, Scotland batted first, and scored 187 in 45 overs after rain delayed the start. Mike Smith top scored for Scotland with 49. The Duckworth-Lewis method set Ireland's target at 192 runs, but the Irish were bowled out for 141, Keith Sheridan taking 4/34 with his left arm spin. Scotland thus qualified for the 1999 World Cup.

10, 11 April
Scorecard
Scotland 
187/8 (45 overs)
v
 Ireland
141/8 (39 overs)
Mike Smith 49 (88)
Mark Patterson 2/42 (8 overs)
Justin Benson 26 (45)
Keith Sheridan 4/34 (9 overs)
 Scotland won by 51 runs (D/L)
Kilat Kelab Club, Kuala Lumpur
Umpires: Darrell Hair (Australia) and S. Venkataraghavan (India)
Player of the match: Mike Smith (Scotland)
  • Ireland won the toss and elected to field
  • Rain interrupted play and reduced the match to 45 overs per team; Duckworth-Lewis revised target to win: 192 runs in 45 overs for Ireland
  • Reserve day used
  • Scotland qualified for the 1999 World Cup as a result of this match

Final

[edit]

The final between Kenya and Bangladesh was also affected by rain and was played over two days. Kenya batted first and scored 241/8 from their 50 overs, Steve Tikolo top scoring with 147. The Bangladesh target was set at 166 from 25 overs by the Duckworth–Lewis method, a target they reached with the last ball of the match. They were not able to defend their title, as they were elected to Test status in 2000. This would also be Kenya's last appearance in the ICC Trophy being allocated ODI status in 2000, though they returned in the successor tournament, the ICC World Cup Qualifier in 2009.

12, 13 April
Scorecard
Kenya 
241/7 (50 overs)
v
 Bangladesh
166/8 (25 overs)
Steve Tikolo 147 (152)
Mohammad Rafique 3/40 (6 overs)
Aminul Islam 37 (37)
Tony Suji 2/26 (5 overs)
 Bangladesh won by 2 wickets (D/L)
Kilat Kelab Club, Kuala Lumpur
Umpires: Darrell Hair (Australia) and S. Venkataraghavan (India)
Player of the match: Steve Tikolo (Kenya)
  • Bangladesh won the toss and elected to field
  • Bangladesh's innings shortened due to rain; Duckworth-Lewis revised target to win: 166 runs in 25 overs for Bangladesh
  • Reserve day used

Statistics

[edit]

Most runs

[edit]

The top five run scorers (total runs) are included in this table.

Player Team Runs Inns Avg Highest 100s 50s
Maurice Odumbe  Kenya 517 9 86.16 121* 3 1
Steve Tikolo  Kenya 392 9 56.00 110 1 2
Dekker Curry  Ireland 391 7 65.16 158* 2 1
Riaz Farcy  Hong Kong 391 9 55.85 108 1 3
Alan Lewis  Ireland 370 9 52.85 126* 1 2

Source: CricketArchive

Most wickets

[edit]

The top five wicket takers are listed in this table, listed by wickets taken and then by bowling average.

Player Team Overs Wkts Ave SR Econ Best
Aasif Karim  Kenya 61.1 19 8.26 19.31 2.56 4/7
Asim Khan  Netherlands 57.1 19 10.26 18.05 3.41 7/9
Mohammad Rafique  Bangladesh 57.4 19 10.68 18.21 3.52 4/25
Søren Sørensen  Denmark 65.5 18 10.16 21.94 2.77 3/19
Martin Suji  Kenya 69.4 17 9.35 24.58 2.28 5/7

Source: CricketArchive

Final standings

[edit]
Pos Team WC Qualification
1st  Bangladesh Qualified for 1999 World Cup
2nd  Kenya
3rd  Scotland Promoted to Division One for the next edition
4th  Ireland
5th  Denmark
6th  Netherlands
7th  Canada
8th  Hong Kong
9th  Bermuda Phillip Snow Plate Champion
10th  United Arab Emirates
11th  Fiji
12th  United States
13th  Papua New Guinea
14th  Singapore
15th  Namibia Relegated to Division two for the next edition
16th  Malaysia
17th  East and Central Africa
18th  West Africa
19th  Gibraltar
20st  Argentina
21st  Israel
 Italy
Wooden Spooner

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "1997 ICC Trophy". Cricket Europe. Archived from the original on 6 November 2020. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
[edit]