6478 Gault

6478 Gault

Gault's two comet-like tails seen from Hubble on February 5th 2019[1]
Discovery [2]
Discovered by	C. Shoemaker E. Shoemaker
Discovery site	Palomar Obs.
Discovery date	12 May 1988
Designations
MPC designation	(6478) Gault
Pronunciation	/ˈɡɔːlt/
Named after	Donald Gault [2] (American planetary geologist)
Alternative designations	1988 JC1 · 1995 KC1
Minor planet category	main-belt [2][3] · (inner) Phocaea [4][5] · MBC
Orbital characteristics [3]
Epoch 17 December 2020 (JD 2459200.5)
Uncertainty parameter 0
Observation arc	62.10 yr (22,681 d)
Earliest precovery date	11 December 1958
Aphelion	2.7513 AU
Perihelion	1.8587 AU
Semi-major axis	2.3050 AU
Eccentricity	0.1936
Orbital period (sidereal)	3.50 yr (1,278 d)
Mean anomaly	98.412°
Mean motion	0° 16m 53.76s / day
Inclination	22.813°
Longitude of ascending node	183.538°
Time of perihelion	2023-Jul-04[6]
Argument of perihelion	83.172°
Physical characteristics
Mean diameter	2.8+0.4 −0.2 km[7]
Synodic rotation period	2.4929±0.0003 h[7]
Geometric albedo	0.26±0.05[7] 0.13±0.04[8]
Spectral type	S (est. family-based)
Absolute magnitude (H)	14.4[2][3]

6478 Gault, provisional designation 1988 JC₁, is a Phocaea asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 3.7 kilometers (2.3 miles) in diameter. The likely S-type asteroid was discovered on 12 May 1988, by astronomer couple Carolyn and Eugene Shoemaker at the Palomar Observatory in California. It was named in honor of planetary geologist Donald Gault.^[2] In January 2019, it was found that Gault shows cometary activity and that it has multiple tails, making it an active asteroid.^[9] It was subsequently realised that it had been active since at least 2013.^[10]

Gault is a core member of the Phocaea family (701).^[4][5] The large asteroid family consists of nearly 2,000 known stony asteroids, and was named after its largest member, 25 Phocaea. The old family formed up to 2.2 billion years ago and has the highest inclination of all families in the inner asteroid belt. Several of its members are also Mars-crossing asteroids with high eccentricities.^{[11][12]: 23}

It orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.9–2.8 AU once every 3 years and 6 months (1,278 days; semi-major axis of 2.31 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.19 and an inclination of 23° with respect to the ecliptic.^[3] The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Palomar in May 1988.^[2] It last came to perihelion in January 2020 and will next come to perihelion in July 2023.^[6]

On January 5, 2019, it was discovered that Gault possesses a comet tail, which had not been present in previous images taken during the 2018/19 opposition.^[13][9] The asteroid began to break up as its spin accelerated due to the YORP effect, and its rotation speed approached two hours – near the limit of stability for an asteroid. The ejected matter created two dust tails,^[14] and the longer one has been estimated at over 800,000 km (500,000 mi) long. Earlier hypotheses of a collision with another asteroid were ruled out as a source of the tail-forming dust, and its two tails were believed to be a result of sudden dust ejections near October 28 and December 30, 2018.^[9] It is also possible that solar heating caused sublimation of ice, perhaps beneath the surface in a "pocket," and the force of the ejection of material (after being exposed to solar heating during the rotation of the asteroid) resulted in the spin rate increase. A prior example of such an occurrence is in the literature.^[15]

In April 2019, upon analyzing archive images taken in 2013, 2016 and 2017, it was found that Gault had been perpetually active for at least five years before the discovery, with a tail visible when the asteroid was near its furthest distance from the Sun during the 2013 apparition. If its activity is indeed caused by a rotational breakup, then Gault has remained active far longer than any other object of this type seen before. This indicates that it may represent a new type of object.^[10]

This minor planet was named in memory of American planetary geologist Donald Gault (1923–1999), an expert in the field of impact crater forming processes. Gault conducted field experiments and applied his insight to the interpretation of impact data from the Moon, Earth, Mars and Mercury.^[2] The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 28 July 1999 (M.P.C. 35484).^[16]

Gault's spectral type resembles that of a stony S-type asteroid, according its membership to the Phocaea family,^[4] but some of the features of the spectrum are more similar to the carbonaceous C-type asteroid class.^[14] Based on a generic magnitude-to-diameter conversion,^[17] the asteroid measures approximately 3.7 kilometers in diameter, for an assumed family-specific albedo of 0.22,^[12]: 23 and an absolute magnitude of 14.4.^[2] Rotational lightcurves of Gault obtained from photometric observations in 2019 showed a rotation period of either 1.79 or 3.36 hours.^[14][3] The body's pole and shape remain unknown,^[3][18] but based on its lightcurve, its surface likely has irregularities and concavities.^[8]

• 
  Background stars surrounding asteroid 6478 Gault and its tails.^[19]
• 
  (6478) Gault imaged on 2019-03-26 with iTelescope's T21
• 
  JPL Small-Body Database Browser's Orbit Diagram for the Main-belt Asteroid 6478 Gault on 2019-01-01 at 00:00 UTC

• image of (6478) Gault showing tail, astrobin.com
• Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books
• Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (5001)-(10000) – Minor Planet Center
• 6478 Gault at AstDyS-2, Asteroids—Dynamic Site
  • Ephemeris · Observation prediction · Orbital info · Proper elements · Observational info
• 6478 Gault at the JPL Small-Body Database
  • Close approach · Discovery · Ephemeris · Orbit viewer · Orbit parameters · Physical parameters