April 1960

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April 1, 1960: TIROS I opens era of satellite weather images
April 21, 1960: The new city of Brasilia is dedicated
April 8, 1960: Radio telescope picks up signals from Epsilon Eridani

The following events occurred in April 1960:

April 1, 1960 (Friday)

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April 2, 1960 (Saturday)

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April 3, 1960 (Sunday)

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April 4, 1960 (Monday)

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  • Elections in Burma resulted in victory for U Nu, who began his third non-consecutive term as prime minister.
  • Senegal signed a transfer of power agreement with France, leading up to the country's independence.
  • At the 32nd Academy Awards ceremony, Ben-Hur won a record eleven Oscars, including Best Picture.
  • Sweden's first three female priests were ordained.
  • Born: Hugo Weaving, Nigerian-born Australian actor; in Ibadan

April 5, 1960 (Tuesday)

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April 6, 1960 (Wednesday)

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  • Alberto Lleras Camargo, the President of Colombia, addressed a joint session of Congress as part of a 13-day state visit to the United States. Lleras was given a ticker-tape parade in New York on April 11.[2]
  • The Short SC.1 VTOL aircraft made its first transition from vertical to horizontal flight and back.

April 7, 1960 (Thursday)

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  • Under the Unlawful Organisations Act No. 34, the African National Congress and Pan Africanist Congress parties were banned in South Africa.[16] This resulted in the formation of "Umkonto we Sizwe" ("Spear of the Nation"), the guerrilla wing of the ANC, by Nelson Mandela and others.
  • In an event described as "unique in world postal history", the governments of 70 nations simultaneously issued stamps to commemorate World Refugee Year.[17]

April 8, 1960 (Friday)

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April 9, 1960 (Saturday)

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April 10, 1960 (Sunday)

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  • The last successful American U-2 overflight of the Soviet Union took place, as a pilot passed near the missile range at Tyuratam. The S-75 Dvina missile batteries that could have downed the plane had not been alerted of the intrusion in time, and several Soviet senior commanders were fired. On May 1, a U-2 plane flown by Francis Gary Powers would be struck down.[23]

April 11, 1960 (Monday)

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  • A fisherman in Masan, South Korea, discovered the mutilated body of Kim Chu Yol, a high school student who had been killed during March protests against the fraudulent presidential election. A police tear gas shell was visible in Kim's eye socket, and the outrage against the government's brutality triggered a riot. The violence in Masan was then followed by rioting in other South Korean cities.[24]
  • For Your Eyes Only, Ian Fleming's eighth James Bond novel, was first published by Jonathan Cape.[25]

April 12, 1960 (Tuesday)

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  • The International Court of Justice, more popularly known as the World Court, resolved a dispute between Portugal and India after more than four years, in Portugal's favor, ruling 11–4 that Portuguese officials could cross over India's territory to reach its colonies in Goa, Daman and Diu. The victory was short-lived, as India annexed all three territories the following year.[26]
  • Candlestick Park, described by one source as "the windiest, coldest, and the most hated baseball stadium in the history of the game",[27] opened in San Francisco, and began a 40-season run as the home of the San Francisco Giants. U.S. Vice-President (and Republican presidential candidate) Richard Nixon threw out the first pitch.
  • Eric Peugeot, the four-year-old grandson of French automotive tycoon Jean-Pierre Peugeot of Peugeot, was kidnapped from a playground at Saint-Cloud, near Paris.[28] Eric was released three days later, in exchange for a ransom of $300,000.[29]

April 13, 1960 (Wednesday)

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April 14, 1960 (Thursday)

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April 15, 1960 (Friday)

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April 16, 1960 (Saturday)

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  • The Sino-Soviet split widened as the Chinese Communist Party journal Red Flag published the editorial Long Live Leninism, an assertion that began with the premise that the Soviet Union had, by pursuing peaceful change, deviated from Lenin's thesis that "so long as imperialism exists, war is inevitable".[37]
  • The "New Realism" artistic movement was founded by art critic Pierre Restany with the publication of his Manifeste des Nouveaux Réalistes.[38]
  • Born:

April 17, 1960 (Sunday)

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April 18, 1960 (Monday)

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April 19, 1960 (Tuesday)

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Seoul protesters

April 20, 1960 (Wednesday)

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April 21, 1960 (Thursday)

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  • After a week in which 6,000 East Germans fled to West Berlin, several DDR police crossed the border and began searching luggage at railroad stations. West Berlin police arrested two of the DDR police, while others fled. The exodus of thousands came after the East German government "collectivized" private farms and businesses and directed landowners and shopkeepers to become employees of state-owned cooperatives.[54]
  • President Juscelino Kubitschek dedicated the city of Brasilia, three years after he had directed construction to begin on a new capital city for Brazil. Located 600 miles (970 km) inland, the city was designed by architect Oscar Niemeyer and urban planner Lucio Costa at a cost of ten billion dollars.[55]

April 22, 1960 (Friday)

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  • The crash of a Belgian DC-4 airliner into a mountainside in Congo killed all 28 passengers and seven crew.[56] The flight had originated in Brussels the night before, with a final destination of Lubumbashi (at the time, called Elisabethville) with stops at Rome, Cairo and Bunia. The plane descended for its approach to Bunia through low clouds and impacted a peak in the Virunga Mountains.
  • France's President Charles De Gaulle was given an enthusiastic welcome by 200,000 people upon his arrival in Washington, D.C., on the fifth day of his tour of the Western Hemisphere. President De Gaulle spoke to a joint session of Congress on April 25, urging nuclear disarmament, and was cheered by more than a million people the next day at a ticker-tape parade in New York.[2]
  • Born:

April 23, 1960 (Saturday)

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April 24, 1960 (Sunday)

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  • When more than 100 black protesters marched on to a "whites only" beach in Biloxi, Mississippi, for a "wade-in" to force desegregation, they were attacked by several hundred white people, while Harrison County sheriff's deputies at the scene stood by. The violence then spilled over into the most violent riot in Mississippi history. A U.S. Department of Justice suit ended beach segregation the following month.[58][59]
  • One of the first widely publicized stories of hysterical strength happened in Tampa, Florida, when Mrs. Florence Rogers, a 123-pound (56 kg) woman, lifted one end of a 3,600-pound (1,600 kg) car that had fallen off of a jack and onto her 16-year-old son, Charles Trotter. Mrs. Rogers, an LPN, fractured several vertebrae in the process.[60][61][62]
  • A fraudulent parliamentary election in Laos resulted in a landslide victory for the ruling CDNI Party.[63]
  • Died: Max von Laue, 80, German physicist and Nobel Prize laureate; 16 days after his car was struck by a motorcyclist.[64]

April 25, 1960 (Monday)

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April 26, 1960 (Tuesday)

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President Rhee

April 27, 1960 (Wednesday)

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Togo

April 28, 1960 (Thursday)

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  • The construction of what would become Shea Stadium, at Flushing, Queens, was approved by New York City's Board of Estimate, 20–2, giving the proposed Continental League the chance to launch. The Continental League never played, but the stadium gave the National League the impetus to return to the city, with the New York Mets.
  • Born:
  • Died: Lee Ki-poong, former Vice-President of South Korea, died along with his wife and two sons as part of a suicide pact. Lee, and President Syngman Rhee, had resigned two days earlier in the wake of the April Revolution.

April 29, 1960 (Friday)

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April 30, 1960 (Saturday)

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References

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  1. ^ "U.S. Puts Weather Satellite in Orbit". Oakland Tribune. April 1, 1960. p. 1.
  2. ^ a b c d e "Chronology—April 1960". The World Almanac and book of facts 1961. pp. 164–168.
  3. ^ "Space TV Spots Storm in Midwest—Scores Fabulous 'First'". The Independent. Long Beach, California. April 2, 1960. p. 1.
  4. ^ DeMello, Margo (2009). Feet and Footwear: A Cultural Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 98.
  5. ^ Hutchinson Encyclopedia
  6. ^ a b c d e f Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Grimwood, James M. "PART II (B) Research and Development Phase of Project Mercury January 1960 through May 5, 1961". Project Mercury - A Chronology. NASA Special Publication-4001. NASA. Retrieved 7 February 2023.
  7. ^ Census results
  8. ^ Steve Roper, Camp 4: Recollections of a Yosemite Rockclimber (Mountaineers, 1994), p108
  9. ^ "Awujale of Ijebuland", KingdomsOfNigeria.com
  10. ^ Britannica Online
  11. ^ "Police Halt March on Cape Town", Oakland Tribune, April 2, 1960, p1
  12. ^ Ben Lunis, Get Out of the Box (Xulon Press, 2003), p153
  13. ^ "Victory Adds Power To Kennedy Campaign". Oakland Tribune. April 6, 1960. p. 1.
  14. ^ "Grid Team Named 'Oakland Senors' [sic]". Oakland Tribune. April 5, 1960. p. 1.
  15. ^ "Now It's Hi, Raiders! (Bye, Senors) [sic]". Oakland Tribune. April 14, 1960. p. 1.
  16. ^ African History Archived 2011-08-07 at the Wayback Machine (Most sources give the date as April 8, 1960) -- Hein Marais, South Africa: Limits to Change: The Political Economy of Transition (University of Cape Town Press, 2001), p25
  17. ^ "70 Nations Issue Stamps Today to Mark 'World Refugee Year'". The Green Sheet. Milwaukee Journal. April 7, 1960 – via Google News.[permanent dead link]
  18. ^ "Science: Project Ozma". TIME. Archived from the original on 11 September 2009. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
  19. ^ Kaplan, Fred (2009). 1959: The Year Everything Changed. J. Wiley & Sons. pp. 154–155.
  20. ^ Strange Maps
  21. ^ "South Africa Prime Minister Shot Down by White Assassin", Oakland Tribune, April 9, 1960, p1
  22. ^ "1960 NBA Finals: Boston 4, St. Louis 3" Archived 2012-02-22 at the Wayback Machine, NBA Encyclopedia: Playoff Edition www.nba.com
  23. ^ Zaloga, Steve (2007). Red SAM: The SA-2 Guideline Anti-Aircraft Missile. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-84603-062-8.
  24. ^ John Kie-chiang Oh, Korean Politics: The Quest for Democratization and Economic Development (Cornell University Press, 1999), p41
  25. ^ "For Your Eyes Only". The Books. Ian Fleming Publications. Archived from the original on 27 December 2010. Retrieved 22 December 2011.
  26. ^ Gill, Terry D. (2003). Rosenne's The World Court: What it is and How it Works. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 152–154.
  27. ^ Elston, Gene (2006). A Stitch in Time: A Baseball Chronology. Halcyon Press. p. 84.
  28. ^ "Grandson of Auto Tycoon Kidnapped". Oakland Tribune. April 13, 1960. p. 1.
  29. ^ "Huge Manhunt in Peugeot Kidnap-- Child Safe". Oakland Tribune. April 15, 1960. p. 1.
  30. ^ "U.S. Navigation Satellite in Orbit". Oakland Tribune. April 13, 1960. p. 1.
  31. ^ Van Sickle, Jan (2001). GPS for Land Surveyors. CRC Press. p. 88.
  32. ^ Arvid Nelson, Cold War Ecology: Forests, Farms, & People in the East German Landscape, 1945–1989 (Yale University Press, 2005), p.111
  33. ^ BroadwayMusicalHome.com
  34. ^ Robert McKenna, The Dictionary of Nautical Literacy (McGraw-Hill, 2001), p287
  35. ^ Arthur M. Woodford, This Is Detroit, 1701–2001 (Wayne State University Press, 2001), p198
  36. ^ Fischer, Klaus P. (2006). America in White, Black, and Gray: The Stormy 1960s. Continuum International. pp. 108–109.
  37. ^ K. R. Sharma, China: Revolution to Revolution (Mittal Publications, 1989), p34
  38. ^ "Neo-Dada Performance Art", by Gunter Berghaus, in Neo-avant-garde (Rodopi, 2006), p84
  39. ^ Richard Crouse, Big Bang, Baby: Rock Trivia (Hounslow Press, 2000), 79–80
  40. ^ Cannon, Lou (2003). Governor Reagan: His Rise to Power. PublicAffairs. p. 112.
  41. ^ Lawson, Edward (1996). Encyclopedia of Human Rights (2d. ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 488.
  42. ^ Steven Erlanger (September 15, 2012). "An American Ambassador Who Plunged Into Arab Life". New York Times. Retrieved December 11, 2023.
  43. ^ "Korean Rioters Defy Rhee", Oakland Tribune, April 19, 1960, p1
  44. ^ Safety Network
  45. ^ Shri Ram Sharma, India-China relations: 1972–1991, p32
  46. ^ Alan Rake, African Leaders: Guiding the New Millennium (Scarecrow Press, 2001) p176
  47. ^ Edward Vernoff and Peter J. Seybolt, Through Chinese Eyes: Tradition, Revolution, and Transformation (CITE Books, 2007), p131
  48. ^ R. J. Bray, et al. Plasma Loops in the Solar Corona (Cambridge University Press, 2005), p17
  49. ^ "Boston Athletic Association". Archived from the original on 2002-03-29. Retrieved 2009-11-10.
  50. ^ Inter-American Yearbook on Human Rights / Anuario Interamericano de Derechos Humanos, Volume 36 (2020) (VOLUME III). BRILL. 28 December 2021. ISBN 9789004509931.
  51. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Brooks, Courtney G.; Ertel, Ivan D.; Newkirk, Roland W. "PART I: Early Space Station Activities -1923 to December 1962.". SKYLAB: A CHRONOLOGY. NASA Special Publication-4011. NASA. p. 11. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
  52. ^ Alexander, Robert J. (1982). Rómulo Betancourt and the Transformation of Venezuela. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Books. pp. 478–80.
  53. ^ Augustin, Ed (18 April 2018). "After six decades of Castro rule, Cubans greet end of era with a shrug". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
  54. ^ "German Reds Try To Stop Exodus". Oakland Tribune. April 21, 1960. p. 1.
  55. ^ Burns, E. Bradford (1993). A History of Brazil. Columbia University Press. p. 404.
  56. ^ Aviation Safety Database
  57. ^ UnknownExploers.com
  58. ^ "Swim Attempts Trigger Race Brawl". Tucson Daily Citizen. April 25, 1960. p. 1.
  59. ^ Rucker, Walter; Upton, James Nathaniel (2007). Encyclopedia of American Race Riots. Vol. 1. Greenwood Press. p. 32.
  60. ^ "Mother Lifts 3,600-Lb. Car". Pacific Stars and Stripes. April 27, 1960. p. 3.
  61. ^ Trotter, Charles (August 28, 1960). "My Mother Saved My Life". Family Weekly. As told to John M. Ross. pp. 12–13.
  62. ^ David S. Goldstein, M.D. (2006). Adrenaline and the Inner World: An Introduction to Scientific Integrative Medicine. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 71.
  63. ^ Dommen, Arthur J. (2001). The Indochinese Experience of the French and the Americans: Nationalism and Communism in Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. Indiana University Press. p. 386.
  64. ^ Samuelsson, Bergt; Sohlman, Michael, eds. (1998). Nobel Lectures: Physics 1901–1921. World Scientific. p. 359.
  65. ^ Naval Historical Foundation Archived April 17, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  66. ^ "Korean Mobs Riot, Celebrate As Rhee Agrees to Resign". Oakland Tribune. April 26, 1960. p. 1.
  67. ^ "Rhee Retires; Aide In Family Suicide". Oakland Tribune. April 28, 1960. p. 1.
  68. ^ Jacobs, Seth (2006). Cold war mandarin: Ngo Dinh Diem and the origins of America's war in Vietnam. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield.
  69. ^ "Togoland Proclaims Freedom". Pacific Stars and Stripes. April 28, 1960. p. 1.
  70. ^ U.S. Department of State
  71. ^ "Navy's First Killer A-Sub Launched". Oakland Tribune. April 27, 1960. p. 1.
  72. ^ USS Tullibee home page Archived 2020-08-10 at the Wayback Machine
  73. ^ "Paraguay Battles Invasion Forces", Oakland Tribune, April 30, 1960, p1