Bab el-Gasus

Theban tomb Bab el-Gasus
Burial site of multiple priests
Entrance to the tomb
The entrance to the tomb is on the left of this photo taken from the Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut
Bab el-Gasus is located in Egypt
Bab el-Gasus
Bab el-Gasus
Coordinates25°44′16″N 32°36′31″E / 25.7379°N 32.6086°E / 25.7379; 32.6086
LocationDeir el-Bahari, Theban Necropolis
Discovered1891

Bab el-Gasus (Egyptian Arabic: باب الجسس, romanized: bāb el-gasus, lit. 'Gate of the Priests [Spies]'[1]), also known as the Priestly Cache and the Second Cache, was a cache of ancient 21st dynasty (c. 1070–945 BCE) Egyptian mummies found at Deir el-Bahari in 1891. It was excavated by French Egyptologists Eugène Grebaut and Georges Daressy, with Urbain Bouriant and Ahmed Kamal, on the direction of Mohamed Ahmed Abd al‑Rassul, who had also revealed the location of the Royal Cache in 1881. The tomb entrance was located on the flat area just outside the precinct wall in front of the Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut. The find was significant for Egyptology, particularly in respect of religion, mummification, and coffin studies.[2] It is the largest intact tomb ever found in Egypt.[3] Today, the contents of the tomb are spread between 30 museums worldwide.[4]

In 1893, Khedive Abbas II of Egypt presented groups of artefacts from the tomb to 16 countries, as gifts celebrating the Khedive's accession to the throne.[5] As a result of this dispersion, the artefacts have received limited focus by scholars.[2]

It contained 254 richly decorated coffins (101 double sets) giving 153 coffin sets in total, as well as 110 shabti boxes, 77 Osirian wooden statuettes (mostly hollow and containing a papyrus), 8 wooden steles, 2 large wooden statues (Isis and Nephthys), 16 canopic reed baskets, 5 round baskets made of woven reed.[6] The coffins were made almost exclusively with wood from the native fig tree, the Ficus sycomorus.[7]

On the 125th anniversary of the find, the Centro de Estudos Clássicos e Humanísticos of the University of Coimbra launched the "Gate of the Priests" project, with the University of Leiden, the National Museum of Antiquities of Leiden, the Vatican Museums and UCLA, in order to reconstruct the original collection of Bab el-Gasus.

A new display of the Bab el-Gasus artefacts was opened at the Egyptian Museum in Cairo in 2021 following the moving of the Royal Cache.[8][3]

Although one of the Theban tombs, the tomb never received a serial number.[9]

International donations

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In 1907 Daressy published a list of the 71 coffins sets that were donated overseas in 1893 by Khedive Abbas:

Lot Location Sarcophagi sets (Daressy, 1907) Image Ref
Country Museum Number Names
I France Louvre, Musée Bargoin, Château de Boulogne-sur-Mer, Musée de Picardie, Musée d'archéologie méditerranéenne 5 [10]
II Austria Kunsthistorisches Museum 5 [11]
III Turkey Istanbul 4 [11]
IV United Kingdom British Museum 5 [11]
V Italy National Archaeological Museum, Florence (Egyptian Museum) 6 [12]
VI Russia Various, including Irkutsk 4 [13]
VII Germany Egyptian Museum of Berlin 4 [11]
VIII Portugal Lisbon Geographic Society 4 [11]
IX Switzerland Kunstmuseum Appenzell, Musée d'Art et d'Histoire (Geneva), Musée d'ethnographie de Neuchâtel, Bern Historical Museum 4 [14]
X United States National Museum of Natural History, National Museum of Anthropology (Mexico) (on loan) 4 [11]
XI Netherlands Rijksmuseum van Oudheden 4 [15]
XII Greece National Archaeological Museum, Athens 4 [11]
XIII Spain National Archaeological Museum (Madrid) 4 [16]
XIV Sweden and Norway Medelhavsmuseet (Stockholm), Victoriamuseet för egyptiska fornsaker (Uppsala) and Museum of Cultural History, Oslo 4 [17]
XV Belgium Art & History Museum, Brussels 4 [11]
XVI Denmark National Museum of Denmark 4 [11]
XVII Vatican Vatican Museums (Gregorian Egyptian Museum) 2 [11]

Anonymous coffins 75 and 126 were sent to the Museum of Alexandria.

Burials

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Burials in the tomb include the following, amongst others:

List of objects found

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A list of the objects found was published by Daressy in 1900:[18]

  • 153 coffin sets, of which 101 include two coffins and 52 a single coffin
  • 110 ushebti-boxes
  • 77 wooden statuettes of Osiris, most of them hollowed and holding a papyrus scroll
  • 8 wooden stelae
  • 2 large wooden statuettes of Isis and Nephthys
  • 16 canopic vases
  • 1 mat
  • 10 baskets of reeds
  • 5 round baskets
  • 2 fans
  • 5 pairs of sandals
  • 11 baskets with food (with meat, fruits, etc.)
  • 6 baskets with floral garlands
  • 5 large vases
  • 5 pots
  • 1 box with wooden hands and divine beards ripped from coffins
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Initial discovery

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  • Émile Bayard's sketch on the front cover of L'Illustration on 4 April 1891
    Émile Bayard's sketch on the front cover of L'Illustration on 4 April 1891
  • Émile Bayard's second sketch on the topic in L'Illustration on 4 April 1891
    Émile Bayard's second sketch on the topic in L'Illustration on 4 April 1891
  • Paul Philippoteaux's Examen d'une momie - Une prêtresse d'Ammon
    Paul Philippoteaux's Examen d'une momie - Une prêtresse d'Ammon
  • Photograph of the excavation, 5 Feb 1891
    Photograph of the excavation, 5 Feb 1891
  • Diagram of Bab el-Gasus from Daressy's "Les sépultures des prêtres d’Ammon à Deir el-Bahari"
    Diagram of Bab el-Gasus from Daressy's "Les sépultures des prêtres d’Ammon à Deir el-Bahari"
  • List of Bab el-Gasus sarcophagi from Daressy's "Les sépultures des prêtres d’Ammon à Deir el-Bahari"
    List of Bab el-Gasus sarcophagi from Daressy's "Les sépultures des prêtres d’Ammon à Deir el-Bahari"
  • Second list of Bab el-Gasus sarcophagi of Bab el-Gasus from Daressy's "Les sépultures des prêtres d’Ammon à Deir el-Bahari"
    Second list of Bab el-Gasus sarcophagi of Bab el-Gasus from Daressy's "Les sépultures des prêtres d’Ammon à Deir el-Bahari"
  • The story of Bab el-Gasus at Musée d'archéologie méditerranéenne, Marseille
    The story of Bab el-Gasus at Musée d'archéologie méditerranéenne, Marseille

Display at Egyptian Museum, Cairo

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References

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Citations

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  1. ^ Sousa, Rogério; Amenta, Alessia; Cooney, Kathlyn M., eds. (2021). Bab El Gasus in Context: Rediscovering the Tomb of the Priests of Amun (PDF). Rome: "L'Erma" di Bretschneider. ISBN 978-88-913-2071-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 June 2021. Retrieved 29 April 2022. p. 17: "Daressy’s moniker ‘Tomb of the Priests’ likely finds its origins in the local traditions of Sheikh abd el Gurnah. Indeed, this phrase could be translated directly from the dialectal form of Arabic in use by Gurnawi workmen, resulting in the local designation of the tomb as ‘Bab el-Gasawsa’, which literally means ‘Gate of the Priests’, as Egyptians traditionally see pharaonic tombs as ‘gates’ into the netherworld. This Arabic phrase was probably wrongly interpreted by Herbert Winlock, who recorded it as ‘Bab el-Gasus’, which in fact means ‘Gate of the Spies’. It is perhaps for this reason that the expression was corrected to ‘Bab el-Kusus’, certainly by scholars familiar with the Cairene form of Arabic, and eventually adapting it to the typical Gurnawi pronunciation and spelling with a -g, instead of -k, resulting in the name ‘Bab el-Gusus’."
  2. ^ a b Review by Marissa Stevens, University of California, Los Angeles of Rogério Sousa, Burial Assemblages from Bab el-Gasus in the Geographical Society of Lisbon. Monumenta Aegyptiaca, 14. Turnhout: Brepols, 2017
  3. ^ a b "The 117th Anniversary of the Egyptian Museum". Archived from the original on 2021-05-11. Retrieved 2022-04-16.
  4. ^ The Most Famous Ancient Egyptian Site You Have Never Heard Of Archived 2021-04-21 at the Wayback Machine, Egypt Today, 10 Jul 2016: "Yet, in the thirty or so museums abroad where the coffins are to be found"
  5. ^ Maio, M. (2018). Proceedings of the 4th Biennial of Architectural and Urban Restoration. Host of the Itinerant Congress Hidden Cultural Heritage: Under Water, Under Ground and Within Buildings. CICOP Italia. p. 107. ISBN 978-88-909116-5-1. Retrieved 2022-04-16.
  6. ^ Daressy 1900, pp. 141–148.
  7. ^ Giachi, G.; Guidotti, M.C.; Lazzeri, S.; Macchioni, N.; Sozzi, L. (2021). "Wood identification of some coffins from the Necropolis of Thebes held in the collection of the Egyptian Museum in Florence". Journal of Cultural Heritage. 47. Elsevier BV: 34–42. doi:10.1016/j.culher.2020.09.007. ISSN 1296-2074. S2CID 228962795.
  8. ^ "الخبيئة بديل المومياوات الملكية بمتحف التحرير.. تعرف على محتوياتها". 14 June 2021. Archived from the original on 2021-10-16. Retrieved 2022-04-16.
  9. ^ Sousa, Amenta & Cooney 2021, p. 17. "The tomb itself never received a serial number."
  10. ^ Distribution and current location of the French Lot from the Bab el-Gasus Cache
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Sousa, Amenta & Cooney 2021, pp. 24–27.
  12. ^ The Lot V in the Egyptian Museum at Florence Gate of the Priests
  13. ^ The Lot VI of Bab el-Gasus in the light of the new archive documents
  14. ^ The coffins from the Cache-tomb of Bab el Gasus in Switzerland
  15. ^ Weiss, Lara (2017). The Coffins of the Priest of Amun: Egyptian coffins from the 21st Dynasty in the collection of the National Museum of Antiquities in Leiden. ISBN 978-9088904929. Archived from the original on 2021-05-10. Retrieved 2022-04-17.
  16. ^ The Lot XIII of Bab el-Gasus in the Museo Arqueológico Nacional in Madrid.
  17. ^ Bettum, Anders. "Lot 14 from Bab el-Gasus (Sweden and Norway): The modern history of the collection and a reconstruction of the ensembles". Body, Cosmos and Eternity: 167.
  18. ^ Daressy, 1900, p.144. Also in English at Sousa, Amenta & Cooney 2021 p. 9.

Sources

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Further reading

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