Belgrade–Bar railway

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Belgrade–Bar railway
ŽCG 461 039 at Lutovo station
Overview
Status	Active
Owner	Serbian Railways, ŽICG
Termini	Belgrade Bar
Service
Route number	108 (ŽS)
Operator(s)	Serbian Railways, ŽPCG
History
Opened	1976
Technical
Line length	476.59 km (296 mi)
Number of tracks	1
Track gauge	1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge
Minimum radius	300 m (984 ft)
Electrification	25 kV, 50 Hz AC
Operating speed	70 km/h (43 mph) (currently) 75 km/h (47 mph)–120 km/h (75 mph) (designed)
Belgrade–Bar Railway Legend electrification 25 kV AC to Pančevo Belgrade Main (0,0 km) Gazela Bridge Mostar interchange Old Railroad Bridge to Šid and Zagreb New Railroad Bridge to Pančevo NIS Petrol Topčiderka Topčider Košutnjak Rakovica Kijevo to Batajnica to Niš Resnik to Mladenovac and Niš Boundary of Belgrade Bela Reka Barajevo Stepojevac Kolubara coal mine Vreoci Lazarevac Lajkovac Divci Airport Valjevo Gradac canyon Gradac Kosjerić Požega to Kraljevo Uzići Zlakusa Sevojno Užice Freight Užice Stapari Sušica Branešci Zlatibor Tunnel (6168 m) Zlatibor Jablanica SRB BIH (205,5 km) Štrpci BIH SRB (214,8 km) Uvac Rača Priboj Poljice Pribojska Banja Lim Prijepolje Prijepolje Freight Vrbnica Gostun SRB MNE (301 km) Bijelo Polje Mojkovac Tunnel (3243 m) Mojkovac Kolašin 1032 m Mateševo Ostrovica Tunnel (3827 m) Trebesica Trebesica Tunnel (5122 m) Bratonožići Mala Rijeka Viaduct Bioče to Nikšić 2,6 Podgorica Zetratrans Aluminium Plant Podgorica to Shkodra Golubovci Zeta Morača Morača Bridge Lesendro Lake Skadar Tanki rt Bridge Virpazar Sozina Tunnel (6172 m) Sutomore Bari, Corfu Bar (476 km) Port of Bar

The Belgrade–Bar railway (Serbian: Пруга Београд–Бар, romanized: Pruga Beograd–Bar) is a 476.59 km (296.14 mi) long electrified main line connecting the Serbian capital of Belgrade with the town of Bar, a major seaport in Montenegro. Completed in 1976, which connects Belgrade with the Mediterranean port of Bar. It was built by the Yugoslav State Railways (JŽ) in 25 years of construction^[1] and is now operated by its successor companies Železnice Srbije (ŽS), Željeznice Republike Srpske (ŽRS) and Željeznička Infrastruktura Crne Gore (ŽICG).

The mountain railway crosses three mountain ranges in the Dinaric Mountains and has its highest point at 1,032 m (3,386 ft) south of this, the maximum gradient of the route is 25 ‰, north of it 17 ‰. The route in the difficult terrain required 254 tunnels and over 243 bridges. The route is considered one of the most difficult in Europe.^[2]

The connection from the Serbian capital to the Adriatic coast was one of the major railway projects in Europe in the second half of the 20th century.^[3] At the time, it was considered the most important railway construction project after the Second World War^[4] and the most expensive infrastructure project of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.^[5] At present, it is Serbia's shortest connection to a Mediterranean port and Montenegro's only international passenger transport connection. Albania has also been connected to the European railway network via the branch line Podgorica–Shkodra since 1986. From the opening of the line until 2018, the Belgrade Main station was the starting point for trains to Montenegro; since 2021, all trains have departed from Belgrade Centre station.

The Belgrade–Bar railway is 476 kilometres (296 mi) long, of which 301 km (187 mi) is in Serbia and 175 km (109 mi) is in Montenegro. It is standard gauge and electrified with 25 kV, 50 Hz AC for its entire length. It passes through 254 tunnels of total length of 114,435 m (375,443 ft) and over 435 bridges (total length 14,593 m (47,877 ft)). The longest tunnels are "Sozina" (6.17 km or 3.83 mi), and "Zlatibor" (6.169 km or 3.833 mi). The biggest and the best-known bridge is Mala Rijeka Viaduct, 498 metres (1,634 ft) long and 198 m (650 ft) above ground level.

The highest point of the railway is 1,032 m (3,386 ft) above mean sea level, at the town of Kolašin. The railway descends to 40 m (130 ft) above mean sea level at Podgorica in a relatively short distance, resulting in a gradient of 25‰ on this section.

A short 9 km (6 mi) section of the railway passes through Bosnia and Herzegovina, where there is a station at Štrpci.

When the line was completed in the late 1970s, the trip between Belgrade and Bar took approximately 7 hours. Today, the same trip takes around 11 hours due to speed restrictions necessitated by poor track conditions and border controls at Bijelo Polje.^[6]

The decision to build the railway connection between Belgrade and Bar was made in 1952, as a national project of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. However, the construction was passed to the constituent Republics, SR Serbia and SR Montenegro, to build on their own.^{[citation needed]}

The sections of the railway were completed as follows:

• Resnik – Vreoci in 1958
• Podgorica – Bar in 1959
• Vreoci – Valjevo in 1968
• Valjevo – Užice in 1972
• Užice – Podgorica in 1976

The construction works were concluded on 27 November 1975, by joining the railway tracks south of Kolašin. The railway was opened on 28 May 1976. Electrification was completed at the end of 1977.

Maintenance of the Belgrade–Bar railway suffered from chronic underfunding during the 1990s, which has resulted in the railway deteriorating and becoming unsafe. This culminated in the Bioče derailment, when a passenger train derailed, causing the deaths of 47 passengers. As a result, efforts are being made to thoroughly reconstruct the railway.

The Serbian part of the railway was targeted several times by NATO during its bombing campaign in 1999, seriously damaging portions of the railway.^[7] Also, the small section that passes through Bosnia and Herzegovina was blown up by SFOR ground forces.^[8] All of this damage was later repaired.^{[citation needed]}

In 2016, Serbia started a thorough reconstruction of its portion of the line in order to restore its original maximum speed of 120 kilometres per hour (75 mph). The first section, between Belgrade and Valjevo (27% of the Serbian part of the line) was completed in 2017, with speeds of up to 120 km/h, however Serbian Railways Infrastructure later stated trains reached speeds of 100 km/h, causing some confusion as to what the maximum speed actually is.

The railway line and its construction were the subject of interpretations from the folk music genre in Yugoslavia, particularly in the 1960s and 1970s, such as by Lepa Lukić (Brzi voz Beograd Bar and Beograde, Bar te zove), or the Braća Bajići (Sitan kamen do kamena). In the latter song, meters from the Starogradska Muzika and the Kolos with the sounds of the gusle represent the symbolic connection between the republics. The same was true of Dragan Antić's record Pruga Beograd–Bar, on which, of the four songs, the number Jadran Ekspres began with the solo singing of a guslar. Antić's album, like Lepa Lukić's album of the same name, was released on the Yugoslav major label RTB (Radio Televizija Beograd – today's RTS). These albums were financed by the Jugoslovenska Investiciona Banka and featured identical covers with the railway line, once in blue and once in red.

The last train to leave the Beograd-Glavna station, on 15 June 2018, was bid farewell at the station by playing the cult hit A sad adio.^[9][10] The Serbian media spoke of the end of an era, and the locomotive driver of the last journey said goodbye to the station and the waiting passengers with a siren.^[11]

• 
  A ŽS 461 arriving at Belgrade.
• 
  Bijelo Polje railway station on the Belgrade–Bar railway.
• 
  Montenegro railways former ŽS 461 passing through Virpazar
• 
  ŽS 461-013 on the Belgrade–Bar railway.
• 
  A ŽS 461 at Vrbnica on the border of Serbia and Montenegro.

• Serbian Railways
• Rail transport in Montenegro
• Tito's Blue Train
• JŽ series 461 commonly operated over the Bar-Belgrade line. Based on a Swedish design.
• JŽ class 412/416 Latvian EMU
• CAF Civity EMU
• JŽ 661 Shunter/Montecargo
• JŽ 644 Shunter/Montecargo
• JŽ 744 (none of them is active) Shunter/Montecargo
• JŽ D66/761s (DB Class V 200 based engines) of Tito's Blue Train.
• JŽ 666s (EMD JT22CW-2s) of Tito's Blue Train

• Belgrade to Bar railway, Seat 61
• The Guardian

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