Bengali–Assamese languages

Bengali-Assamese
Gauda–Kamarupa
Geographic
distribution		Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Nepal
Linguistic classificationIndo-European
Early form
Language codes
–
Glottologgaud1237  (Gauda–Kamrupa)
A map showing geographical distribution of the sub-branches of Bengali-Assamese languages according to the classification of Suniti Kumar Chatterji.[2]

The Bengali-Assamese languages (also Gauda–Kamarupa languages) is a grouping of several languages in the eastern Indian subcontinent. This group belongs to the Eastern zone of Indo-Aryan languages. The languages in this group according to Glottolog includes Assamese, Bengali, Bishnupriya, Chakma, Chittagonian, Hajong, Kharia Thar, Kurmukar, Lodhi (also categorised as a Munda language), Mal Paharia, Noakhali, Rajbangshi, Rohingya, Sylheti, Tangchangya and Surjapuri.

Languages

[edit]
Language Native name Script Alphabet Number of speakers (in millions) Native region
Assamese অসমীয়া
Oxomiya 		Bengali–Assamese script Assamese alphabet 15.3[3]  India (Assam)
Bengali বাংলা
Bangla 		Bengali–Assamese script Bengali alphabet 261.8[4]  Bangladesh (national and official)
 India (West Bengal, Jharkhand, Tripura, parts of Assam, Andaman and Nicobar islands)
Bishnupriya Manipuri বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী
Bișnupriya Monipuri 		Bengali–Assamese script Bengali alphabet[5]  India (Assam, Manipur and Tripura)
 Bangladesh (Sylhet Division)
Chakma 𑄌𑄋𑄴𑄟
চাকমা
Sangma 		Bengali–Assamese script
Chakma script
Latin script[6] 		0.32[7]  Bangladesh (Chittagong Division)
 India (Mizoram and Tripura)
 Myanmar (Rakhine State)
Chittagonian চাটগাঁইয়া সিটাইঙগা
siʈaiŋga 		Bengali–Assamese script
Arabic script
Latin script[8] 		Chittagonian Alphabet 13[9]  Bangladesh (Chittagong Division)
 Myanmar (Rakhine State)
Hajong হাজং
Hazong 		Bengali–Assamese script
Latin script 		Assamese alphabet[10][11]
Bengali alphabet[12] 		0.06[12]  India (Assam and Meghalaya)
 Bangladesh (Mymensingh Division)
Rangpuri/
Kamtapuri/
Rajbongshi 		রংপুরী
কামতাপুৰী
ৰাজবংশী
राजबंशी
Rongpuri
Kamatapuri
Rajbanshi 		Bengali–Assamese script, Devanagari[13] Bengali alphabet,[14]
Assamese alphabet[15] 		10.8[14]  Bangladesh (Rangpur Division)
 India (West Bengal and Assam)
   Nepal (Koshi Province)
Noakhali নোয়াখাইল্লা
Noakhailla 		Bengali–Assamese script Bengali alphabet 7  Bangladesh (Greater Noakhali)
 India (Tripura)
Rohingya رُحَ࣪ڠۡگَ࣪ࢬ‎
𐴌𐴗𐴥𐴝𐴙𐴚𐴒𐴙𐴝
Ruáingga 		Arabic script
Hanifi script
Latin script[16] 		2.52[17]  Myanmar (Rakhine State)
 Bangladesh (Chittagong Division)
Surjapuri सुरजापुरी
সুরজাপুরী
Surjapuri 		Devanagari
Bengali–Assamese script 		Bengali alphabet 2.26[18]  India (Bihar, West Bengal)

   Nepal (Koshi Province)

Sylheti ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ
ছিলটি
Siloŧi 		Bengali–Assamese script
Sylheti Nagari script 		Sylheti alphabet[19] 11.8[19]  Bangladesh (Sylhet Division)
 India (Assam, Meghalaya, North Tripura)
Tanchangya 𑄖𑄧𑄐𑄴𑄌𑄧𑄁𑄉𑄴𑄡
তঞ্চংগ্যা
Toncongya 		Chakma script[6] 0.02[20]  Bangladesh (Chittagong Hill Tracts)

Language comparison chart

[edit]

* = borrowed terms (including tatsamas, ardhatatsamas and other borrowings)

English Assamese Bengali Chakma Chittagonian Hajong Kamata Rohingya Sylheti
beautiful dhunia, thogua/thouga, xundor/xundar śundor* dol dishar,šundor cúndor*, hásin* šundor*, kubsurot*, mayasurot
big daṅor/daṅar, bor boṛo, ḍagor, ḍaṅor đôñr boro, daṅar boro, ákbor*, kobira* boṛo
blood tez rôkto*, khun*, lohu lo lou, rôktô lou, hún*, kún* lou, roxto*, kun*
bread ruti (flat), pau*ruti, luf*, bred* pão*ruṭi, ruṭi (flat) fõruţi fiçá, luthi ruṭi (flat), luf*
brother bhai (younger), kokai/kaka (elder), dada (elder)* bhai, dada, bhaiya bái, bôdda bhai bái bái, báia
cat mekuri/meukri/mekur, birali/biroli, biral biṛal, beṛal, billi, bilai, biṛali bilai/bilei, miúr bilai mekur, bilai
dark andhar, endhar ãdhar, andhar, ondhokar* ãdár añdár, miyonda andáir
daughter zi, mai, aapi, zhia, ziori maiya/meye, konna*, jhi zee, maifuā beti futúni, zíi zi, fuṛi
day din, bêla din, bêla*, roz*, dibôš* din din din din, ruz*
dog kukur kukur, kutta kuĩr, kutto kuñr atu, kutta
door duar*, dorza*, dar dôroja/dôrja*, duar* duōr, kebar duar* duar* xeir, dorza*, duar*
earth bhũi, p(r)ithiwi/p(r)ithibi* duniya*, prithibi*, dhora*, jahan* duniye,fithibi, duniyai* duniai*, dunia*, zahan*
egg koni, dima/dim ḍim, anḍa, boida* boda* đim,anḍa ḍima andha, dhim enḍa, ḍim, boida*
elephant hati/hathi hati áti hati áñti, háñtih átti
eye soku, sokhu choukh/chokh, ãkhi, noyon*, chokkhu* sóg suk soku, uki, souk
father deuta*, bap, büpai/bapa, pitai/pite/piti*, aba/abba/abu/abbu* bap, abba*, baba, abbu, pita*, waled* baf, ba,abba abbá* baf, bazi
fear bhoy, dor bhôy*, ḍor đôr ḍor ḍor
finger aṅuli/aṅli aṅgul, onguli* ôuñl ouñl aṅguil
fire zui, aguni* aguin/agun, ogni*, nar*, atosh*, anol*, pabok*, dahon* ôin* zui ooin* aguin*, nar*, atosh*
fish mas machh mas mas mas mas, mai*
food khüabostu*, khauni, ahar*, khayddo*, khana* khabar, khaon, khana*, khani*, khaddo*, ahar* hána hána, háñna xani
god bhogowan*, is(s)or*, deu, probhu*, khuda* khoda*, isshôr*, bhôgôban*, srishtikorta*, mabud* khúda*,rôb, ūôr ôla ila*, rob*, ixor* mobud*, mola*, rob*, xoda*, bhogòban*
good bhal bhalo/bhala bála, gôm bhala bhal gom bála
grass ghah, kher (hay) ghash, khôṛ (hay) kér ghaṣ kérr ga, gaš
hand hat hat át hat árt át
hand fan bisoni/biseni/bisni hat-pakha, biuni, bijoni bisôin, bisein bisoin, fanka
head mur, matha, math matha, shir*, kolla* mata, hôlla matá sir*, xolla*, mata
heart (emotion) hia, ontor*, koliza/koilza, hidoy* (h)ridôy*, ôntôr*, hiya, dil*, kolob*, kolija/koilja dil*, hôilze, ridôy, ôntôr dil* dil*, hia
heart (organ) hia, dil, amothu (h)ritpindô*,dil*, kolija/koilja dil* gurda
horse ghü̃ra/ghora ghoṛa gúṛa gúñra, gúra gúṛa
house ghor ghôr, baṛi, basha, khana* gór gor, bari gór, bari, xan*
hunger bhük/bhokh khudha*, khida*, khide*, bhuk búk búk buk, feto(r) buk
language bhaxa*, mat (call), kotha*, raw bhasha*, buli, jôban/zôban* hodá* basha,zúban,buli raw, bhaṣa* zoban*, hodá* mat, bul, rau, zoban*, basha*
laughter hãhi hashi aši haṣi aši
life zion/ziwon, ziu (soul), hayat* jibôn*, jindegi*, hayat* zibon,zindegi*,hayat* zibon zindegi*, zibon*, hayat*
moon zün, sand chãd/chand, chôndro*, bôdôr*, shôshi* sãn san san san(d), sondoni
mother ma, ai, mai, mao, ammi/amma* ma, amma*, ammu, waleda*, mata*, ai ma maö, ai mai, ai, maizi
mouth mukh*, mu- mukh*, mu(h) mukh* muk* muk*
name nam, naü nam nam nam nam
night rati, nixa* rat/rait, ratri*, shob* rait rati rait rait, rati, nii, shob*, lailot*
peace xanti*, xokah shanti*, aman*, salamôt* šanti* ṣanti* niraii, shanti*, salamôt*
place thai, zega/zaga*, than jayga/jaga/jega*, ṭhai, sthan* ṭai, zāga* zega*, tan
queen rani, madoi, patmadoi rani, shahbanu* rani rani rani rani, razbibi, sha(h)banu*
rest zironi, aram* aram*, bisram*, jirano*, jiron* dom*,zirôn,aram gôrôn zirani, aram*
river noi, gaṅ, nodi* nôdi*, doriya*, ɡaṅg dôijja*,dôirge hál ɡaṅg, nodi*
road bat, ali, rasta*, poth* rasta*, shoṛok, pôth* sorox, rah*, rasta*, ail, fot*
salt nimokh*, lün/nun lôbôn*, nun, nomok* lôbôn*, lun/nun nimox*, nun, lobon*
sister bhoni/boini/boni (younger), ba/bai (elder) apa*, apu/api, boin/bon, didi bóin,afa/bôbbu/dî/afu (elder) bóin, buai
small xoru, süto chhoṭo, pati guro huru, nii, kuṭimuti, gura, titkina, geda, suṭu
son put, pü, aapa chhele, putro*, put, po, bêṭa (morod) fuā, fut beṭa fut fut, fua
soul ziu, atma/atta* atta*, pran*, pôran*, ruh*, jiu foran*, rû* ru*, atma*, zaan*
sun beli shurjo*, shuruj* beil, šuroz* beil suruz*, shurzo*
ten doh, dos* dosh doš doṣ dosh, do
three tini tin tín tin tin
village gaü̃ gram*, gã, gão geram gau
waist kõkal/kakal komor*, maja keĩl keñil xomor*, xaxal
water pani pani, jôl* fani pani pani, zol* faní fani, ab*, tam
when ketia/kitia/kita, kethan/kethen, kesen, ketiyake kôkhôn, kobe, kon shômôy*, kon bêla hótte könbela kunbala(n->m), kunomoy
wind botah/batah batash*, hawa*, ba/bao, bayu*, bat*, anil* ába*, bataš* boyar, batash*, hawa*
wolf kukurnesia bagh, xial (jackal, fox) nekṛe-bagh, sheyal/shiyal (jackal, fox) neṛi kutta atubag, hial (jackal, fox)
woman maiki manuh, tiri*, tirüta, mohila* mohila*, nari*, beṭi manush, chheri maiye fua,maifuā (soft) beṭi saöa beṭi, moíla*
year bosor, son* bochhor, shal*, borsho*, botshor* bosor bosor fira, bosor, son*, shal*
yes hoy, o, ü̃, mm hê/hễ, ji*, agge, hã ô, ôy ô, ôy óe, i, zi* óe
no nohoy, nai, ühü, na na, nai/nae/nei, noy, non nô, nôy nô, nôy na, nai, nay
yesterday kali, züa-kali/zawa-kali (goto*-)kal(-ke), (gelo-)kal(-ke),kal(-ke) goto* hail, goto* halia (gese-)xail(-ku), xail(-ku)
English Assamese Bengali Chakma Chittagonian Hajong Kamata Rohingya Sylheti

* = borrowed terms (including tatsamas, ardhatatsamas and other borrowings)

Verbs

[edit]
English Assamese Sylheti Bengali Chakma Chittagonian Kamata Rohingya Hajong
ask xudh-, xudhpus kor- (investigate) zika-, fus-, zar- jiggaśa kor-, puchh-, puch kor-, jiggesh kor-, jiga- pũsar ɡor-
bite kamür-, kamür mar- xamṛa-, xamor mar- kamoṛ mar-, kamṛa- hõr-
blow phu de-, phuk-, phu kor- fu de-, hu de- phu de-
breathe uxah lo- dom lo- šãš ne-, šãš lo-, dôm ne-, dôm lo-
bring an- an- an- an-
can par- far- par-
catch dhor- dór- dhôr-
come ah- a- aś- a- a- ah-
count gon-, hisap kor-, gonti kor- gon-, isab xor- gon-, hišab kôr-
cry kand-, kan- xand-, xan- kãd- hãd-
cut kat- xaṭ- kaṭ-
do kor- xor- kôr- gor- ɡor-
die mor-, dhuka- mor- môr- mor-
dig khand- kur-, kus- khõṛ-, khõc-
drink kha-, pi kha-, pi- xa-, fia xa-, fi- kha-, pan kor-, pi-
eat kha- xa- kha- há-
fall por- foṛ- poṛ-
fear bhoy kha-, dora- ḍora- bhoy pa-, ḍora-
fight zũz-, maramari/moramori kor- mair xor-, xaijja xor- maramari kor-, jhogṛa kôr-
float üpoṅ-, bhah- bai-, bo- bhaš-
flow bo- bo- bo-
fly ur- uṛ- uṛ- ur- ur-
give de-, di- de-, di- de-
go za-, ɡo-/ge- za-, ɡo-, ɡe- ja-, ɡe- za-, zo- za-, zo-
happen ho- ó- ho- ó-
hear xun- hun- śun- un-
hit mar-, pit-, kila- mar-, fiț-, kila- mar-, kela-
kill mar-, mari pela- mar-, mari de- mar-, mere fel-, mariya fal-
know zan- zan- jan-
laugh hãh- aś- haś- aś-
learn xik-, xikh- hik- śekh-, śikh- hik-
lie (in bed) baɡor-, kati ho-, bisonat/bisnat por- xait o-, hut- shuye por-
live thak-, zi(ai) thak-, tik-, basi thak- tax-, zia-, basi tax- thak-, jibito thak-, jinda thak-, bece thak-, bãchiya thak- thah-
look sa- sa- dekh-, ca-, taka- sa-
open khul- kúa- khol-, khul- uid-, khúl-
play khel- xél- khel-
pull tan- ṭan- ṭan-
push thel- ṭel-, dekka- ṭhel-
read porh/poh/por- foṛ- poṛ- foṛ-
run dour-, daur- douṛ- douṛa-, choṭ-, chuṭ- dũr-
say ko-, mat-, bul- xo-, mat- bol-, ko- ho- ho-
scratch ãsür- xawza-, xamsa- ãcoṛ de-, ãcṛa-, khamca-
see dekh- dex- dekh- sa-
sew xi-, sila-, bo- (weave) sia- śela-, śila
sing ɡa-, gan ga- ɡa- ɡa-, gan ga-
sit boh- bo- boś- bo-
sleep xu-, ɡhuma-, tüponi za/mar- hut-, ɡúma- ɡhuma-, śo-, śu- ɡhum za-
smell xuṅ- huṅ(ɡ)- śũk-, śõk- ũ-
spit thu pela-, pik-, pik pela- sef fal-, fik fal- (betel nut/leaf) thu phel-, thu phal-
split phal- atra- bhag kor-, bhang-
squeeze sep-, hẽs- sif- cap-, pesh-, cip-
stand thio ho-, thia- uba- dãṛa-, khaṛa- thio- tía-
stab khũs-, han- kus-, gauua-
suck suh-, sup-, xüh- sua- chosh-, chush-
swell ful-, fit- phuler
swim xatũr- hatra- śatar kor-, shatra-
think bhab-, sinta kor-, sint- bab-, sinta xor- bhab-, cinta kôr-, mone kôr-
throw dolia- ița-, iṭa mar- chõṛ-, ḍhêla mar-, dol-
tie bandh- ban(d)- bãdh-
vomit bomi kor- bait xor- bomi kor-
walk khüz karh-, bul- aṭ- hãṭ- ãd-
want lag-, bisar- maɡ-, sa- ca- sa-
wash dhu- dó- dho- dú-
wipe mos-, müs- fus-, mus- moch-, much-, poch-, puch-
English Assamese Sylheti Bengali Chakma Chittagonian Kamata Rohingya Hajong

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Toulmin, Mathew W S (2006). Reconstructing linguistic history in a dialect continuum: The Kamta, Rajbanshi, and Northern Deshi Bangla subgroup of Indo-Aryan (PhD). The Australian National University. p. 305.
  2. ^ Suniti Kumar Chaterjee (1926). The origin and development of Bengali language. p. 140.
  3. ^ "Assamese". Ethnologue. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
  4. ^ "Bengali". Ethnologue. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
  5. ^ Kim, Amy; Kim, Seung. Bishnupriya (Manipuri) speakers in Bangladesh: a sociolinguistic survey (PDF). SIL INTERNATIONAL. p. 11. Retrieved 4 October 2020.
  6. ^ a b "Chakma". Ethnologue. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  7. ^ "Chakma". Ethnologue. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
  8. ^ "Chittagonian". Ethnologue. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  9. ^ "Chittagonian". Ethnologue. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
  10. ^ Hajong, Phillips & Phillips (2008, p. 1)
  11. ^ "Hajong".
  12. ^ a b "Hajong". Ethnologue. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
  13. ^ Minahan, James B. (30 August 2012). Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-59884-660-7. Generally, the Rajbongshi language is known as Rangpuri in Bangladesh and Kamta or Rajbangshi in India. The language is usually written in Bengali script in Bangladesh, while the Kamtapura script is favored in India. In Nepal, the language is Devanagari script which is also sometimes used by the Indian Rajbongshis.
  14. ^ a b "Rangpuri". Ethnologue. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
  15. ^ "As a ritual of purgation they are discarding the Bengali /r/ with a dot and the same is replaced with the original /r/ with a diagonal slash, as used in Assamese script despite the fact that the Rajbanshis in Bengal have been conditioned to use the Bengali /r/ owing to the long processes of forceful imposition of Bengali language upon them." (Pradhani 2012:52)
  16. ^ "Rohingya". Ethnologue. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  17. ^ "Rohingya". Ethnologue. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
  18. ^ "Surjapuri". Ethnologue. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
  19. ^ a b "Sylheti". Ethnologue. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
  20. ^ "Tangchangya". Ethnologue. Retrieved 12 March 2018.

Bibliography

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