Bernardino Genga

Bernardino Genga
Bernardino Genga
Born	1620 Mondolfo, Duchy of Urbino
Died	1690 Rome, Papal States
Known for	Anatomia per Uso et Intelligenza del Disegno, 1691 (translated as Anatomy Improv'd in 1723) on anatomy
Scientific career
Fields	Medicine Anatomy surgery

Bernardino Genga (1620–1690) was a scholar of Classical medical texts, editing several works of Hippocrates. He also had a great interest in the preparation of anatomical specimens as well as the anatomy of ancient Greek and Roman sculpture. These interests led to his work at the French Academy in Rome, where he taught anatomy to artists.

Bernardino Genga was born in Mondolfo in the Duchy of Urbino and died in Rome, where he practiced surgery in the Hospital of Santo Spirito in Sassia and San Giacomo degli Incurabili. An authoritative anatomist and surgeon in Rome, Genga stressed the importance of solid anatomical knowledge for the surgeon.

In 1672, he published his noted Anatomia Chirurgica, a textbook for surgeons which went through a number of editions. This work has been called the “first book devoted entirely to surgical anatomy” (Garrison-Morton 384) and remained a widely used manual for at least fifty years. In the tract appended to this work, Genga showed himself to be one of the first Italians to accept Harvey's theory on the circulation of the blood. But Genga also maintained that the discovery was made by Colombo and Cesalpino before Harvey.

A year after his death was published the beautiful Anatomia per Uso et Intelligenza del Disegno, which consisted of renderings of his anatomical preparations by the artist Charles Errard (1606–1689), director of the Accademia, and most likely engraved by François Andriot (died 1704). Giovanni Maria Lancisi (1654–1720), the Papal physician, edited the work and provided much of the commentary.

Anatomia per Uso et Intelligenza del Disegno consists of 59 copperplate engravings of text and illustrations printed on one side only. After the engraved title is a plate with allegorical emblems of death. Of the illustrated plates, the first 23 deal with osteology and myology drawn from Genga's anatomical preparations. The remainder consists of representations of antique statues viewed from different angles, including the Farnese Hercules, the Laocoön (without his sons), the Borghese Gladiator, the Borghese Faun, the Venus de Medici, the Boy with Thorn, and the Amazon of the House of Cesi. A variant of this work lacks the final three images and contains the words "libro primo" on the engraved title, though there was never a libro "secundo" published.

An English translation of the work appeared in London in 1723 under the title, Anatomy Improv'd.^[1] The plates were re-engraved by Michael Vandergucht and others after the original edition published at Rome in 1691.

• Anatomia chirurgica cioe Istoria anatomica dell'ossa, e muscoli del corpo humano, con la descrittione de vasi piu riguardeuoli che scorrono per le parti esterne, & un breue trattato del moto, che chiamano circolatione del sangue di Bernardino Genga da Mondolfo, Roma, per Nicolò Angelo Tinassi, 1672.
• Anatomia per uso et intelligenza del disegno ricercata non solo su gl'ossi, e muscoli del corpo humano, ma dimostrata ancora su le statue antiche più insigni di Roma: delineata in più tavole con tutte le figure in varie faccie [sic], e vedute, Roma, per Domenico de Rossi, 1691.
• In Hippocratis Aphorismos ad chirurgiam spectantes, commentaria. Eminentissimo, ac reuerendissimo principi Francisco Mariae cardinali Medices dicata a Bernardino Genga, Roma, Stamperia Camerale, 1694.

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  Skulls
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  Farnese Hercules
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  Borghese Faun
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  Borghese Faun
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  Laocoön (without his sons)
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  Laocoön
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  Borghese Gladiator
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  Borghese Gladiator
• 
  Borghese Gladiator
• 
  Borghese Gladiator
• 
  Venus de Medici
• 
  Boy with Thorn
• 
  Amazon of the House of Cesi.

• Adapted from public domain text at Bernardino Genga Biography. Historical Anatomies on the Web. US National Library of Medicine.

• Amati, G. Bibliografia Romana: notizie della vita e delle opere degli scrittori Romani dal secolo XI fino ai nostri giorni. (Roma: Tipografia Eredi Botta, 1880). pp. 131–132.
• Choulant, L. History and bibliography of anatomic illustration. Trans. and annotated by Mortimer Frank. (New York: Hafner, 1962). pp. 254–255.
• Morton's Medical Bibliography (Garrison and Morton). Ed. By Jeremy Norman. Fifth ed. Aldershot, Hants, England : Scolar Press; Brookfield, Vt., USA : Gower Pub. Co., 1991. No. 386.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bernardino Genga.

• Historical Anatomies on the Web. US National Library of Medicine. Selected pages scanned from the original work, Anatomia per Uso et Intelligenza del Disegno (Rome, 1691).