Central European Free Trade Agreement
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Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) Native names
| |
|---|---|
 Logo | |
 Map of Europe (grey) indicating the members of CEFTA (blue) | |
| CEFTA Secretariat | Brussels |
| Working language | English |
| Official languages of contracting states | 7 languages |
| Type | Trade agreement |
| Membership | |
| Leaders | |
• Chair-in-office 2023 |  Serbia[1] |
• Acting Director of the CEFTA Secretariat | Danijela Gačević |
| Establishment | |
• Agreement signed | 21 December 1992 |
• CEFTA 2006 Agreement signed | 19 December 2006 |
| Area | |
• Total | 252,428 km2 (97,463 sq mi) |
| Population | |
• 2022 estimate | 19,548,563 |
• Density | 85/km2 (220.1/sq mi) |
| GDP (PPP) | 2023 estimate |
• Total | $423.680 billion[2] |
• Per capita | $19,000 |
| GDP (nominal) | 2023 estimate |
• Total | $153.863 billion |
• Per capita | $7,100 |
| Currency | |
| Time zone | UTC+1, UTC+2 |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+2, UTC+3 |
Website https://cefta.int/ | |
The Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) is an international trade agreement between countries mostly located in Southeastern Europe. Founded by representatives of Poland, Hungary and Czechoslovakia, CEFTA in 2006 expanded to Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Moldova, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia and Kosovo.[3][4][5]
Members
[edit]As of 2024, the parties of the CEFTA agreement are: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Moldova, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Serbia.[3][4][5]
Former parties are Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia. Their CEFTA memberships ended when they became member states of the European Union (EU). Kosovo was originally represented by the UNMIK, but began representing itself in 2024.[3]
| Parties of agreement | Joined | Left | Joined EU |
|---|---|---|---|
 Poland | 21 December 1992 | 30 April 2004 | 1 May 2004 |
 Hungary | |||
 Czech Republic[a] | |||
 Slovakia[a] | |||
 Slovenia | 1 January 1996 | ||
 Romania | 1 January 1997 | 31 December 2006 | 1 January 2007 |
 Bulgaria | 1 January 1999 | ||
 Croatia | 1 January 2003 | 30 June 2013 | 1 July 2013 |
 North Macedonia[b] | 1 January 2006 | — | — |
 Albania | 1 January 2007 | ||
 Bosnia and Herzegovina | |||
 Moldova | |||
 Montenegro | |||
| Serbia | |||
 Kosovo[3][4][5] | 23 October 2024[3][4][5] |
Membership criteria
[edit]Former Poznań Declaration criteria:
- World Trade Organization membership
- European Union Association Agreement with provisions for future full membership
- Free Trade Agreements with the current CEFTA member states
Current criteria since Zagreb meeting in 2005:
- WTO membership or commitment to respect all WTO regulations
- any European Union Association Agreement
- Free Trade Agreements with the current CEFTA member states
Current members
[edit]| Contracting party | Accession | Population | Area (km²) | Capital | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albania | 1 Jan. 2007 | 2,793,592 | 28,748 | Tirana | 54.338 | 19,009 |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | 3,227,405 | 51,209 | Sarajevo | 65.667 | 18,956 | |
| Moldova | 2,603,813 | 33,843 | Chişinău | 44.372 | 17,779 | |
| Montenegro | 622,182 | 13,812 | Podgorica | 17.191 | 27,616 | |
| North Macedonia | 1 Jan. 2006 | 1,836,713 | 25,713 | Skopje | 43.660 | 21,103 |
| Serbia | 1 Jan. 2007 | 6,690,887 | 77,474 | Belgrade | 175.318 | 25,718 |
| Kosovo[3][4][5] | 23 Oct. 2024 | 1,773,971 | 10,887 | Pristina | 27.185 | 15,398 |
History
[edit]
Original agreement
[edit]The original CEFTA agreement was signed by the Visegrád Group countries, that is by Poland, Hungary and Czechia and Slovakia (at the time parts of the Czechoslovakia) on 21 December 1992 in Kraków, Poland. It came into force in July 1994. Through CEFTA, participating countries hoped to mobilize efforts to integrate into Western European institutions and through this, to join European political, economic, security and legal systems, thereby consolidating democracy and free-market economics.
The agreement was amended by the agreements signed on 11 September 1995 in Brno and on 4 July 2003 in Bled.
Slovenia joined CEFTA in 1996, Romania in 1997, Bulgaria in 1999, Croatia in 2003 and Macedonia in 2006.
2006 agreement
[edit]All of the parties of the original agreement had now joined the EU and thus left CEFTA. Therefore, it was decided to extend CEFTA to cover the rest of the Western Balkans, which already had completed a matrix of bilateral free trade agreements in the framework of the Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe. On 6 April 2006, at the South East Europe Prime Ministers Summit in Bucharest, a joint declaration on expansion of CEFTA to Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Moldova, Serbia, Montenegro and UNMIK (on behalf of Kosovo) was adopted.[7] Accession of Ukraine has also been discussed.[8] The new enlarged agreement was initialled on 9 November 2006 in Brussels and was signed on 19 December 2006 at the South East European Prime Ministers Summit in Bucharest.[9] The agreement went into effect on 26 July 2007 for Albania, Kosovo, Moldova, Montenegro and Macedonia, on 22 August for Croatia, on 24 October for Serbia, and on 22 November 2007 for Bosnia and Herzegovina. The aim of the agreement was to establish a free trade zone in the region by 31 December 2010.
CEFTA 2006 aims at expanding regional trade in goods and services, creating an attractive environment for investment, and contributing to economic development and cooperation within the Parties. Laying down on the principles of WTO rules and procedures and harmonising its policies with the EU legislation, CEFTA provides an effective instrument for the Parties to accelerate their European integration agenda. Since the establishing, CEFTA has been deepening the areas of cooperation based on the needs of the businesses and strengthening trading relations between the Parties. From achieving the full liberalisation of trade in goods and further liberalisation in trade in services, via reducing trade related costs, harmonising the policies within the Parties based on the EU legislation, to expediting trade between Parties through electronic exchange of information, CEFTA has proven as a framework that ensures transparent trade relations between the Parties that can enable the businesses to improve their capacities for different markets.
Relations with the European Union
[edit]All former participating countries had previously signed association agreements with the EU, so in fact CEFTA has served as a preparation for full European Union membership.[citation needed] Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia, Slovenia joined the EU on 1 May 2004, with Bulgaria and Romania following suit on 1 January 2007. Croatia joined the EU on 1 July 2013.
Montenegro, Serbia, Albania, and North Macedonia have been undergoing EU accession talks since 2012, 2014 and 2022.
See also
[edit]- Central European Free Trade Association (CEFTA)
- Economy of Europe
- Free trade areas in Europe
- European Free Trade Association (EFTA)
- Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe (includes an array of bilateral FTAs)
- Mercosur
- Southeast Europe Transport Community
- Rules of origin
- Market access
- Free-trade area
- Tariffs
Notes
[edit]- ^ a b Until 1 January 1993 part of Czechoslovakia.
- ^ Until 2019 named Republic of Macedonia.
References
[edit]- ^ https://cefta.int/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/CEFTA-Priorities-2024.pdf [bare URL PDF]
- ^ World economic outlook databases. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g Bami, Xhorxhina; Isufi, Antigone, eds. (9 October 2024). "EU Welcomes Kosovo's Move to Scrap Ban on Serbian Imports". Balkaninsight. Retrieved 9 October 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f Vllahiu, Emirjeta (2024-10-09). "Ambasadori gjerman: Kosova do të përfaqësohet pa UNMIK-un në CEFTA". Raporto Korrupsionin! KALLXO.com. Retrieved 2024-10-09.
- ^ a b c d e f Berisha, Kemajl (2024-10-08). "Nesër mbledhja e CEFTA-s, Kosova me fusnotë përfaqësohet nga MINT, synohen lehtësira për tregti të lirë - Telegrafi". Retrieved 2024-10-09.
- ^ a b Data for 2015. International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Database
- ^ "Economic Initiative for Kosovo - ECIKS, Investment opportunities in Kosovo, Privatization process in Kosovo, investing in Kosovo, Kosovo Business, Kosovo Economy". Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2006-06-30.
- ^ Ukraine, Croatia broaden ties
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-02-27. Retrieved 2008-04-09.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
External links
[edit]
- CEFTA official website
- CEFTA Trade Portal
- Original CEFTA Treaty
- Market Access Map (A free tool developed by International Trade Centre, which identify customs tariffs, tariff rate quotas, trade remedies, regulatory requirements and preferential regimes applicable to products, including CEFTA)
- Rules of Origin Facilitator (A free tool jointly developed by International Trade Centre, World Trade Organization and World Customs Organization which enables traders to find specific criteria and general origin requirements applicable to their products, understand and comply with them in order to be eligible for preferential tariffs. The tool is very useful for traders who want to gain benefit from CEFTA)
- CEFTA 2006 Agreement
