China General Nuclear Power Group

Not to be confused with China National Nuclear Corporation, the other major Chinese nuclear power company
China General Nuclear Power Group
Native name
中国广核集团
Company typeState-owned enterprise
IndustryEnergy
PredecessorChina Guangdong Nuclear Power Group
FoundedSeptember 1994
HeadquartersShenzhen, Guangdong, China
Area served
Mainland China
Malaysia
Key people
He Yu (Chairman)
Zhang Shanming (President)[1]
ServicesNuclear power, wind power, solar power, hydropower[2]
OwnerChinese state
Hengjian Holding (10%)
Websitecgnpc.com.cn

China General Nuclear Power Group (CGN) (Chinese: 中国广核集团), formerly China Guangdong Nuclear Power Group (中国广东核电集团), is a Chinese state-owned energy corporation under the SASAC of the State Council.

In China, CGN operates nuclear plants at Daya Bay Nuclear Power Plant, Ling Ao Nuclear Power Plant, Hongyanhe Nuclear Power Plant and Ningde Nuclear Power Plant, with five new nuclear power stations under construction and another two planned.[3] CGN operates in wind energy and solar energy, as well as hydroelectricity.

History

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China Guangdong Nuclear Power Holding Co., Ltd. (CGNPC) was established in September 1994 with a registered capital of RMB 10.2 billion with nuclear power as its core business. With CGNPC as its core enterprise, China Guangdong Nuclear Power Group (CGNPG) comprises more than twenty wholly owned or controlling subsidiaries. It is one of the two most significant companies in China's nuclear power industry and uranium mining (the other is China National Nuclear Corporation).[4]: 201 

In April 2009, a fund run by China Guangdong Nuclear Power Group signed a deal raising US$1.03 billion for nuclear and related energy projects. Guangdong Nuclear's fund, the first industrial fund set up by a state-owned enterprise with approval from the State Council signed the fund-raising agreement with Bank of China, China Development Bank and other institutions, which will become shareholders in the fund. The financing is the first of two phases for the fund, which plans to raise a total of 10 billion yuan.[5]

In May 2013, the organization changed its name to China General Nuclear Power Group (CGN) to signify that its operations extend beyond Guangdong province.[6]

In December 2014, CGN raised $3 billion by an initial public offering (IPO) in Hong Kong.[7][8]

In December 2014, the firm announced it was acquiring three wind farms in the UK with a combined capacity of 73 megawatts from British energy company EDF Energy for a fee estimated to be in the region of £100 million.[9]

In November 2015, the company and its subsidiaries agreed to acquire 1Malaysia Development Berhad's energy assets, worth around $2.3 billion.[10] The transaction was part of the wider 1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal which resulted in billions of dollars being stolen from the Government of Malaysia and the arrest of Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak for corruption and fraud.[11]

CGN is a state-owned enterprise supervised by the State Council via the State-Owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission.[3][4]: 201–202 

U.S. sanctions

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Further information: United States sanctions against China and Military-civil fusion

CGN has been sanctioned by the United States for attempting to acquire advanced U.S. nuclear technology to divert to military uses in China.[12][13]

In 2016, the United States Department of Justice charged CGN with stealing nuclear secrets from the United States.[14][15][16] The Guardian reported: "According to the US Department of Justice, the FBI has discovered evidence that China General Nuclear Power (CGN) has been engaged in a conspiracy to steal US nuclear secrets stretching back almost two decades. Both CGN and one of the corporation’s senior advisers, Szuhsiung Ho, have been charged with conspiring to help the Chinese government develop nuclear material in a manner that is in clear breach of US law."[17]

In August 2019, the U.S. Department of Commerce added CGN to its Entity List, barring U.S. companies from selling products to CGN. In its reasoning, the United States Department of Commerce explained that CGN attempted to acquire advanced U.S. nuclear technology to divert to military uses in China".[12][18] The Chinese state-owned China Daily claimed that, "[T]he real aim is to try to thwart the country’s 'Made in China 2025' and was part of the US-China trade war".[19] In November 2020, Donald Trump issued an executive order prohibiting any American company or individual from owning shares in companies that the United States Department of Defense has listed as having links to the People's Liberation Army, which included CGN. CGN's proposals to operate two nuclear plants in the UK have received criticism from MPs as a potential threat to national security.[20][21] In September 2021, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission suspended shipments of nuclear materials to CGN on national security grounds.[22]

Reactor designs

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CGN's first nuclear station uses reactors designed and built by the French National Company, Framatome, specifically the M310 plants at Daya Bay Plant.

CPR-1000

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Main article: CPR-1000

On the basis of the M310, CGN developed an improved Generation II pressurized water reactor called CPR-1000.[23] CPR-1000 takes a large proportion in all the reactors being built in China. The M310 uses as its base design units 5 & 6 of the Gravelines Nuclear Power Station in France.[24]

The CPR-1000 has a 1086 MWe capacity, a three-loop design and 157 fuel assemblies (active length 12ft), enriched to 4.5% U-235. The fuel assembly design is AREVA's 17x17 AFA 3G M5, which can be fabricated in China. Other features include has a design life that could extend beyond 40 years and an 18-month fuel cycle. It has a digital instrumentation and control system, and is equipped with hydrogen recombiners and containment spray pumps.[25]

Some CPR-1000 intellectual property rights are retained by Areva, which limits overseas sales potential.[26]

ACPR-1000

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Main article: CPR-1000 § ACPR-1000

In 2010, CGNPG announced a further design evolution to a Generation III level, the ACPR-1000, which would also replace intellectual property right-limited components from the CPR-1000. CGNPG aimed to be able to independently market the ACPR-1000 for export by 2013.[27] CGNPG has been conducting the development work in cooperation with Dongfang Electric, Shanghai Electric, Harbin Electric, China First Heavy Industries and China Erzhong.[28]

The core of the ACPR1000 comprises 157 fuel assemblies (active length 14ft) and has a design life of 60 years.[29] Other features include a core catcher and double containment as additional safety measures[30] and ten major technical improvements over its predecessor the CPR-1000. It was the first Chinese reactor to have a domestically developed digital control system.[31]

Hualong One

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Main article: Hualong One

In 2012, central planners in Beijing directed China General Nuclear (CGN) and the other large nuclear builder and operator, CNNC to 'rationalise' their Generation III reactor design programs. This meant CGN's ACPR1000 and CNNC's ACP1000, both of which were based on the French Generation II M310, were 'merged' into one standardised design - the Hualong One.[26] After the merger, both companies retain their own supply chain and their versions of the Hualong One will differ slightly (units built by CGN will retain some features from the ACPR1000) but the design is considered to be standardised. Some 85% of its components will be made domestically.[32]

The Hualong One power output will be 1170 MWe gross, 1090 MWe net, with a 60-year design life, and would use a combination of passive and active safety systems with a double containment.[33] It has a 177 assembly core design with an 18-month refuelling cycle. The power plant's utilisation rate is as high as 90%. CNNC has said its active and passive safety systems, double-layer containment and other technologies meet the highest international safety standards.[34]

Hualong Two

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Main article: Hualong Two

CNNC plans to start building Hualong Two by 2024. It will be a more economical version using similar technology, taking a year less to build with about a quarter less in construction costs.[35]

EPR

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In November 2007, CGN signed a contract with Areva to build Taishan nuclear station with Areva's EPR, making the company among the first to build a nuclear station with generation III reactors.[36]

Nuclear stations

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Operating stations:

  1. Daya Bay Nuclear Power Plant,
  2. Ling Ao Nuclear Power Plant,
  3. Ningde Nuclear Power Plant phase I,
  4. Hongyanhe Nuclear Power Plant phase I,
  5. Yangjiang Nuclear Power Station,
  6. Taishan Nuclear Power Plant,

Under construction: Hongyanhe Nuclear Power Plant phase II,[37] Ningde Nuclear Power Plant phase II,

Planned: Lufeng Nuclear Power Plant,[38] Xianning Nuclear Power Plant (entering early construction),[39] Wuhu Nuclear Power Plant[40] and Jiangsu's Second Nuclear Power Project[41]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Leaders CGN". China General Nuclear Power. Archived from the original on 13 January 2018. Retrieved 7 November 2015.
  2. ^ "About CGN". China General Nuclear Power. Archived from the original on 13 February 2015. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
  3. ^ a b CGN (27 January 2014). "Development and Achievement of CGN". UK Trade & Industry (Market Briefing). pp. 27–62. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  4. ^ a b Massot, Pascale (2024). China's Vulnerability Paradox: How the World's Largest Consumer Transformed Global Commodity Markets. New York, NY, United States of America: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-777140-2.
  5. ^ "Guangdong Nuclear Power Company (GNPC)". Archived from the original on 2008-10-20. Retrieved 2009-08-25.
  6. ^ "China's largest nuclear power firm renamed". China Daily. Xinhua. 15 May 2013. Archived from the original on 15 May 2013. Retrieved 15 May 2013.
  7. ^ "Promethean perils - After a hiatus, nuclear power is set for a revival in China". The Economist. 6 December 2014. Archived from the original on 5 April 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
  8. ^ Miguel Martin (15 December 2014). "CGN Power raises billion in IPO". IPPjournal. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
  9. ^ "China's CGN to buy three small UK wind farms from EDF" (Press release). Reuters. 15 December 2014. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
  10. ^ "Malaysia's 1MDB sells power assets to China firm for $2.3 billion". Reuters. 23 November 2015. Archived from the original on 26 November 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
  11. ^ Sherwell, Philip. "1MDB: 'World's biggest financial scandal'". Archived from the original on 2019-12-21. Retrieved 2020-04-13 – via www.thetimes.co.uk.
  12. ^ a b "Four China Nuclear Industry Companies Added to "Entity List"". Pillsbury Law. Archived from the original on 2020-06-09. Retrieved 2020-04-13.
  13. ^ Allen-Ebrahimian, Bethany (2020-06-24). "Defense Department produces list of Chinese military-linked companies, 20 years after mandate". Axios. Archived from the original on 2020-06-25. Retrieved 2020-06-24.
  14. ^ "U.S. tightens controls on China imports of nuclear components". Reuters. 11 October 2018. Archived from the original on 25 May 2019. Retrieved 24 May 2019.
  15. ^ "Spy warning on Chinese nuclear company". The Week. 25 October 2018. Archived from the original on 25 May 2019. Retrieved 24 May 2019.
  16. ^ Schweizer, Peter (11 May 2019). "The troubling reason why Biden is so soft on China". New York Post. Archived from the original on 26 May 2019. Retrieved 24 May 2019.
  17. ^ "Hinkley Point C: case against Chinese firm has the feel of a modern spy thriller". The Guardian. 11 August 2016. Archived from the original on 25 May 2019. Retrieved 24 May 2019.
  18. ^ "US adds China's biggest nuclear company to 'entity list'". Nikkei Asian Review. Archived from the original on 2020-04-13. Retrieved 2020-04-13.
  19. ^ Shao, Grace (16 August 2019). "Beijing says US blacklisting China's largest nuclear power firm is 'just an excuse'". CNBC News. Archived from the original on 16 August 2019. Retrieved 16 August 2019.
  20. ^ Cook, James (August 15, 2019). "Questions raised over China's involvement in Hinkley Point after US trade blacklist". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on April 28, 2020. Retrieved April 26, 2020 – via www.telegraph.co.uk.
  21. ^ Wood, Vincent. "Spy warning on Chinese nuclear company". Archived from the original on 2019-05-25. Retrieved 2019-05-24 – via www.thetimes.co.uk.
  22. ^ Gardner, Timothy (October 5, 2021). "U.S. suspends authority to ship nuclear materials to China's CGN". Reuters. Archived from the original on October 5, 2021. Retrieved October 5, 2021.
  23. ^ "Cpr1000,中国改进型压水堆核电技术". Archived from the original on 2010-03-31. Retrieved 2010-05-01.
  24. ^ Lau, Steven (5 July 2011). "CPR1000 Design, Safety Performance and Operability" (PDF). Daya Bay Nuclear Power Operations and Management Company. IAEA. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 3 November 2019.
  25. ^ "Chinese reactor design evolution - Nuclear Engineering International". Archived from the original on 2019-12-28. Retrieved 2022-02-02.
  26. ^ a b "Nuclear Power in China". World Nuclear Association. 24 September 2013. Archived from the original on 2 February 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2013.
  27. ^ "China prepares to export reactors". World Nuclear News. 25 November 2010. Archived from the original on 30 December 2010. Retrieved 18 December 2010.
  28. ^ "The ACPR1000 with Chinese IPR debuts at the international market". Xinhua. 17 November 2011. Archived from the original on 2013-10-22. Retrieved 10 January 2013.
  29. ^ "Chinese reactor design evolution - Nuclear Engineering International". Archived from the original on 2019-12-28. Retrieved 2022-02-02.
  30. ^ Yun Zhou (31 July 2013). "China: The next few years are crucial for nuclear industry growth". Ux Consulting. Nuclear Engineering International. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 8 August 2013.
  31. ^ "Yangjiang 5 enters commercial operation". World Nuclear News. 13 July 2018. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 12 March 2019.
  32. ^ "Chinese reactor design passes safety review - World Nuclear News". Archived from the original on 2022-02-02. Retrieved 2022-02-02.
  33. ^ Ji Xing, Daiyong Song, Yuxiang Wu (March 2016). "HPR1000: Advanced Pressurized Water Reactor with Active and Passive Safety". Engineering. 2 (1): 79–87. Bibcode:2016Engin...2...79X. doi:10.1016/J.ENG.2016.01.017.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  34. ^ "China to begin construction of Hualong Two in 2024 - Nuclear Engineering International". 15 April 2021. Archived from the original on 2022-02-02. Retrieved 2022-02-02.
  35. ^ "China to begin construction of Hualong Two in 2024". Nuclear Engineering International. 15 April 2021. Archived from the original on 2 February 2022. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
  36. ^ "Areva lands world's biggest ever nuclear power order". World Nuclear News. 26 November 2007. Archived from the original on 6 October 2021. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
  37. ^ Hongyanhe 1 enters commercial operation Archived 2014-06-14 at the Wayback Machine. World Nuclear News (07 June 2013). Retrieved 19 May 2014
  38. ^ Agreement for building Lufeng AP1000s Archived 2014-06-13 at the Wayback Machine. World Nuclear News (30 September 2013). Retrieved 19 May 2014
  39. ^ Nuclear power plants mulled in Hubei Archived 2014-05-19 at the Wayback Machine. China Daily. (06 April 2009). Xinhua. Retrieved 19 May 2014
  40. ^ Wuhu Nuclear Power Company issued Wuhu NPP environmental impact report Nuclear Power News. (12 January 2010) Dynabond Powertech Service. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
  41. ^ Nexans awarded 9 million Euro cable contract for China’s Tianwan nuclear power plant Archived 2014-05-19 at the Wayback Machine. Nexans (26 September 2013, Paris). Retrieved 19 May 2014
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