Degenerate distribution

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Degenerate univariate

Cumulative distribution function CDF for k0=0. The horizontal axis is x.
Parameters	${\displaystyle k_{0}\in (-\infty ,\infty )\,}$
Support	${\displaystyle x=k_{0}\,}$
PMF	${\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}1&{\mbox{for }}x=k_{0}\\0&{\mbox{elsewhere}}\end{matrix}}}$
CDF	${\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}0&{\mbox{for }}x<k_{0}\\1&{\mbox{for }}x\geq k_{0}\end{matrix}}}$
Mean	${\displaystyle k_{0}\,}$
Median	${\displaystyle k_{0}\,}$
Mode	${\displaystyle k_{0}\,}$
Variance	${\displaystyle 0\,}$
Skewness	undefined
Excess kurtosis	undefined
Entropy	${\displaystyle 0\,}$
MGF	${\displaystyle e^{k_{0}t}\,}$
CF	${\displaystyle e^{ik_{0}t}\,}$
PGF	${\displaystyle 1\,}$

In mathematics, a degenerate distribution (sometimes also Dirac distribution) is, according to some,^[1] a probability distribution in a space with support only on a manifold of lower dimension, and according to others^[2] a distribution with support only at a single point. By the latter definition, it is a deterministic distribution and takes only a single value. Examples include a two-headed coin and rolling a die whose sides all show the same number.^{[2][better source needed]} This distribution satisfies the definition of "random variable" even though it does not appear random in the everyday sense of the word; hence it is considered degenerate.^{[citation needed]}

In the case of a real-valued random variable, the degenerate distribution is a one-point distribution, localized at a point k₀ on the real line.^{[2][better source needed]} The probability mass function equals 1 at this point and 0 elsewhere.^{[citation needed]}

The degenerate univariate distribution can be viewed as the limiting case of a continuous distribution whose variance goes to 0 causing the probability density function to be a delta function at k₀, with infinite height there but area equal to 1.^{[citation needed]}

The cumulative distribution function of the univariate degenerate distribution is:

${\displaystyle F_{k_{0}}(x)=\left\{{\begin{matrix}1,&{\mbox{if }}x\geq k_{0}\\0,&{\mbox{if }}x<k_{0}\end{matrix}}\right.}$^{[citation needed]}

In probability theory, a constant random variable is a discrete random variable that takes a constant value, regardless of any event that occurs. This is technically different from an almost surely constant random variable, which may take other values, but only on events with probability zero. Constant and almost surely constant random variables, which have a degenerate distribution, provide a way to deal with constant values in a probabilistic framework.

Let  X: Ω → R  be a random variable defined on a probability space  (Ω, P). Then  X  is an almost surely constant random variable if there exists ${\displaystyle k_{0}\in \mathbb {R} }$ such that

${\displaystyle \Pr(X=k_{0})=1,}$

and is furthermore a constant random variable if

${\displaystyle X(\omega )=k_{0},\quad \forall \omega \in \Omega .}$

A constant random variable is almost surely constant, but not necessarily vice versa, since if  X  is almost surely constant then there may exist  γ ∈ Ω  such that  X(γ) ≠ k₀  (but then necessarily Pr({γ}) = 0, in fact Pr(X ≠ k₀) = 0).

For practical purposes, the distinction between  X  being constant or almost surely constant is unimportant, since the cumulative distribution function  F(x)  of  X  does not depend on whether  X  is constant or 'merely' almost surely constant. In either case,

${\displaystyle F(x)={\begin{cases}1,&x\geq k_{0},\\0,&x<k_{0}.\end{cases}}}$

The function  F(x)  is a step function; in particular it is a translation of the Heaviside step function.^{[citation needed]}

Degeneracy of a multivariate distribution in n random variables arises when the support lies in a space of dimension less than n.^[1] This occurs when at least one of the variables is a deterministic function of the others. For example, in the 2-variable case suppose that Y = aX + b for scalar random variables X and Y and scalar constants a ≠ 0 and b; here knowing the value of one of X or Y gives exact knowledge of the value of the other. All the possible points (x, y) fall on the one-dimensional line y = ax + b.^{[citation needed]}

In general when one or more of n random variables are exactly linearly determined by the others, if the covariance matrix exists its rank is less than n^{[1][verification needed]} and its determinant is 0, so it is positive semi-definite but not positive definite, and the joint probability distribution is degenerate.^{[citation needed]}

Degeneracy can also occur even with non-zero covariance. For example, when scalar X is symmetrically distributed about 0 and Y is exactly given by Y = X², all possible points (x, y) fall on the parabola y = x², which is a one-dimensional subset of the two-dimensional space.^{[citation needed]}