Dabuyid dynasty

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Dabuyid dynasty
642–760
The Dabuyid dynasty around its greatest extent under Farrukhan the Great
Capital	Fuman (660–760)[1]
Common languages	Middle Persian, Caspian languages, Tabari
Religion	Zoroastrianism
Government	Monarchy
Ispahbadh
• 640-660	Gil Gavbara (first)
• 740/41-759/60	Khurshid (last)
Historical era	Middle Ages
• Muslim conquest of Persia	642
• Abbasid conquest	760
Preceded by Succeeded by Sassanid Empire Abbasid Caliphate Bavand dynasty Baduspanids Qarinvand dynasty
Today part of	Azerbaijan Iran Turkmenistan

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History of Iran
Prehistoric period BCE / BC Baradostian culture c. 36,000–18,000 Zarzian culture c. 20,000–10,000 Shulaveri–Shomu culture c. 6000–5000 Zayandeh River Culture c. 6th millennium Dalma culture c. 5th millennium
Ancient period Kura–Araxes culture 3400–2000 Helmand culture/Jiroft culture c. 3300–2200 Proto-Elamite 3200–2700 Lullubi Kingdom/Zamua c. 3100-675 Elam 2700–539 Marhaši c. 2550-2020 Oxus Civilization c. 2400–1700 Akkadian Empire 2400–2150 Kassites c. 1500–1155 Avestan period c. 1500–500 Neo-Assyrian Empire 911–609 Urartu 860–590 Mannaea 850–616 Zikirti 750-521 Saparda 720-670
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Medieval period CE / AD Rashidun Caliphate 632-661 Umayyad Caliphate 661–750 Abbasid Caliphate 750–1258 Dabuyids 642–760 Bavandids 651–1349 Masmughans of Damavand 651–760 Baduspanids 665–1598 Justanids 791 – 11th century Alid dynasties 864 – 14th century Tahirid dynasty 821–873 Samanid Empire 819–999 Saffarid dynasty 861–1003 Ghurid dynasty pre-879 – 1215 Sajid dynasty 889–929 Sallarid dynasty 919–1062 Ziyarid dynasty 930–1090 Ilyasids 932–968 Buyid dynasty 934–1062 Rawadid dynasty 955–1070 Hasanwayhids 959–1095 Ghaznavid dynasty 977–1186 Annazids 990/1–1117 Kakuyids 1008–1141 Nasrid dynasty 1029–1236 Shabankara 1030–1355 Seljuk Empire 1037–1194 Khwarazmian dynasty 1077–1231 Eldiguzids 1135–1225 Atabegs of Yazd 1141–1319 Salghurids 1148–1282 Hazaraspids 1155–1424 Pishkinid dynasty 1155–1231 Khorshidi dynasty 1184-1597 Qutlugh-Khanids 1223-1306 Mihrabanids 1236–1537 Kurt dynasty 1244–1396 Ilkhanate Empire 1256–1335 Chobanid dynasty 1335–1357 Muzaffarid dynasty 1335–1393 Jalayirid Sultanate 1337–1376 Sarbadars 1337–1376 Injuids 1335–1357 Afrasiyab dynasty 1349–1504 Mar'ashis 1359–1596 Timurid Empire 1370–1507 Kar-Kiya dynasty 1370s–1592 Qara Qoyunlu 1406–1468 Aq Qoyunlu 1468–1508
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The Dabuyid dynasty, or Gaubarid dynasty, was a Zoroastrian^[2] Iranian dynasty that started in the first half of the 7th century as an independent group of rulers that ruled over Tabaristan and parts of western Khorasan.^[3] Dabuyid rule over Tabaristan and Khorasan lasted from around 642 to the Abbasid conquest in 760.

The early history of the Dabuyids is recorded by Ibn Isfandiyar, a later historian. According to tradition, the Dabuyids were direct descendants of Jamasp, who was the son of Sassanid King of Kings Peroz I and the younger brother of Kavadh I, making them a cadet branch of the House of Sassan. Piruz, Jamasp's grandson, invaded Gilan and expanded the family's authority by annexing Tabaristan. Gil, Piruz's relative and known as Gavbara (meaning "devotee of the Cow"), played a crucial role in this. As a result, Gil's son, Dabuya or Daboe, was officially given the titles of Gil e Gilan ("Ruler of Gilan") and Padashwargarshah ("King of Patashwargar", the former name of the mountains in Tabaristan) by the last king of kings of the Sassanid Empire, Yazdegerd III.

After the Muslim conquest of Persia, that Sassanian cadet branch and the nobles of the Houses of Ispahbudan and Karin signed peace treaties with the Arab armies. These treaties stipulated that the Arabs could not approach these territories without prior permission. As a result, Gavbara retained control over the regions of Gilan and at least parts of Tabaristan, while Farrokhzad of the House of Ispahbudan ruled over Rey and parts of Khorasan.^[4] After about 15 years, Ibn Isfandiyar records that Gavbara died and his son Dabuya ascended to the throne, thus naming the dynasty. After years of dynastic conflict between the Houses of Karin and Ispahbudan in northeastern Iran, Dabuya's son, Farrukhan the Great, successfully seized control of Tabaristan and advanced to the borders of Nishapur. In addition to the titles bestowed upon them by Yazdegerd III, the rulers of the Dabuyid dynasty also held the ancient Iranian military title of ispahbadh as their regnal title.

Farrukhan the Great defeated a major Muslim invasion led by Yazid ibn al-Muhallab in 716–717.^[5] New scholarship places his rise to power in the 670s, rather than the early 710s as previously thought. Farrokhan died in 728, and his son, Dadhburzmihr (Dadmihr), succeeded him as ruler. His reign is poorly documented, and he died young in 740/741. When Khurshid was crowned Ispahbadh of Tabaristan, he was only a young boy, and his uncle Farrukhan the Little served as regent for seven years until Khurshid reached adulthood. During his reign, Khurshid ruled a prosperous state and made numerous attempts to sever its ties with the Caliphate.

After the Abbasid revolution, a conflict arose between Khurshid and the Abbasid caliph Al-Mansur. In 759, Al-Mansur launched a campaign against the Dabuyid dynasty under the pretext of seeking Khurshid's help in suppressing a rebellion in Khorasan. Khurshid allowed Al-Mansur's forces to pass through Tabaristan, but was caught off guard by a surprise attack that led to the invasion and subsequent fall of Tabaristan. After fleeing, Khurshid sought refuge in Gilan and attempted to gather his forces for a counterattack. However, when the king was captured, his family committed suicide in 761, ending the reign of the Dabuyid dynasty.^[4]

Portrait	Title	Name	Birth	Family relations	Reign	Death	Notes
Dabuyid dynasty (642–760)
	Ispahbadh	Gil Gavbara	?	Son of Piruz	642–660	660
	Ispahbadh, Gil-Gilan, Padashwargarshah	Dabuya	?	Son of Gil Gavbara	660–712	712
	Ispahbadh, Gil-Gilan, Padashwargarshah	Farrukhan the Great	?	Son of Dabuya	712–728	728
	Ispahbadh, Gil-Gilan, Padashwargarshah	Dadhburzmihr	?	Son of Farrukhan the Great	728–740/741	740/741
	Ispahbadh, Gil-Gilan, Padashwargarshah	Farrukhan the Little	?	Son of Farrukhan the Great	740/741–747/48	747/48	Regent for Khurshid of Tabaristan
	Ispahbadh, Gil-Gilan, Padashwargarshah	Khurshid	734	Son of Dadhburzmihr	740/741–760	761	Committed suicide

• Padusbanids
• Bavand dynasty
• House of Ispahbudhan

• Inostranzev, M. (1918) Iranian Influence on Moslem Literature – Appendix I: Independent Zoroastrian Princes of Tabaristan.
• Madelung, Wilferd (1993). "DABUYIDS". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. VI, Fasc. 5. London u.a.: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 541–544. ISBN 1-56859-007-5.
• Pourshariati, Parvaneh (2008). Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire: The Sasanian-Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran. London and New York: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-645-3.
• Yavari, Neguin (2020). "Dābūyids". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Online. ISSN 1873-9830.

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