Emperor Go-Sanjō
| Emperor Go-Sanjō 後三条天皇 | |||||||||
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| Emperor of Japan | |||||||||
| Reign | May 22, 1068 – January 18, 1073 | ||||||||
| Enthronement | August 21, 1068 | ||||||||
| Predecessor | Go-Reizei | ||||||||
| Successor | Shirakawa | ||||||||
| Born | Takahito (尊仁、たかひと) [1] September 3, 1034 [2] Heian-kyō (Present: Kyoto, Japan) [3] | ||||||||
| Died | June 15, 1073 (aged 38) [4] Heian-kyō (Present: Kyoto, Japan) [5] | ||||||||
| Burial | Ensō-ji no misasagi (圓宗寺陵) (Kyoto) | ||||||||
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| House | Imperial House of Japan | ||||||||
| Father | Emperor Go-Suzaku | ||||||||
| Mother | Teishi | ||||||||
Emperor Go-Sanjō (後三条天皇, Go-Sanjō-tennō, September 3, 1034 – June 15, 1073)[6] was the 71st emperor of Japan,[7] according to the traditional order of succession.[8] His given name was Takahito (尊仁).[9]
Go-Sanjō's reign spanned the years from 1068 through 1073.[10]
This 11th century sovereign was named after his grandfather Emperor Sanjō and go- (後), translates literally as "later;" and thus, he is sometimes called the "Later Emperor Sanjō", or, in some older sources, may be identified as "Sanjō, the second" or as "Sanjō II."
It was during, and due to, Go-Sanjo's reign that the Fujiwara grip on power was broken; following Go-Sanjo's rule, their power continued to wane until 1150, where any semblance of their power disappeared.
Biography
[edit]
Before his ascension to the Chrysanthemum Throne, his personal name (諱, imina)[11] was Takahito-shinnō (尊仁親王, たかひとしんのう).[9]
Takahito-shinnō was the second son of Emperor Go-Suzaku. His mother was Empress (kōgō) Sadako (禎子内親王), the third daughter of Emperor Sanjō, making him the first Emperor in 170 years (since Emperor Uda) whose mother was not of Fujiwara descent paternally. His father and mother were grandchildren of Fujiwara no Michinaga maternally. The Empress mother of the future Emperor Go-Sanjō was also known as Teishi, and a Yōmei-mon In (1012–94).[12] His lack of connection with the Fujiwara meant he owed them no special loyalty - this meant that he could afford to oppose them.
Events of Go-Sanjō's life
[edit]Because Prince Takahito was not of Fujiwara descent, the Kampaku, Fujiwara no Yorimichi neglected him, but Emperor Go-Suzaku decreed that upon his elder brother Chikahito's enthronement (as Emperor Go-Reizei), that Takahito would become the heir (kōtaitei). As Emperor Go-Reizei had no children of his own, upon his death, Takahito became emperor.
- May 22, 1068 (Jiryaku 4, 19th day of the 4th month): In the 4th year of Emperor Go-Reizei's reign (後冷泉天皇四年), he died at age 44; and the succession (senso) was received by his younger half-brother. Shortly thereafter, Emperor Go-Sanjo is said to have acceded to the throne (sokui).[13]
Yorimichi's younger brother Norimichi became kampaku, but Go-Sanjō was determined to rule personally.
- 1069 (Enkyū 1): Go-Sanjō issued the Enkyū Shōen Regulation Decree (Enkyū is the name of the era in which the decree was issued); and the emperor called for the establishment of a government office to certify Shōen records.
- 1070 (Enkyū 2): Go-Sanjō ordered a preliminary system of laws and a bureaucracy for regulating silk.
- 1072 (Enkyū 4): As the Ritsuryō system of centralized authority had largely failed by this time, Go-Sanjō became interested in strengthening the finances of the Imperial Household.
- January 18, 1073 (Enkyū 4, 8th day of the 12th month): In the 6th year of Emperor Go-Sanjō's reign (桓武天皇六年), the emperor abdicated in favor of his son, and the succession (senso) was received by his son. Shortly thereafter, Emperor Shirakawa is said to have acceded to the throne (sokui).[14]
- May 11, 1073 (Enkyū 5, 21st day of the 4th month): Go-Sanjō entered the Buddhist priesthood; and his new priestly name became Kongō-gyō.[15]
- June 15, 1073 (Enkyū 5, 7th day of the 5th month): The former-Emperor Go-Sanjō died at the age of 40.[15]
Go-Sanjō is buried amongst the "Seven Imperial Tombs" at Ryōan-ji in Kyoto.[16]
The actual site of Go-Sanjō's grave is known.[7] This emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) at Kyoto.
The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Go-Sanjō's mausoleum. It is formally named Yensō-ji no misasagi.[17]
The mound which commemorates the Hosokawa Emperor Go-Sanjō is today named Shu-zan. The emperor's burial place would have been quite humble in the period after Go-Sanjō died.[18]
These tombs reached their present state as a result of the 19th century restoration of imperial sepulchers (misasagi) which were ordered by Emperor Meiji.[18]
Kugyō
[edit]Kugyō (公卿) is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras. Even during those years in which the court's actual influence outside the palace walls was minimal, the hierarchic organization persisted.
In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Go-Sanjō's reign, this apex of the Daijō-kan included:
- Kampaku, Fujiwara Norimichi (997–1075).[12]
- Daijō-daijin, Fujiwara Norimichi.[12]
- Sadaijin, Fujiwara Morozone, 1042–1101.[12]
- Udaijin, Minamoto no Morofusa
- Naidaijin
- Dainagon
Eras of Go-Sanjō's reign
[edit]The years of Go-Sanjō's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name or nengō.[19]
Consorts
[edit]Go-Sanjō had three consorts.[15]
Empress (chugū): Imperial Princess Kaoruko (馨子内親王) later Saiin-no Kogo (西院皇后), [20] Emperor Go-Ichijō‘s daughter
Consort: Fujiwara Shigeko (藤原茂子; d.1062), Fujiwara Kinnari‘s daughter and Fujiwara Yoshinobu‘s adopted daughter
- First Daughter: Imperial Princess Satoko (聡子内親王; 1050-1131)
- First son: Imperial Prince Sadahito (貞仁親王) later Emperor Shirakawa
- Second Daughter: Imperial Princess Toshiko (俊子内親王; 1056-1132)
- Third Daughter: Imperial Princess Yoshiko (佳子内親王; 1057-1130)
- Fourth Daughter: Imperial Princess Tokushi (篤子内親王; 1060–1114) married Emperor Horikawa
Consort: Minamoto Motoko (源基子; 1047-1134), Minamoto Motohira‘s daughter
- Second son: Imperial Prince Sanehito (実仁親王; 1071-1085), a descendant of the Minamoto clan - Go-Sanjō Genji.
- Third son: Imperial Prince Sukehito (輔仁親王; 1073-1119), a descendant of the Minamoto clan - Go-Sanjō Genji.
Consort: Fujiwara Akiko (藤原昭子), Fujiwara Yorimune’s daughter
Lady-in-waiting: Taira Chikako (平親子), Taira Tsunakuni’s daughter
- Son: Fujiwara Arisuke (藤原有佐; d.1131), adopted by Fujiwara no Akitsuna
Ancestry
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Notes
[edit]
- ^ "Go-Sanjō | emperor of Japan | Britannica". www.britannica.com.
- ^ "Go-Sanjō | emperor of Japan | Britannica". www.britannica.com.
- ^ "Go-Sanjō | emperor of Japan | Britannica". www.britannica.com.
- ^ "Go-Sanjō | emperor of Japan | Britannica". www.britannica.com.
- ^ "Go-Sanjō | emperor of Japan | Britannica". www.britannica.com.
- ^ "Go-Sanjō | emperor of Japan | Britannica". www.britannica.com.
- ^ a b Imperial Household Agency (Kunaichō): 陽成天皇 (71)
- ^ Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan, p. 76.
- ^ a b Titsingh, p. 166; Brown, p. 314; Varley, p. 198.
- ^ Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon, pp. 166–168; Brown, Delmer et al. (1979). Gukanshō, pp. 314–315; Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki. p. 198-199.
- ^ Brown, pp. 264; prior to Emperor Jomei, the personal names of the emperors were very long and people did not generally use them. The number of characters in each name diminished after Jomei's reign.
- ^ a b c d Brown, p. 314.
- ^ Titsingh, p. 166; Brown, p. 313; Varley, p. 44; a distinct act of senso is unrecognized prior to Emperor Tenji; and all sovereigns except Jitō, Yōzei, Go-Toba, and Fushimi have senso and sokui in the same year until the reign of Emperor Go-Murakami.
- ^ Titsingh, p. 169; Brown, p. 314; Varley, p. 44.
- ^ a b c Brown, p. 315.
- ^ The "Seven Imperial Tombs" at Ryoan-ji are the burial places of Uda, Kazan, Ichijō, Go-Suzaku, Go-Reizei, Go-Sanjō, and Horikawa.
- ^ Ponsonby-Fane, p. 421.
- ^ a b Moscher, G. (1978). Kyoto: A Contemplative Guide, pp. 277–278
- ^ Titsingh, p. 165-168; Brown, p. 313-315.
- ^ Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1915). The Imperial Family of Japan, p. x.
- ^ "Genealogy". Reichsarchiv (in Japanese). 30 April 2010. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
References
[edit]- Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida, eds. (1979). Gukanshō: The Future and the Past. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-03460-0; OCLC 251325323
- Moscher, Gouverneur. (1978). Kyoto: A Contemplative Guide. ISBN 9780804812948; OCLC 4589403
- Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan. Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 194887
- Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Odai Ichiran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691
- Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-04940-5; OCLC 59145842
See also
[edit]- Emperor of Japan
- List of Emperors of Japan
- Imperial cult
- Minamoto clan
- Emperor Go-Reizei
- Emperor Shirakawa
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