European turtle dove

European turtle dove
An adult in Hungary and song recorded in Hampshire, England
Conservation status
Vulnerable  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Columbiformes
Family:	Columbidae
Genus:	Streptopelia
Species:	S. turtur
Binomial name
Streptopelia turtur (Linnaeus, 1758)
Range of S. turtur       breeding         non-breeding
Synonyms
Columba turtur (protonym) Turtur communis[2]

The European turtle dove (Streptopelia turtur) is a threatened or vulnerable member of the bird family Columbidae, the doves and pigeons. It breeds over a wide area of the south western Palearctic including north Africa but migrates to northern sub-Saharan Africa to winter.

The European turtle dove was formally described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae. He placed it with all the other pigeons in the genus Columba and coined the binomial name Columba turtur.^[3] The specific epithet turtur is the Latin word for a turtle dove.^[4] Linnaeus gave the locality as "India". This was an error and the type locality has been designated as England.^[5] The species is now placed in the genus Streptopelia that was introduced in 1855 by the French ornithologist Charles Lucien Bonaparte.^[6][7]

Four subspecies are recognised:^[7]

• S. t. turtur (Linnaeus, 1758) – Europe, Madeira and the Canary Islands to western Siberia
• S. t. arenicola (Hartert, 1894) – Northwest Africa to Iran and western China
• S. t. hoggara (Geyr von Schweppenburg, 1916) – Air Massif and Hoggar Mountains (southern Sahara)
• S. t. rufescens (Brehm, CL, 1845) – Egypt and northern Sudan

Despite the identical spelling, the "turtle" of the name, derived from Middle English turtle (tortle, turtel, turtul), derived in turn from Old English turtla (male turtle dove), turtle (female turtle dove), and ultimately from Latin turtur, has no connection with the reptile of the same name; in the present case, "turtle" came originally from Latin turtur, which is onomatopoeic, imitating the bird's song.^[8][9] The genus name Streptopelia is from Ancient Greek streptos meaning "collar" and peleia meaning "dove".^[10]

A few other doves in the genus Streptopelia and the related genus Nesoenas are also commonly called "turtle doves", while the name Turtur has also been given as a generic name to a less-closely related group of tropical African doves:^[7]

• Oriental turtle dove Streptopelia orientalis in Asia.
• Dusky turtle dove Streptopelia lugens in Africa.
• Adamawa turtle dove Streptopelia hypopyrrha in Africa.
• Malagasy turtle dove Nesoenas picturatus in Madagascar.

Smaller and slighter in build than many other doves, it measures 26–28 cm (10–11 in) in length, 47–53 cm (19–21 in) in wingspan and weighs 100–156 g (3.5–5.5 oz).^[11] The European turtle dove may be recognised by its browner colour, and the black-and-white-striped patch on the side of its neck. The tail is notable as the bird flies from the observer; it is wedge shaped, with a dark centre and white borders and tips. When viewed from below, this pattern, owing to the white under-tail coverts obscuring the dark bases, is a blackish chevron on a white ground. This can be seen when the bird stoops to drink and raises its spread tail.

The mature bird has the head, neck, flanks, and rump blue grey, and the wings cinnamon, mottled with black. The breast is vinaceous, the abdomen and under tail coverts are white. The bill is black, the legs and eye rings are red. The black and white patch on the side of the neck is absent in the browner and duller juvenile bird, which also has the legs brown.

• 
  Juvenile in Nynäshamn, Sweden
• 

The turtle dove is a migratory species with a western Palearctic range covering most of Europe and the Middle East and including Turkey and north Africa, although it is rare in northern Scandinavia and Russia. It winters south of the Sahara.^[1] It is one of the latest migrants, rarely appearing in Northern Europe before the end of April and returning south again in September.^[12]

It is a bird of open rather than dense woodlands, and frequently feeds on the ground. It will occasionally nest in large gardens, but is usually extremely timid, probably due to the heavy hunting pressure it faces during migration. The flight is often described as arrowy, but is not remarkably swift.

The nuptial flight, high and circling, is like that of the common wood pigeon, but the undulations are less decided; it is accompanied by the whip-crack of the downward flicked wings. The arrival in spring is heralded by its cooing or purring song, a rather deep, vibrating "turrr, turrr".

Populations of turtle dove are in rapid decline across Europe and this species has red list conservation status globally. In the United Kingdom its numbers have declined by 93% since 1994 and across Europe numbers fell by 78% 1980–2013.^[13]

Environmentalist groups have attributed the decline of turtle doves in Europe partly to changed farming practices which mean that the weed seeds and shoots on which it feeds, especially fumitory, are scarcer, and partly due to shooting of birds in Mediterranean countries. According to a 2001 study cited by the European Commission, between two and four million birds are shot annually in Malta, Cyprus, France, Italy, Spain and Greece.^[14][15] Environmentalists have described spring hunting in Malta as particularly problematic as it is the only country with an EU derogation to shoot birds during their spring migration to breeding grounds.^[16]

According to a 2007 study by the European Commission, four currently identifiable potential threats to the turtle dove are (1) habitat loss/modification (medium to low impact), (2) droughts and climate change (mostly unknown but likely low impact), (3) hunting (partly unknown but overall medium impact), and (4) competition with the collared dove (unknown impact).^[17] The British Trust for Ornithology has also highlighted Trichomonosis parasite as a threat to the turtle dove.^[13]

A hunting ban was introduced in 2021 by the European Commission in the western Mediterranean countries of France, Spain and Portugal; this has already by summer 2024 resulted in a 25% increase in the western European breeding population, showing that hunting was indeed a major contributor to the decline.^[18]

According to Aelian, the turtle dove was sacred to Demeter.^[19] In Roman mythology, the turtle dove was one of the emblems of Fides, the goddess of trust and good faith.^[20][21]

Perhaps because of Biblical references – especially verse 2: 12 from the Song of Songs "the voice of the turtle [dove] is heard in our land" – its mournful voice, and the fact that it forms strong pair bonds, European turtle doves have become emblems of devoted love. In the New Testament, two turtle doves are mentioned as the customary offering during the Presentation of Jesus at the Temple.^[22] In Renaissance Europe, the European turtle dove was envisaged as the devoted partner of the Phoenix. Robert Chester's poem Love's Martyr is a sustained exploration of this symbolism. It was published along with other poems on the subject, including William Shakespeare's poem "The Phoenix and the Turtle", where "turtle" refers to the turtle dove.

The turtle dove is featured in a number of folk songs about love and loss, including "There Is a Tavern in the Town". One of these is a setting by Ralph Vaughan Williams.^[23]

Turtle doves are also featured in the song, "The Twelve Days of Christmas", as the gift "my true love gave to me" on the second and subsequent days of Christmas.^[24]

Turtle doves appear in the title and lyrics of the spiritual "Turtledove Done Drooped His Wings" from the Georgia Sea Islands.^[25][26]

In the Shaker hymn "In Yonder Valley", that "the turtledove is in our land" is seen as a good omen and sign of growth.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Streptopelia turtur.

Wikispecies has information related to Streptopelia turtur.

• Xeno-canto: audio recordings of the European turtle dove
• Ageing and sexing by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze Archived 2021-07-20 at the Wayback Machine
• Feathers of turtle dove (Streptopelia turtur) Archived 2018-03-04 at the Wayback Machine