Four-funnel liner

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A four-funnel liner, also known as a four-stacker, is an ocean liner with four funnels.

Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse, launched in 1897, was the first ocean liner to have four funnels and was one of the first of the golden era of ocean liners that became prominent in the 20th century.^[1]

Among the most well known four-funnels are Titanic, sunk on her maiden voyage on 15 April 1912, and Lusitania, torpedoed on 7 May 1915, during the First World War. In all, 15 four-funnel liners were produced; Great Eastern in 1858, and the remainder between 1897 and 1922. Four were sunk during the World Wars, and all others besides Titanic were scrapped.^[2]

Mauretania was the fastest of all four-funnelled liners. The last four-funnelled liner ever built was Windsor Castle; however, two of her funnels were later removed making the Aquitania the last four-funnel liner in service and the only one to survive service during both World Wars.

The primary purpose of funnels on steamships was to allow smoke, heat and excess steam to escape from the boiler rooms. As liners became larger, more boilers were used. The number of funnels became symbolic of speed and safety,^[1] so shipping companies sometimes added false funnels—like the Olympic-class ocean liners—to give an impression of power.^[3]

Great Eastern, launched on 31 January 1858 (a full 40 years ahead of any comparable ships), was the only ocean liner to sport five funnels. As one funnel was later removed in 1865,^[4] Great Eastern, by default, became the first ocean liner to have four funnels. However, she was converted to a cable-laying vessel not long afterwards and never operated as a liner when she only had four funnels.

Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse, launched on 4 May 1897, was the first purpose-built ocean liner to have four funnels and was one of the first of the golden era of ocean liners that became prominent in the early- to mid-20th century.^[1] The trend of competing shipping lines building four-funnel liners encompassed a very short time span ranging from the SS Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse in 1897 to the RMS Windsor Castle in 1922.^[5]

The Cunard Line record holders, Lusitania and Mauretania, were both laid out with four boiler rooms with one funnel to each room.

In keeping with the style and fashion of the early-20th century, the White Star Line opted to fit the three Olympic-class ships with a dummy fourth funnel to rival the two Cunard ships.

The ideology of four funnels representing size and power rapidly diminished soon after the First World War. Subsequent flagships including the SS Imperator, SS Normandie, and RMS Queen Mary all sported three funnels to conserve deck space. Later, as shipbuilding became more efficient, RMS Queen Elizabeth, Mauretania, Bremen, Nieuw Amsterdam, and America further reduced the number of funnels down to two. Today's modern cruise ships are mostly built with only a single funnel, and many military vessels no longer sport them at all.

Soon, the remaining four-funnel liners seemed old. The first four-funnel liner to go was the Titanic when she sank in 1912 after hitting an iceberg.^[6] During the First World War, Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse, Lusitania, and Britannic sank after being attacked by enemy vessels (with Britannic striking a mine).^[7] The last four-funnel liners built were the sister ships Arundel Castle and Windsor Castle which entered service in 1921. By 1922, only 10 of the 14 four-funnel liners remained. In 1923, the ex-Kronprinz Wilhelm was sold for scrap, followed by the ex-Deutschland in 1925.^[8]

By the start of the Great Depression, only 8 four-funnel liners remained. In 1935, the Mauretania, Olympic and France were sold for scrap after 28, 24, and 23 years of service respectively. In 1937, the Arundel Castle and Windsor Castle were refurbished by having two of their four funnels removed and their bows replaced by more raked bows,^[9] leaving the Kaiser Wilhelm II, Kronprinzessin Cecilie and Aquitania as the three remaining four-funnel liners.^[10] In 1940, the ex-Kaiser Wilhelm II and ex-Kronprinzessin Cecilie were sold for scrap. The Aquitania, now the last four-funnel liner afloat, served in the Second World War and thereafter enjoyed a quiet postwar career, until finally she was scrapped in 1950. With this, the era of the four-funnel liner came to an end.^[11]

Picture	Liner[a]	Owner	Launched	Fate
	RMS Aquitania[2]	Cunard Line	1913, April 21	scrapped 1950
	RMS Arundel Castle[b][2]	Union-Castle Line	1919, September 11	scrapped 1959
	HMHS Britannic[c][2]	White Star Line	1914, February 26	sunk 21 November 1916
	SS Deutschland[b][2]	Hamburg-Amerika Line	1900, January 10	scrapped 1925
	SS France[2]	Compagnie Générale Transatlantique	1910, September 10	scrapped 1935
	SS Kaiser Wilhelm II[d][2]	North German Lloyd Line	1902, August 12	scrapped 1940
	SS Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse[d][2]	North German Lloyd Line	1897, May 4	sunk 26 August 1914; wreck dismantled on site in 1952
	SS Kronprinz Wilhelm[d][2]	North German Lloyd Line	1901, March 30	scrapped 1923
	SS Kronprinzessin Cecilie[d][2]	North German Lloyd Line	1906, December 1	scrapped 1940
	RMS Lusitania[2]	Cunard Line	1906, June 7	sunk 7 May 1915
	RMS Mauretania[2]	Cunard Line	1906, September 20	scrapped 1935
	RMS Olympic[c][2]	White Star Line	1910, October 20	scrapped 1935–37
	RMS Titanic[c][2]	White Star Line	1911, May 31	Sank 15 April 1912
	RMS Windsor Castle[b][2]	Union-Castle Line	1921, March 9	sunk 23 March 1943

Notes:

The United States never operated any four-funnelled ocean liners in commercial service. However, in the late 1910s, William Francis Gibbs began to draft designs for new 1,000-foot liners that could reach a speed of 30 knots. Among the proposals was a pair of four-funnelled ships designed in 1919. The funnel and boiler arrangement would have been similar to the German four stackers, with the four funnels grouped in pairs with a wider gap between the second and third funnels. Possible names for the liners were the SS Boston and the SS Independence. The ships never made it past the design phase.^[14]

In the late 1920s Britain's White Star Line placed an order to the shipbuilder Harland and Wolff for Oceanic, which would have been the third ship in White Star's history to bear that name. The exact intended design of Oceanic III is unknown, although company concept renderings show it to be a three-funnelled 1,000-foot (300 m) liner. However, early plans from Harland and Wolff's archives show a design from 1927 for a four-funnelled liner almost identical to the Olympic-class, except with a more-modern cruiser stern.^{[ambiguous][15]} Construction of Oceanic III halted in mid-1929, before the onset of the Great Depression led to its cancellation.

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