Green and black poison dart frog

Green and black poison dart frog
Two D. auratus from Panama
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
CITES Appendix II (CITES)[2]
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Amphibia
Order:	Anura
Family:	Dendrobatidae
Genus:	Dendrobates
Species:	D. auratus
Binomial name
Dendrobates auratus (Girard, 1855)
Range in red (Hawaiian population introduced)
Synonyms
Phyllobates auratus Girard, 1855 "1854" Dendrobates latimaculatus Günther, 1859 "1858" Dendrobates amoenus Werner, 1901

The green-and-black poison dart frog (Dendrobates auratus), also known as the green-and-black poison arrow frog and green poison frog (among others),^[1][3] is a brightly-colored member of the order Anura native to southern Central America and Colombia. This species has also been introduced to Oahu, Hawaii in an effort to lower mosquito numbers.^[1][3][4] It is one of the most variably colored species of poison dart frogs, after D. tinctorius, Adelphobates galactonotus and some Oophaga species. From a conservation standpoint, it is considered to be of least concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. Within the reptile and amphibian hobby, D. auratus remains one of the most commonly kept, and easiest-to-breed, dart frogs in captivity, as well as in zoos.^[1]

The green-and-black poison dart frog has the typical appearance of the members of its family; males average 0.75 in (1.9 cm) in snout–vent length, while females are slightly larger, averaging 1 in (2.5 cm) or longer.

The green-and-black poison dart frog is one of the most variable of all poison frogs in color and pattern. This variation is to some extent individual, but also depend heavily on exact location. Despite the name green-and-black poison dart frog, some variants have no green or no black; a few, like the brown and cream-white Campana variant, may have neither green nor black. However, most often, green-and-black poison dart frogs have a highly variable, spotted or banded pattern in vivid mint-green coloration, but this can also be a darker green, forest-green, lime, emerald, turquoise, or even blue, whitish or pale yellow. Mixed with this are splotches of dark or dull coloring, most often blackish, but ranging from whitish-brown and bronzy brown to dark brown and pure black. The amount of dark or dull coloring varies greatly (certain variants are entirely black, or dark with only a few small green spots or streaks) and may appear as large or small spots or blotches, or as a dappled or "splashed" pattern.^[5]

The green-and-black poison dart frog is found in humid lowland and submontane forests at altitudes of 0–1,000 m (0–3,280 ft) in southeastern Nicaragua on the Atlantic slope, eastern Costa Rica on the Atlantic slope and in the southwest on the Pacific slope, widely in Panamá, and into far northwestern Colombia in the Chocó Department.^[1][3][6] An introduced population exists on Oahu, in Hawaii;^[1][3][4][7] the species was intentionally introduced there, in 1932, for mosquito control. Later on, it seems to have also become established on Maui.^[4]

The green-and-black poison dart frog, while not the most toxic poison dart frog, is still a highly toxic animal. The very small amount of poison the frog possesses is enough to make a human heart stop beating.^{[citation needed]} The green-and-black poison dart frog, as with all poison dart frogs, loses its toxicity in captivity due to a change in diet. This has led some scientists to believe that the green-and-black poison frog actually takes its poison from the mites, springtails, ants and other insects (such as beetles and flies) on which it feeds.^[8][9][10]

The green-and-black poison dart frog is semi-arboreal, hunting, courting, and sleeping in the trees. Like other dart frogs, they spend much time in the shallow pools of water created in the cup-like leaves of bromeliad plants. The same plants often serve as nurseries for tadpoles.^[11] The small pools offer little access to nutrients so the tadpoles often engage in cannibalism.^[12] As it is a tiny frog, it cannot obviously leap from branch to branch in the treetops, thus it returns to the ground when it wants to travel. Once on the ground, frogs may travel several miles in an effort to breed, find feeding grounds, or to take care of tadpoles. To assist in climbing, the frog has small, sucker-like discs on the ends of its toes, which create a slight suction as the frogs climb, making their grip mildly adhesive.^[11]

Unlike other poison dart frogs, green-and-black poison dart frogs gather in large groups before mating. They squabble over territories; eventually, each individual male frog clears a small patch for himself. Females wander among the males, with the latter then attempting to impress the former with their bird-like mating calls. Captive female green-and-black poison dart frogs are known to fight amongst themselves in the presence of calling males.^[13] Once a male has caught the attention of a female, he leads her to a site he has selected for egg deposition. The female lays her eggs, which he then fertilizes. In about 14 days, these hatch into tadpoles.^[14] Their parents, typically the male, then carry the tadpoles into the canopy, with the tadpoles sticking to the mucus on their parents' backs. The parents then deposit their tadpoles into the small pools of water that accumulate in the center of bromeliads, and guard the tadpoles while they feed on algae and small invertebrates that inhabit the tiny pool.

Green-and-black poison dart frogs are popular exotic pets due to their small size, bright colors, and intriguing behavior. When they are in captive or zoo settings they are fed crickets, fruit flies. This causes the green-and-black poison dart frog to lose most, if not all, of its toxicity.^[15]

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