Half tower

A half tower (sometimes half-tower), open tower,^[1] or open-gorged tower^[2] (German: Schalenturm, Halbschalenturm or Schanzturm) is a fortified stone tower in an external wall or castle enceinte that is open, or only lightly constructed, at the rear. Towers of this type were used, for example, in city walls. City gates can also be incorporated into a type of half tower.

Description

Unlike closed towers, which were fully enclosed by walls, half towers were open on the inside, typically the side facing the city or the inner bailey of a castle. On this side, a wooden railing on individual floors stopped people or objects from falling off. Sometimes the open side was sealed with wooden planking or weaker timber framed walls. Towers that are fully open at the top and rear are open towers, whilst those only open on the lower floors (i.e., the top floor is walled and roofed) are partially open towers.^[1]

Most half towers were semi-circular in plan, but some were rectangular.

Examples

Semi-circular half towers

Bergerschanzturm in Aachen, Germany
Endingerturm in Rapperswil, Switzerland
Haldenturm in Rapperswil
Karlsturm in Aachen
Schildturm in Aachen
Dover Castle, Kent, England
Framlingham Castle, Suffolk, England
Orford Castle, Suffolk, England (possible)
Wehrturm am Gänsbühl in Ravensburg, Germany

City or town wall towers

Dinkelsbühl, Germany
Bad Hersfeld, Germany
Einbeck, Germany
Freiburg im Üechtland, Switzerland

Bitzenturm, Ahrweiler
Dinkelsbühl
Ravensburg
Sisteron (South France)

Rectangular half towers

Krichelenturm in Aachen
Schänzchen in Aachen
Porte d'Orange in Carpentras, France

Town wall towers in

Payerne, Switzerland
Ston, Croatia
Głogów, Poland
Avignon and Aigues-Mortes (illustrated)

Payerne
Ston
Głogów
Avignon, Aigues-Mortes

References

^ ^a ^b Kaufmann, J.E. and Kaufmann, H.W. (2001). The Medieval Fortress. Castles, Forts and Walled Cities of the Middle Ages, Da Capo, Cambridge, MA, p. 27. ISBN 978-0-306-81358-0.
^ Hull, Lise. Understanding the Castle Ruins of England and Wales: How to Interpret the History and Meaning of Masonry and Earthworks. London: MacFarland, 2009. p. 137. ISBN 978-0-7864-3457-2.

Literature

Carl Rhoen (1894), Die Befestigungswerke der freien Reichsstadt Aachen (in German), Aachen: Verlag von Anton Creutzer, pp. 18f (Online version, pdf, 6.61MB^{[permanent dead link]})

External links

[Kaufmann-1] Kaufmann, J.E. and Kaufmann, H.W. (2001). The Medieval Fortress. Castles, Forts and Walled Cities of the Middle Ages, Da Capo, Cambridge, MA, p. 27. ISBN 978-0-306-81358-0.

[2] Hull, Lise. Understanding the Castle Ruins of England and Wales: How to Interpret the History and Meaning of Masonry and Earthworks. London: MacFarland, 2009. p. 137. ISBN 978-0-7864-3457-2.

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