Helenin

Helenin
	; Alantolactone
	; Isoalantolactone
Names
	IUPAC names Alantolactone: (3aR,5S,8aR,9aR)-5,8a-Dimethyl-3-methylene-3a,5,6,7,8,8a,9,9a-octahydronaphtho[2,3-b]furan-2(3H)-one; Isoalantolactone: (3aR,4aS,8aR,9aR)-8a-Methyl-3,5-bis(methylene)decahydronaphtho[2,3-b]furan-2(3H)-one
	Other names Elecampane camphor, Inula camphor, Alant camphor
Identifiers
CAS Number	Alantolactone: 546-43-0 ; isolantolactone: 470-17-7 ;
3D model (JSmol)	Alantolactone: Interactive image; isolantolactone: Interactive image;
ChEBI	Alantolactone: CHEBI:2540; isolantolactone: CHEBI:5981;
ChEMBL	Alantolactone: ChEMBL136356; isolantolactone: ChEMBL137803;
ChemSpider	Alantolactone: 65564; isolantolactone: 66028;
EC Number	Alantolactone: 208-899-3;
KEGG	Alantolactone: C09289; isolantolactone: C09484;
PubChem CID	Alantolactone: 72724; isolantolactone: 73285;
UNII	Alantolactone: M7GSN5Q1M6 ; isolantolactone: BYH07P620U ;
	InChI InChI=1S/C15H20O2/c1-9-5-4-6-15(3)8-13-11(7-12(9)15)10(2)14(16)17-13/h7,9,11,13H,2,4-6,8H2,1,3H3/t9-,11+,13+,15+/m0/s1 Key: PXOYOCNNSUAQNS-AGNJHWRGSA-N; isolantolactone: InChI=1S/C15H20O2/c1-9-5-4-6-15(3)8-13-11(7-12(9)15)10(2)14(16)17-13/h11-13H,1-2,4-8H2,3H3/t11-,12+,13-,15-/m1/s1 Key: CVUANYCQTOGILD-QVHKTLOISA-N;
	SMILES Alantolactone: C[C@H]1CCC[C@]2(C1=C[C@H]3[C@@H](C2)OC(=O)C3=C)C; isolantolactone: C[C@]12CCCC(=C)[C@@H]1C[C@H]3[C@@H](C2)OC(=O)C3=C;
Properties
Chemical formula	C15H20O2
Molar mass	232.323 g·mol−1
Appearance	Crystalline powder
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). Infobox references

Helenin is a phytochemical mixture found in many plant species, including the Inula helenium (elecampane) of the family Asteraceae. It is a mixture of two isomeric sesquiterpene lactones, alantolactone and isoalantolactone.

In 1895 the German scientists Julius Bredt and Wilhelm Posh extracted helenin from Inula helenium and determined its physical and chemical properties.^[1]

Natural sources

Alantolactone occurs in the roots of Inula helenium and other Inula species.^[2] Helenin discovered in Stevia lucida for the first time, showcasing potential links within the Asteraceae family. ^[3]

Properties

Helenin can be extracted from the roots of Inula helenium using alcohol or other non-polar solvents to produce a mixture with a composition of about 40% alantolactone and 60% isoalantolactone.^[4]

Biological activity

Alantolactone has a variety of in vitro biochemical properties, including:

induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in lung squamous cancer cells^[5]
suppresses STAT3 activation^[6]
has antiinflammatory effects by inhibiting chemokine production and STAT1 phosphorylation^[7]
anti-fungal^[8]
anti-microbial^[9]

Toxicity

Certain individuals have experienced contact dermatitis when exposed to alantolactone.^[10]

References

^ Chemical Society (Great Britain) (1895). The collected works of Sir Humphry Davy ...: Discourses delivered before the Royal society. Elements of agricultural chemistry, pt. I. Smith, elder and Company. p. 555. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
^ Hoffmann, David (2003). Medical Herbalism:The Science and Practice of Herbal Medicine. Health & Fitness. ISBN 978-1594778902.
^ Chacón-Morales, Pablo A.; Dugarte, Carolina Santiago; Amaro-Luis, Juan M. (2021-11-02). "Helenin from Stevia lucida . The first report of this natural eudesmanolide mixture in Eupatorieae tribe". Natural Product Research. 35 (21): 4139–4142. doi:10.1080/14786419.2020.1739677. ISSN 1478-6419. PMID 32189507.
^ Xu, Renjie (2014). "Pharmacokinetic Comparison of Isoalantolactone and Alantolactone in Rats after Administration Separately by Optimization of an UPLC-MS2 Method". Journal of Chemistry. 2014: 1–8. doi:10.1155/2014/354618.
^ Zhao, Peng (19 Jan 2015). "Alantolactone Induces Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Arrest on Lung Squamous Cancer SK-MES-1 Cells". Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology. 29 (5): 199–226. doi:10.1002/jbt.21685. PMID 25597476. S2CID 10440798.
^ Chun, J (1 Feb 2015). "Alantolactone selectively suppresses STAT3 activation and exhibits potent anticancer activity in MDA-MB-231 cells". Cancer Letters. 357 (1): 393–403. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2014.11.049. PMID 25434800.
^ Hye, Sun Lim (17 Apr 2015). "Alantolactone from Saussurea lappa Exerts Antiinflammatory Effects by Inhibiting Chemokine Production and STAT1 Phosphorylation in TNF-α and IFN-γ-induced in HaCaT cells". Phytotherapy Research. 29 (7): 1088–1096. doi:10.1002/ptr.5354. PMID 25881570. S2CID 5196219.
^ Alejandro, Barreroa (2000). "New sources and antifungal activity of sesquiterpene lactones". Fitoterapia. 66 (71): 60–64. doi:10.1016/s0367-326x(99)00122-7. PMID 20095126.
^ O'Shea, S (2009). "In vitro activity of Inula helenium against clinical Staphylococcus aureus strains including MRSA". British Journal of Biomedical Science. 66 (4): 186–9. doi:10.1080/09674845.2009.11730271. PMID 20095126.
^ Stampf, J (August 1978). "Allergic contact dermatitis due to sesquiterpene lactones. A comparative study of human and animal sensitivity to alpha-methylene-gamma-butyrolactone and derivatives". The British Journal of Dermatology. 99 (2): 163–9. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1978.tb01977.x. PMID 698105. S2CID 73218116.

[Britain)Davy1895-1] Chemical Society (Great Britain) (1895). The collected works of Sir Humphry Davy ...: Discourses delivered before the Royal society. Elements of agricultural chemistry, pt. I. Smith, elder and Company. p. 555. Retrieved 31 July 2015.

[2] Hoffmann, David (2003). Medical Herbalism:The Science and Practice of Herbal Medicine. Health & Fitness. ISBN 978-1594778902.

[3] Chacón-Morales, Pablo A.; Dugarte, Carolina Santiago; Amaro-Luis, Juan M. (2021-11-02). "Helenin from Stevia lucida . The first report of this natural eudesmanolide mixture in Eupatorieae tribe". Natural Product Research. 35 (21): 4139–4142. doi:10.1080/14786419.2020.1739677. ISSN 1478-6419. PMID 32189507.

[Journal_of_Chemistry-4] Xu, Renjie (2014). "Pharmacokinetic Comparison of Isoalantolactone and Alantolactone in Rats after Administration Separately by Optimization of an UPLC-MS2 Method". Journal of Chemistry. 2014: 1–8. doi:10.1155/2014/354618.

[Wiley_Periodicals,_Inc.-5] Zhao, Peng (19 Jan 2015). "Alantolactone Induces Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Arrest on Lung Squamous Cancer SK-MES-1 Cells". Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology. 29 (5): 199–226. doi:10.1002/jbt.21685. PMID 25597476. S2CID 10440798.

[6] Chun, J (1 Feb 2015). "Alantolactone selectively suppresses STAT3 activation and exhibits potent anticancer activity in MDA-MB-231 cells". Cancer Letters. 357 (1): 393–403. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2014.11.049. PMID 25434800.

[Wiley_Online_Library-7] Hye, Sun Lim (17 Apr 2015). "Alantolactone from Saussurea lappa Exerts Antiinflammatory Effects by Inhibiting Chemokine Production and STAT1 Phosphorylation in TNF-α and IFN-γ-induced in HaCaT cells". Phytotherapy Research. 29 (7): 1088–1096. doi:10.1002/ptr.5354. PMID 25881570. S2CID 5196219.

[ELSEVIER-8] Alejandro, Barreroa (2000). "New sources and antifungal activity of sesquiterpene lactones". Fitoterapia. 66 (71): 60–64. doi:10.1016/s0367-326x(99)00122-7. PMID 20095126.

[PubMed-9] O'Shea, S (2009). "In vitro activity of Inula helenium against clinical Staphylococcus aureus strains including MRSA". British Journal of Biomedical Science. 66 (4): 186–9. doi:10.1080/09674845.2009.11730271. PMID 20095126.

[PubMed.gov-10] Stampf, J (August 1978). "Allergic contact dermatitis due to sesquiterpene lactones. A comparative study of human and animal sensitivity to alpha-methylene-gamma-butyrolactone and derivatives". The British Journal of Dermatology. 99 (2): 163–9. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1978.tb01977.x. PMID 698105. S2CID 73218116.

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