Pumpokol language

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Pumpokol
Native to	Russia
Region	Yenisey
Ethnicity	Pumpokols
Extinct	18th century
Language family	Dené–Yeniseian? Yeniseian Pumpokolic[1][2] Pumpokol
Language codes
ISO 639-3	xpm
Linguist List	xpm
Glottolog	pump1237
The historical, pre-contact range of Pumpokol.[1]

Pumpokol is one of the Yeniseian languages. It has been extinct since the 18th century. It shares many features with the ancient Xiongnu^{[citation needed]} and Jie languages,^[3] and according to Alexander Vovin, Edward Vajda, and Étienne de la Vaissière, is closely related to them.^[4] It is poorly attested, the only available lexicon amounting to about 65 words, and some of them have been identified as being Yugh, not Pumpokol.^[5]

It has traditionally been viewed as being grouped with Arin in an Arin-Pumpokol subfamily of Southern Yeniseian, but Vajda 2024 challenges this, stating that "Arin, Pumpokol and Kott-Assan display no shared innovations to suport them as an opposite "Southern Yeniseian" branch" of Yeniseian, reflecting only their geographical position rather than a genealogical grouping.^[1] According to O. Tailleur, it should be considered a dialect of the Ket language, as most materials labeled 'Pumpokol' are in reality of Ketic affiliation, not Pumpokol. Furthermore, the term 'Pumpokol' was originally geographic, referring to the name of a town and a former district (volost), originating from Khanty pum-poxəl "grassy village".^[1][5] Pumpokols and Yughs frequently mixed with each other in the Pumpokol volost.

Pumpokol is notable among the Yeniseian languages in that the phoneme /s/ is often replaced by /t/. This idiosyncrasy of Pumpokol seems to be shared with Jie, suggesting that Jie is more closely related to Pumpokol than other Yeniseian languages. For example the Jie word kot 'catch' seems to be a cognate with the Ket word 'qos', having the same sound change.^[4]

Moreover, this aforementioned characteristic of Pumpokol has been used by Vajda to demonstrate that Yeniseian-derived hydronyms in northern Mongolia (the southernmost known extent of Yeniseian influence) are exclusively Pumpokolic.^[4] Since the Jie, as a tribe of the Xiongnu, are likely to have come from the same area, rather than further north, this finding lends credence to the possibility that Jie is a Pumpokolic language.

The reconstructed vowels of Pumpokol are as follows, based off of G. F. Müller's materials:^[6]

The phonemes ⟨č⟩, ⟨dʼ⟩, and ⟨dž⟩ are allophones of ⟨č⟩, ⟨k⟩ and ⟨g⟩ are allophones of ⟨k⟩, and ⟨x⟩, ⟨q⟩ and ⟨xʼ⟩ are allophones of χ.^[6]

Selected Pumpokol words are presented here, sourced from Werner 2005.^[6]

An example of a noun - фохириць 'pig'

An example of a gerund - ирдлег 'work'

An example of an adjective - етыкеть 'healthy'

An example of a third-person pronoun - буегь 'they'

• Pumpokol basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database

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