Isa Alptekin

Isa Yusuf Alptekin
ئەيسا يۈسۈپ ئالپتېكىن
Senior Advisor of the Border Affairs Department of the Ministry of National Defense of the Republic of China
In office
1932–1949
Member of the Legislative Yuan for Xinjiang Province
In office
1936–1949
Personal details
Born1901 (1901)
Kashgar, Qing dynasty
Died1995 (aged 93–94)
Istanbul, Turkey
RelativesErkin Alptekin (son)
ProfessionPolitician
Isa Alptekin
Uyghur name
Uyghurئەيسا يۈسۈپ ئالپتېكىن‎
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese艾薩·玉素甫·阿布甫泰肯
Simplified Chinese艾萨·玉素甫·阿布甫泰肯
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinÀisà Yùsùfǔ Ābùfǔtàikěn
Wade–GilesAi4-sa4 Yü4-su4-fu3 A1-pu4-fu3-t'ai4-k'en3
Turkish name
Turkishİsa Yusuf Alptekin

Isa Yusuf Alptekin (1901 – 17 December 1995) was a Uyghur politician who served in the Chinese Nationalist government and opposed both the First East Turkistan Republic[1] and the Second East Turkestan Republic.[2][3] When Xinjiang came under Chinese communist control in 1949, Alptekin went into exile and became an ultra-nationalist and pan-Turkic separatist.

Biography

[edit]

He was born in 1901 in Yengisar County, Kashgar, Qing dynasty. Aliptekin began his political career working as a translator and interpreter at the Chinese consulate in Andijan from 1926 to 1928.[4] While working in Andijan, Alptekin met with Uyghur merchants who sought his counsel on whether to agree with Soviet plans to arm Uyghurs and liberate East Turkistan from Chinese control. Alptekin immediately notified the Chinese consul of the plot.[5] In 1928, Aliptekin was praised for his work and tasked with escorting a Chinese diplomat that had fallen very ill to (Peking).[6] In the fall of 1928, Alptekin was posted to Tashkent where he worked as a lackey, interpreter, and translator for the Chinese consul until May 1932.[7] In 1932, Alptekin was sent to Nanjing and was appointed as an advisor in the Republic of China's Defense Ministry's Border Affairs Department.[8]

Alptekin opposed the First East Turkestan Republic which existed in Kashgar from November 12, 1933 to April 16, 1934. In Nanjing, under the direction of the Chinese government, Alptekin's "Chini Turkistan Avazi" journal accused the British government of organizing a revolt in East Turkistan in a bid to seize it.[9] Initially, the republic was named the "Turkic Islamic Republic of East Turkestan" (TIRET), representing the multi-national staff of its government, which included Uyghurs, Kazakhs, and Kyrgyz. Its anti-Hui, anti-Han, and anti-communist policies were declared in its declaration of independence, its basic Islamic principles, and its constitution. On September 18, 1936, Aliptekin was "elected" as a member of the Chinese National Assembly (Legislative Yuan).[10]

He stayed in Nanjing and then fled to Chongqing with the Chinese government when the Empire of Japan invaded. He lived there along with several other Uyghurs such as Masud Sabri. In order to gain sympathy for the Chinese War against Japan, the countries of Egypt, Syria, and Turkey were visited by Hui Muslim Ma Fuliang (馬賦良) and Uyghur Muslim Isa Yusuf Alptekin in 1939. They contacted Muhammad Amin Bughra when they also went to Afghanistan in 1940, asking him to come to Chongqing, the capital of the Kuomintang regime. The Kuomintang arranged for Bughra's release after the British had arrested Bughra for spying. Kuomintang Muslim publications used Isa and Bughra as editors.[11]

The bombardment of Chinese Muslims by the warplanes of the Japanese was reported in the newspapers of Syria. Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Lebanon were all toured by the delegation. The Foreign Minister, Prime Minister, and President of Turkey met with the Chinese Muslim delegation after they came via Egypt in May 1939. Gandhi and Jinnah met with the Hui Ma Fuliang and Uyghur Isa Alptekin as they denounced Japan.[12]

Ma Fuxliang, Isa Alptekin, Wang Zengshan, Xue Wenbo, and Lin Zhongming all went to Egypt to denounce Japan in front of the Arab and Islamic worlds.[13] China was supported by Alptekin during the Japanese invasion.[14]

Isa returned to Xinjiang, and he opposed the Second East Turkestan Republic in northern Xinjiang during the Ili Rebellion, claiming that it was a Soviet Communist puppet state of Stalin. Instead, he worked for the Chinese Kuomintang regime of Zhang Zhizhong. There were 3 Effendis, (Üch Äpändi) (ئۈچ ئەپەندى) Aisa Alptekin, Memtimin Bughra (Muhammad Amin Bughra), and Masud Sabri.[15][3] The Second East Turkestan Republic attacked them as Kuomintang "puppets".[16][17]

He asked Ma Bufang on whether Chiang Kai-shek and the Chinese government would allow an independent Islamic state in southern Xinjiang to counter the Communists and the Soviet-backed Second East Turkestan Republic, but Ma Bufang did not bother with this request. Instead, Ma fled in an American CIA airplane with several million dollars in gold as the Chinese Red Army approached Qinghai. Ma then fled to the Kuomintang-controlled island of Taiwan, then to Egypt.

Alptekin fled the Communist takeover of Xinjiang through the Himalayas, reaching Ladakh in Indian-controlled Kashmir and going into exile in Turkey. In 1954, he and Muhammad Amin Bughra went to Taiwan to try to persuade the Kuomintang government of the Republic of China to drop its claims to Xinjiang. Their demand was rejected and Taiwan affirmed that it claimed Xinjiang as "an integral part of China".[18]

Members of the US Congress met with Alptekin in 1970.[19] Alptekin met with the ultra-nationalist Pan-Turkic leader Alparslan Türkeş.[20][21][22][23][24][25] The marriages between Muslim (Uyghur) women and Han Chinese men infuriated him.[26] Anti-Soviet sentiment was espoused by Isa while pro-Soviet sentiment was espoused by Burhan. The Soviets were angered by Isa.[27] Alptekin also voiced anti-Armenian rhetoric while he was in Turkey and claimed that innocent Turkish Muslims were massacred by Armenians.[28][29][30][31][32]

Isa Yusuf Alptekin was the father of Erkin Alptekin. During Alptekin's exile in Turkey, where he received great support from Pan-Turkic elements in the Government of Turkey, the PRC government denounced him for continuing his "Xinjiang independence activities", and for trying to overthrow the "socialist system". When he died there in 1995, over a thousand people[33] allegedly attended his funeral, and he was buried in Topkapı Cemetery, next to the mausoleums of two former Turkish leaders, Adnan Menderes and Turgut Özal.[34][35] In 1995, a park was dedicated to Alptekin in the Blue Mosque section in Istanbul, along with a memorial for martyrs of the late East Turkestan Independence Movement. The high-profile nature of the dedication, including the attendance of the Turkish President, Prime Minister, chairman of parliament, and others, enraged China. It denounced Turkey for meddling in its 'internal affairs', and the Turkish state department requested the closing of the park, but domestic constituencies refused.[36][37]

Notes

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  1. ^ "Excerpts from the British MP memorandum to UK Foreign Office on the East Turkistan Republic (1934)". East Turkistan Government in Exile. 2 April 2020. Retrieved 25 June 2020.
  2. ^ Kamalov, Ablet (2010). Millward, James A.; Shinmen, Yasushi; Sugawara, Jun (eds.). Uyghur Memoir literature in Central Asia on Eastern Turkistan Republic (1944–49). Studies on Xinjiang Historical Sources in 17–20th Centuries. Tokyo: The Toyo Bunko. p. 260.
  3. ^ a b Ondřej Klimeš (8 January 2015). Struggle by the Pen: The Uyghur Discourse of Nation and National Interest, c.1900–1949. BRILL. pp. 197–. ISBN 978-90-04-28809-6.
  4. ^ Taşçı 1985, p. 66, 575.
  5. ^ Taşçı 1985, p. 78, 575.
  6. ^ Taşçı 1985, p. 128, 575.
  7. ^ Taşçı 1985, p. 164, 199.
  8. ^ Taşçı 1985, p. 216, 575.
  9. ^ "Excerpts from the British MP memorandum to UK Foreign Office on the East Turkistan Republic (1934)". East Turkistan Government in Exile. 2 April 2020. Retrieved 25 June 2020.
  10. ^ Taşçı 1985, p. 238, 575.
  11. ^ Lin 2010, p. 90.
  12. ^ "西北回族在抗战中的贡献" [The contribution of Northwest Hui in the war effort]. www.xzbu.com (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 27 August 2017. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
  13. ^ "中国首批留埃学生林仲明" [Lin Zhongming, the first Chinese student to study in Egypt]. www.xzbu.com (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 1 July 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
  14. ^ The Muslim World. Motamar al-Alam al-Islami; World Muslim Congress. 1994. p. 99.
  15. ^ Kamalov, Ablet (2010). Millward, James A.; Shinmen, Yasushi; Sugawara, Jun (eds.). Uyghur Memoir literature in Central Asia on Eastern Turkistan Republic (1944–49). Studies on Xinjiang Historical Sources in 17–20th Centuries. Tokyo: The Toyo Bunko. p. 260.
  16. ^ Ondřej Klimeš (8 January 2015). Struggle by the Pen: The Uyghur Discourse of Nation and National Interest, c.1900–1949. BRILL. pp. 241–. ISBN 978-90-04-28809-6.
  17. ^ David D. Wang (January 1999). Clouds Over Tianshan: Essays on Social Disturbance in Xinjiang in the 1940s. NIAS Press. pp. 28–. ISBN 978-87-87062-62-6.
  18. ^ Page 52, Ismail, Mohammed Sa'id, and Mohammed Aziz Ismail. Moslems in the Soviet Union and China. Translated by U.S. Government, Joint Publications Service. Tehran, Iran: Privately printed pamphlet, published as vol. 1, 1960 (Hejira 1380); translation printed in Washington: JPRS 3936, September 19, 1960.
  19. ^ "غەرب دۇنياسىدىكى ئۇيغۇرلار (4A)". Radio Free Asia. 30 April 2016.
  20. ^ "İsa Yusuf Alptekin". Archived from the original on 20 January 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
  21. ^ "İsa Yusuf ALPTEKİN'i Rahmet ve Minnetle Yad Ediyoruz..." Archived from the original on 23 May 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
  22. ^ "Doğu Türkistan Vakfı Resmi Web Sitesi". Archived from the original on 11 March 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
  23. ^ "Mithatuyanikeskipazar78". Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
  24. ^ "Rüzgar birliği". www.turkcuturanci.com. Archived from the original on 10 March 2016.
  25. ^ "Türkeş: Türkistan Türklüğün davası". 17 July 2009.
  26. ^ Linda Benson (1990). The Ili Rebellion: The Moslem Challenge to Chinese Authority in Xinjiang, 1944–1949. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 164–. ISBN 978-0-87332-509-7.
  27. ^ Jeremy Brown; Paul Pickowicz (2007). Dilemmas of Victory: The Early Years of the People's Republic of China. Harvard University Press. pp. 188–. ISBN 978-0-674-02616-2.
  28. ^ "İsa Yusuf Alptekin ve Türkiye'nin Siyasal Hayatına Etkileri". Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 12 March 2016.
  29. ^ "Doğu Türkistan Vakfı Resmi Web Sitesi".
  30. ^ "Sayfa Bulunamadı – Konya Yenigün Gazetesi". Konya Yeni Gün. Archived from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 12 March 2016.
  31. ^ "Doğu Türkistan Kültür ve Dayanışma Derneği Genel Merkezi". Archived from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 12 March 2016.
  32. ^ "Dış Türk Kardeşlerime sesleniyorum! Ermeni katilleri protesto eden mitingler, yürüyüşler tertip etmeliyiz. Ermenileri destekleyen devletleri ve milletleri şiddetle telin etmeliyiz... İslam Dünyasına sesleniyorum! Bir milyarı aşan İslam âlemi; diniyle, kitabıyla, Rasulüyle bir bütündür. (Bu sebeple) birimizin dostu hepimizin dostu, birimizin düşmanı hepimizin düşmanı olmadı idi... Fakat maalesef olmadı. Olamıyor. Birimizin düşmanı maalesef diğerinin dostu oluyor. Ermeni caniler masum Müslüman Türk kardeşlerimizi katlederken, İslam dünyası sessiz kalıyor, sükût ediyor... Ortadoğu'daki Müslüman devletler ve milletler şunu bilmelidirler ki, bugün Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, dünya hâkimiyeti güden Rusya ile sizin aranızda yıkılmaz bir kale, aşılmaz bir settir. Evvel Allah Türkiye sayesinde hür ve müstakil yaşama imkânına sahip bulunuyorsunuz... Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin mevcudiyeti, sizin de mevcudiyetiniz ve bekanızın teminatı demektir. Ermenileri destekleyen devletlere sesleniyorum! Şunu unutmayınız ki, esaret altında olsalar bile yüz milyon Türk, Türkiye'ye yekvücut gibi bağlıdır. Onun zararına olacak her hareket, bütün Türk dünyasını incitmiş olacak, ona yan bakanlar, yüz milyon Dış Türkü yanında yanında bulacaktır. Bunları bütün dünyanın böyle bilmesini istiyoruz."
  33. ^ "Merhum İsa Yusuf Alptekin Beyin Cenaze Töreni". DOĞU TÜRKİSTAN KÜLTÜR VE DAYANIŞMA DERNEĞİ. Archived from the original on 26 June 2020. Retrieved 25 June 2020.
  34. ^ Polat 1995.
  35. ^ Kayıkçı 2008.
  36. ^ Allievi, Stefano; Nielsen, Jørgen (2003). Muslim networks and transnational communities in and across Europe. Brill Publishers. pp. 303–305. ISBN 978-90-04-12858-3.
  37. ^ Çolakoğlu 2013, p. 35.

References

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