List of Falling Skies episodes

Falling Skies, a post-apocalyptic drama television series, premiered on June 19, 2011, in the United States on TNT,[1][2] and concluded August 30, 2015, after 52 episodes over 5 seasons. Created by Robert Rodat, the series follows Tom Mason (Noah Wyle), a former Boston University history professor who becomes the second-in-command of the 2nd Massachusetts Militia Regiment, a group of civilians and fighters fleeing post-apocalyptic Boston. The show is produced by DreamWorks Television, with Steven Spielberg acting as an executive producer.

Series overview

[edit]
SeasonEpisodesOriginally aired
First airedLast aired
110June 19, 2011 (2011-06-19)August 7, 2011 (2011-08-07)
210June 17, 2012 (2012-06-17)August 19, 2012 (2012-08-19)
310June 9, 2013 (2013-06-09)August 4, 2013 (2013-08-04)
412June 22, 2014 (2014-06-22)August 31, 2014 (2014-08-31)
510June 28, 2015 (2015-06-28)August 30, 2015 (2015-08-30)

Episodes

[edit]

Season 1 (2011)

[edit]
No.
overall
No. in
season
TitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateUS viewers
(millions)
11"Live and Learn"Carl FranklinRobert RodatJune 19, 2011 (2011-06-19)5.91[3]
22"The Armory"Greg BeemanGraham YostJune 19, 2011 (2011-06-19)5.91[3]
33"Prisoner of War"Greg BeemanFred GolanJune 26, 2011 (2011-06-26)4.20[4]
44"Grace"Fred ToyeMelinda Hsu TaylorJuly 3, 2011 (2011-07-03)4.07[5]
55"Silent Kill"Fred ToyeJoe WeisbergJuly 10, 2011 (2011-07-10)3.90[6]
66"Sanctuary (Part 1)"Sergio Mimica-GezzanJoel Anderson ThompsonJuly 17, 2011 (2011-07-17)4.27[7]
77"Sanctuary (Part 2)"Sergio Mimica-GezzanMelinda Hsu TaylorJuly 24, 2011 (2011-07-24)4.07[8]
88"What Hides Beneath"Anthony HemingwayMark VerheidenJuly 31, 2011 (2011-07-31)4.31[9]
99"Mutiny"Holly DaleJoe WeisbergAugust 7, 2011 (2011-08-07)5.70[10]
1010"Eight Hours"Greg BeemanMark VerheidenAugust 7, 2011 (2011-08-07)5.54[10]

Season 2 (2012)

[edit]
No.
overall
No. in
season
TitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateUS viewers
(millions)
111"Worlds Apart"Greg BeemanMark VerheidenJune 17, 2012 (2012-06-17)4.46[11]
122"Shall We Gather at the River"Greg BeemanBradley Thompson & David WeddleJune 17, 2012 (2012-06-17)4.46[11]
133"Compass"Michael KatlemanBryan OhJune 24, 2012 (2012-06-24)3.81[12]
144"Young Bloods"Miguel SapochnikHeather V. RegnierJuly 1, 2012 (2012-07-01)3.39[13]
155"Love and Other Acts of Courage"John DahlJoe WeisbergJuly 8, 2012 (2012-07-08)3.64[14]
166"Homecoming"Greg BeemanBryan OhJuly 15, 2012 (2012-07-15)3.61[15]
177"Molon Labe"Holly DaleBradley Thompson & David WeddleJuly 22, 2012 (2012-07-22)3.45[16]
188"Death March"Seith MannHeather V. RegnierAugust 5, 2012 (2012-08-05)3.34[17]
199"The Price of Greatness"Adam KaneMark VerheidenAugust 12, 2012 (2012-08-12)3.46[18]
2010"A More Perfect Union"Greg BeemanRemi Aubuchon and Bradley Thompson & David WeddleAugust 19, 2012 (2012-08-19)3.84[19]

Season 3 (2013)

[edit]
No.
overall
No. in
season
TitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateUS viewers
(millions)
211"On Thin Ice"Greg BeemanRemi AubuchonJune 9, 2013 (2013-06-09)4.21[20]
222"Collateral Damage"James MarshallBradley Thompson & David WeddleJune 9, 2013 (2013-06-09)4.21[20]
233"Badlands"David SolomonJohn WirthJune 16, 2013 (2013-06-16)2.79[21]
244"At All Costs"Greg BeemanHeather V. RegnierJune 23, 2013 (2013-06-23)3.55[22]
255"Search and Recovery"Sergio Mimica-GezzanJordan RosenbergJune 30, 2013 (2013-06-30)3.22[23]
266"Be Silent and Come Out"Adam KaneBradley Thompson & David Weddle & John WirthJuly 7, 2013 (2013-07-07)3.49[24]
277"The Pickett Line"Sergio Mimica-GezzanHeather V. Regnier & Jordan RosenbergJuly 14, 2013 (2013-07-14)3.33[25]
288"Strange Brew"David SolomonJohn WirthJuly 21, 2013 (2013-07-21)3.74[26]
299"Journey to Xibalba"Jonathan FrakesBradley Thompson & David WeddleJuly 28, 2013 (2013-07-28)3.06[27]
3010"Brazil"Greg BeemanRemi AubuchonAugust 4, 2013 (2013-08-04)3.74[28]

Season 4 (2014)

[edit]
No.
overall
No. in
season
TitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateUS viewers
(millions)
311"Ghost in the Machine"Greg BeemanDavid EickJune 22, 2014 (2014-06-22)3.67[29]
322"The Eye"Sergio Mimica-GezzanCarol BarbeeJune 29, 2014 (2014-06-29)2.96[30]
333"Exodus"Mikael SalomonJosh PateJuly 6, 2014 (2014-07-06)2.75[31]
344"Evolve or Die"Bill EaglesM. Raven MetznerJuly 13, 2014 (2014-07-13)2.78[32]
355"Mind Wars"Nathaniel GoodmanBruce Marshall RomansJuly 20, 2014 (2014-07-20)2.79[33]
366"Door Number Three"Jonathan FrakesMelissa GlennJuly 27, 2014 (2014-07-27)2.65[34]
377"Saturday Night Massacre"Olatunde OsunsanmiDavid Weddle & Bradley ThompsonAugust 3, 2014 (2014-08-03)2.73[35]
388"A Thing with Feathers"David SolomonRyan MottesheardAugust 10, 2014 (2014-08-10)2.51[36]
399"Till Death Do Us Part"Greg BeemanCarol BarbeeAugust 17, 2014 (2014-08-17)2.46[37]
4010"Drawing Straws"Adam KaneJosh PateAugust 24, 2014 (2014-08-24)2.56[38]
4111"Space Oddity"Olatunde OsunsanmiM. Raven MetznerAugust 31, 2014 (2014-08-31)2.39[39]
4212"Shoot the Moon"Greg BeemanDavid EickAugust 31, 2014 (2014-08-31)2.43[39]

Season 5 (2015)

[edit]
No.
overall
No. in
season
TitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateUS viewers
(millions)
431"Find Your Warrior"Olatunde OsunsanmiDavid EickJune 28, 2015 (2015-06-28)2.04[40]
442"Hunger Pains"Olatunde OsunsanmiMarc DubeJuly 5, 2015 (2015-07-05)1.82[41]
453"Hatchlings"Rob LiebermanJonathan GlassnerJuly 12, 2015 (2015-07-12)1.88[42]
464"Pope Breaks Bad"Peter LetoJack KennyJuly 19, 2015 (2015-07-19)1.96[43]
475"Non-Essential Personnel"Olatunde OsunsanmiJim BarnesJuly 26, 2015 (2015-07-26)2.03[44]
486"Respite"Jonathan FrakesAyanna A. FloydAugust 2, 2015 (2015-08-02)1.93[45]
497"Everybody Has Their Reasons"Matt Earl BeesleyRyan MottesheardAugust 9, 2015 (2015-08-09)1.98[46]
508"Stalag 14th Virginia"Noah WyleJack KennyAugust 16, 2015 (2015-08-16)1.94[47]
519"Reunion"Brad TurnerMarc DubeAugust 23, 2015 (2015-08-23)1.76[48]
5210"Reborn"Olatunde OsunsanmiDavid EickAugust 30, 2015 (2015-08-30)2.39[49]

Ratings

[edit]
Falling Skies : U.S. viewers per episode (millions)
SeasonEpisode numberAverage
123456789101112
15.915.914.204.073.904.274.074.315.705.544.70
24.464.463.813.393.643.613.453.343.463.843.75
34.214.212.793.553.223.493.333.743.063.743.53
43.672.962.752.782.792.652.732.512.462.562.392.432.72
52.041.821.881.962.031.931.981.941.762.391.97
Audience measurement performed by Nielsen Media Research[50][citation needed]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Seidman, Robert (March 10, 2011). "TNT Announces Summer Schedule". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on March 13, 2011. Retrieved March 10, 2011.
  2. ^ Young, John (January 21, 2010). "TNT picks up three new series, including Spielberg's alien-invasion show". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved January 8, 2011.
  3. ^ a b Seidman, Robert (June 21, 2011). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'Falling Skies,' 'Game of Thrones', 'The Killing,' 'In Plain Sight,' 'Law & Order: CI,' 'The Glades' and Much More". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on June 24, 2011. Retrieved June 21, 2011.
  4. ^ Seidman, Robert (June 28, 2011). "Sunday Cable Ratings: More 'True Blood' & 'Falling Skies,' + 'Kardashians,' 'Law & Order: CI,' 'The Glades' and Much More". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on July 1, 2011. Retrieved June 29, 2011.
  5. ^ Seidman, Robert (July 6, 2011). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'True Blood' Falls Far & 'Falling Skies' Doesn't Fall Much + 'Leverage'". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on July 9, 2011. Retrieved July 6, 2011.
  6. ^ Seidman, Robert (July 12, 2011). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'True Blood' Bounces Back, 'Falling Skies' Steady + Women's World Cup, 'In Plain Sight,' 'The Glades' & More". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on July 14, 2011. Retrieved July 13, 2011.
  7. ^ Seidman, Robert (July 19, 2011). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'True Blood' Slips, 'Falling Skies' Steady + 'Breaking Bad,' 'Leverage,' 'In Plain Sight,' 'The Glades' & More". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved July 19, 2011.
  8. ^ Seidman, Robert (July 26, 2011). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'True Blood' Rises, 'Falling Skies' Steady + Kardashians, 'Entourage,' 'Breaking Bad,' 'Leverage,' 'The Glades' & Much More". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on September 10, 2011. Retrieved July 26, 2011.
  9. ^ Seidman, Robert (August 2, 2011). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'True Blood,' Shark Week, 'Falling Skies,' 'In Plain Sight,' 'Breaking Bad,' 'Leverage,' & Much More". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on September 10, 2011. Retrieved August 2, 2011.
  10. ^ a b Seidman, Robert (August 9, 2011). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'True Blood,' Kardashians, 'Falling Skies,' 'In Plain Sight,' 'Breaking Bad,' & Much More". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on September 11, 2011. Retrieved August 9, 2011.
  11. ^ a b Bibel, Sara (June 19, 2012). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'True Blood', 'Falling Skies', 'Real Housewives of NJ', 'Keeping up with the Kardashians' + NASCAR & More". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on June 22, 2012. Retrieved June 19, 2012.
  12. ^ Bibel, Sara (June 26, 2012). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'True Blood' Wins Night, 'Falling Skies', 'Real Housewives of New Jersey', 'The Newsroom', 'Army Wives' ,'The Glades' & More". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on June 29, 2012. Retrieved June 26, 2012.
  13. ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (July 3, 2012). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'BET Awards' + 'True Blood', European Football, 'Keeping Up With the Kardashians', 'Real Housewives of NJ' & More". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on July 6, 2012. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
  14. ^ Bibel, Sara (July 10, 2012). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'True Blood' Wins Night, 'Keeping Up With the Kardashians', 'Falling Skies', 'Army Wives', 'The Newsroom', 'Drop Dead Diva', 'Longmire', 'Walking Dead Marathon' & More". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on July 12, 2012. Retrieved July 11, 2012.
  15. ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (July 17, 2012). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'True Blood' Beats 'Breaking Bad' Premiere, + 'Keeping Up With the Kardashians', 'Very Funny News', 'Real Housewives of New Jersey', 'Falling Skies' & More". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on July 18, 2012. Retrieved July 17, 2012.
  16. ^ Bibel, Sara (July 24, 2012). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'True Blood' Wins Night, 'Breaking Bad', 'Falling Skies', 'Army Wives', 'The Newsroom', 'Longmire' & More". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on July 27, 2012. Retrieved July 24, 2012.
  17. ^ Bibel, Sara (August 7, 2012). "Sunday Cable Ratings:'True Blood' Wins Night, 'Keeping Up With the Kardashians', 'Falling Skies', 'Breaking Bad', 'Army Wives', 'Leverage'& More". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on August 10, 2012. Retrieved August 7, 2012.
  18. ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (August 14, 2012). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'True Blood' Beats 'Comedy Central Roast of Roseanne' + 'Falling Skies', NASCAR, 'Army Wives' & More". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on August 16, 2012. Retrieved August 14, 2012.
  19. ^ Bibel, Sara (August 21, 2012). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'True Blood' Wins Night, 'Fallling Skies', 'Breaking Bad', 'Army Wives', 'The Newsroom','Leverage' & More". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on August 24, 2012. Retrieved August 21, 2012.
  20. ^ a b Bibel, Sara (June 11, 2013). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'Game of Thrones' Wins Night, 'Falling Skies', 'Mad Men', 'Army Wives', 'Veep', 'The Client List' & More". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on June 14, 2013. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  21. ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (June 18, 2013). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'True Blood' Wins Night + Sprint Cup Racing, 'Keeping Up With the Kardashians', 'Falling Skies', 'Real Housewives of NJ' & More". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on June 21, 2013. Retrieved June 18, 2013.
  22. ^ Bibel, Sara (June 25, 2013). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'Skywire Live' Wins Night, 'True Blood', 'Falling Skies', 'Mad Men', 'Drop Dead Diva' & More". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on June 28, 2013. Retrieved June 25, 2013.
  23. ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (July 2, 2013). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'BET Awards' Wins Night + 'True Blood', 'Dexter', 'Keeping Up With the Kardashians', 'Falling Skies' & More". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on July 5, 2013. Retrieved July 2, 2013.
  24. ^ Bibel, Sara (July 10, 2013). "Sunday Cable Ratings:'True Blood' Wins Night, 'Keeping Up With the Kardashians', 'Dexter', 'Falling Skies', 'Devious Maids', 'The Killing' & More". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on July 13, 2013. Retrieved July 10, 2013.
  25. ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (July 16, 2013). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'True Blood' Wins Night + 'Keeping Up With the Kardashians', 'Sprint Cup', 'Real Housewives of NJ', 'Falling Skies' & More". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on July 19, 2013. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
  26. ^ Bibel, Sara (July 23, 2013). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'True Blood' Wins Night, 'Naked and Afraid', 'Falling Skies', 'Dexter', 'Devious Maids', 'The Newsroom' & More". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on July 26, 2013. Retrieved July 24, 2013.
  27. ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (July 30, 2013). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'True Blood' Wins Night + 'Naked and Afraid', 'Keeping Up With the Kardashians', NASCAR, 'Dexter' & More". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on August 1, 2013. Retrieved August 2, 2013.
  28. ^ Bibel, Sara (August 6, 2013). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'True Blood' & 'Megalodon: The Monster Shark Lives' Win Night, 'Dexter', 'Devious Maids', 'The Killing', 'The Newsroom' & More". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on August 9, 2013. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
  29. ^ Bibel, Sara (June 24, 2014). "Sunday Cable Ratings: World Cup Soccer Wins Night, 'True Blood', 'The Last Ship', 'Falling Skies', 'Devious Maids', 'Penny Dreadful' & More". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on June 27, 2014. Retrieved June 24, 2014.
  30. ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (July 1, 2014). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'BET Awards' Leads Night + World Cup Soccer, 'True Blood', 'Keeping Up With the Kardashians', 'The Last Ship' & More". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 11, 2014. Retrieved July 1, 2014.
  31. ^ Bibel, Sara (July 9, 2014). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'True Blood' Wins Night, 'The Last Ship', 'Falling Skies', 'The Leftovers', 'Devious Maids', 'Witches of East End', & More". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on July 12, 2014. Retrieved July 9, 2014.
  32. ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (July 15, 2014). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'True Blood' Tops Night + 'The Strain', 'Keeping Up With the Kardashians', 'The Last Ship' & More". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on July 17, 2014. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
  33. ^ Bibel, Sara (July 22, 2014). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'True Blood' Wins Night, 'The Last Ship', 'The Strain', 'Witches of East End', 'Ray Donovan' & More". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on July 29, 2014. Retrieved July 22, 2014.
  34. ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (July 29, 2014). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'True Blood' Leads Night + NASCAR, 'Keeping Up With the Kardashians', 'The Last Ship', 'The Strain' & More". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on July 29, 2014. Retrieved July 29, 2014.
  35. ^ Bibel, Sara (August 5, 2014). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'True Blood' Wins Night, 'The Strain', 'Keeping Up With The Kardashians', 'The Last Ship', 'The Leftovers', 'Falling Skies' & More". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on August 8, 2014. Retrieved August 5, 2014.
  36. ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (August 12, 2014). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'Shark of Darkness: Wrath of Submarine' Tops Night + 'True Blood', 'Air Jaws', NASCAR & More". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on August 12, 2014. Retrieved August 12, 2014.
  37. ^ Bibel, Sara (August 19, 2014). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'True Blood' Wins Night, 'Keeping Up With the Kardashians', 'The Strain', 'The Last Ship', 'The Leftovers' & More". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on August 20, 2014. Retrieved August 19, 2014.
  38. ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (August 26, 2014). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'Video Music Awards' Tops Night + 'True Blood', 'The Strain', 'The Last Ship' & More". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on August 27, 2014. Retrieved August 26, 2014.
  39. ^ a b Bibel, Sara (September 3, 2014). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'Keeping Up With the Kardashians' Wins Night, NASCAR, 'The Strain', 'Falling Skies', 'Ray Donovan' & More". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on September 4, 2014. Retrieved September 3, 2014.
  40. ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (June 30, 2015). "Sunday Cable Ratings: BET Awards Tops Night + 'True Detective', 'Ballers', 'Naked and Afraid' & More". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on July 3, 2015. Retrieved June 30, 2015.
  41. ^ Bibel, Sara (July 8, 2015). "Sunday Cable Ratings: Shark Week Wins Night, 'True Detective', ' Ballers', 'The Last Ship', 'Botched', 'Falling Skies' & More". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on July 9, 2015. Retrieved July 8, 2015.
  42. ^ Bibel, Sara (July 14, 2015). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'Naked and Afraid XL' Wins Night, 'True Detective', 'Basketball Wives', 'Ballers', 'The Strain' & More". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on July 14, 2015. Retrieved July 14, 2015.
  43. ^ Bibel, Sara (July 21, 2015). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'Naked and Afraid XL' Wins Night, 'True Detective', 'Ballers', 'The Strain', 'The Last Ship', 'Tut' & More". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on July 24, 2015. Retrieved July 21, 2015.
  44. ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (July 28, 2015). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'I am Cait' Tops Night + 'Naked & Afraid XL', 'Rick & Morty', 'True Detective', NASCAR, 'Ballers' & More". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on July 31, 2015. Retrieved July 28, 2015.
  45. ^ Bibel, Sara (August 4, 2015). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'Rick and Morty' & 'Naked and Afraid XL', Win Night, 'True Detective', 'The Last Ship', 'Ballers', 'The Strain', 'Ray Donovan' & More". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on August 6, 2015. Retrieved August 5, 2015.
  46. ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (August 11, 2015). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'True Detective' Tops Night + 'Naked and Afraid XL', 'Rick & Morty', 'Ballers', & More". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on August 13, 2015. Retrieved August 11, 2015.
  47. ^ Bibel, Sara (August 18, 2015). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'Naked and Afraid XL' Wins Night, 'Rick & Morty', 'Ballers', 'The Last Ship', 'The Strain', 'Ray Donovan' & More". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on August 20, 2015. Retrieved August 18, 2015.
  48. ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (August 25, 2015). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'Fear the Walking Dead' Tops Night + 'Talking Dead', 'Naked & Afraid', 'Rick & Morty', & More". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on August 28, 2015. Retrieved August 25, 2015.
  49. ^ Bibel, Sara (September 1, 2015). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'Fear The Walking Dead' Wins Night, 'MTV Video Music Awards', 'Rick & Morty', 'The Last Ship', 'Falling Skies', 'Ray Donovan' & More". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on September 2, 2015. Retrieved September 1, 2015.
  50. ^ For the second season, see "Falling Skies: Season Two Ratings". TV Series Finale. August 21, 2012. Retrieved April 14, 2020.

    For the third season, see "Falling Skies: Season Three Ratings". TV Series Finale. August 6, 2013. Retrieved April 14, 2020.


    For the fourth season, see "Falling Skies: Season Four Ratings". TV Series Finale. September 3, 2014. Retrieved April 14, 2020.


    For the fifth season, see "Falling Skies: Season Five Ratings". TV Series Finale. September 1, 2015. Retrieved April 14, 2020.

[edit]