List of Manchester Metrolink tram stops
Since opening in 1992, the Manchester Metrolink light-rail/tram system has grown to a network of 99 tram stops.
The system opened on 6 April 1992 with 10 tram stops from Manchester Victoria station to Bury, beginning Phase 1 of the network's expansion. Phase 1 continued and lines through the city centre and to Altrincham were built and opened on 27 April and 15 June of that year respectively, along with a short spur to Manchester Piccadilly railway station via Piccadilly Gardens on 20 July.
Before Phase 2, in 1998, High Street tram stop was closed, and Market Street was redeveloped to a bi-directional tram stop.
Phase 2 gave the network 12 new tram stops: a new interchange at Cornbrook was opened, plus a new line through Salford Quays up to Broadway tram stop in 1999, and was extended to Eccles in 2000.
Before Phase 3 began, on 20 September 2010, MediaCityUK tram stop opened on a small spur of the Eccles Line, and G-Mex tram stop was renamed to Deansgate-Castlefield, its current name.
Phase 3a involved the construction of 36 new stops and new lines to Oldham and Rochdale, Droylsden and Chorlton. The first stops as part of Phase 3a opened on 7 July 2011 on the South Manchester Line up to St Werburgh's Road and the final stop opened on 31 March 2014 on the Oldham and Rochdale Line up to Rochdale Town Centre.
Woodlands Road tram stop closed in 2013 to make way for two new stops at Queens Road, serving the Metrolink depot and transport museum, and Abraham Moss, serving the library and leisure centre in the area.
During Phase 3b, a new 9 miles (14 km) line to Manchester Airport became operational in November 2014 - over a year ahead of schedule.[1][2] The East Manchester Line was extended from Droylsden to Ashton-under-Lyne, and the South Manchester Line from St Werburgh's Road in Chorlton to East Didsbury.
After the Airport Line opened, the Manchester Metrolink was complete, but could still be extended to regions not reached, which led to the Trafford Park Line opening to the Trafford Centre in March 2020.
The network now consists of over 62 miles (100 km) of track, making it the largest tram system in the United Kingdom and second only to the London Underground in terms of an urban commuter network. The Metrolink system has 99 stops.
Primary future proposals include tram-trains to Bolton, Heywood, Hale, and Wigan, a spur off the Bury Line to Middleton, Ashton to Stalybridge, the Wythenshawe Loop, and most likely the first to happen,[3] an extension from East Didsbury to Stockport's interchange.
List of Metrolink stops
[edit]Current stops
[edit]Borough | Tram stops |
---|---|
Manchester | 42 |
Trafford | 18 |
Oldham | 10 |
Salford | 10 |
Tameside | 7 |
Bury | 6 |
Rochdale | 6 |
Bolton | 0 |
Stockport | 0 |
Wigan | 0 |
Total | 99 |
Correct as of 8 March 2024
Tram stop[4] | Photo | Line | Metropolitan borough | District | Opened | Zone | Footfall 2021/22[5] | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abraham Moss | Bury | Manchester | Cheetham Hill | 18 November 2011 | 2 | 153,900 | For Abraham Moss Library and College Campus. | |
Altrincham ( Altrincham) | Altrincham | Trafford | Altrincham | 15 June 1992 | 4 | 1,755,800 | For Altrincham Interchange. Terminus of the Altrincham Line. | |
Anchorage | Eccles | Salford | Salford Quays | 6 December 1999 | 2 | 230,721 | For Anchorage Quay. | |
Ashton Moss | East Manchester | Tameside | Ashton Moss | 9 October 2013 | 3 | 128,400 | For Ashton Leisure Complex and Snipe Retail Park. | |
Ashton-under-Lyne ( Ashton-under-Lyne) | East Manchester | Tameside | Ashton-under-Lyne | 9 October 2013 | 3 | 499,100 | For Ashton-under-lyne Interchange and its railway station. Terminus of the East Manchester Line. | |
Ashton West | East Manchester | Tameside | Ashton Moss | 9 October 2013 | 3 | 85,200 | For Leisure and retail complex and Tameside stadium | |
Audenshaw | East Manchester | Tameside | Audenshaw | 9 October 2013 | 3 | 129,800 | Serves Audenshaw. | |
Baguley | Airport | Manchester | Baguley | 3 November 2014 | 3 | 82,800 | Serves Baguley and Roundthorn Industrial Estate. | |
Barlow Moor Road | Airport | Manchester | Chorlton-cum-Hardy | 3 November 2014 | 2/3 | 290,700 | For Chorlton Park. | |
Barton Dock Road | Trafford Park | Trafford | Trafford Park | 22 March 2020 | 3 | 219,300 | For Trafford Palazzo. | |
Benchill | Airport | Manchester | Wythenshawe Civic Centre | 3 November 2014 | 4 | 122,200 | For Benchill Health Centre, and sixth form college | |
Besses o' th' Barn | Bury | Bury | Besses o' th' Barn | 6 April 1992 | 3 | 319,400 | Serves small area of Whitefield, Manchester. | |
Bowker Vale | Bury | Manchester | Higher Blackley | 6 April 1992 | 2/3 | 310,500 | Serves Higher Blackley and Bowker Vale areas of Manchester. | |
Broadway | Eccles | Salford | Salford Quays | 6 December 1999 | 2 | 87,521 | Serves MediaCityUK, along with Harbour City and MediaCityUK tram stops. | |
Brooklands | Altrincham | Trafford | Brooklands | 15 June 1992 | 3/4 | 768,900 | Serves the Brooklands area of Sale. | |
Burton Road | South Manchester | Manchester | Didsbury | 23 May 2013 | 3 | 786,300 | For Withington, Withington Community Hospital, and West Didsbury. | |
Bury | Bury | Bury | Bury | 6 April 1992 | 4 | 1,699,400 | For Bury Interchange and the town centre. Terminus of the Bury Line. | |
Cemetery Road | East Manchester | Tameside | Droylsden | 8 February 2013 | 3 | 112,800 | Serves parts of Droylsden and Fairfield. | |
Central Park | Oldham and Rochdale | Manchester | Newton Heath | 13 June 2012 | 2 | 147,500 | For Central Park (business park), and Moston. | |
Chorlton | South Manchester | Manchester | Chorlton-cum-Hardy | 7 July 2011 | 2 | 1,216,800 | Serves Chorlton. | |
Clayton Hall | East Manchester | Manchester | Clayton | 8 February 2013 | 2 | 100,900 | For Clayton Hall and the rest of Clayton. | |
Cornbrook | Altrincham | Manchester | St George's | 6 December 1999 | 1/2 | 1,289,000 | Major interchange on the Metrolink network. | |
Crossacres | Airport | Manchester | Wythenshawe Civic Centre | 3 November 2014 | 4 | 54,800 | For Crossacres and Wythenshawe Fire Station. | |
Crumpsall | Bury | Manchester | Crumpsall | 6 April 1992 | 2 | 358,500 | Serves Crumpsall. | |
Dane Road | Altrincham | Trafford | Sale | 15 June 1992 | 3 | 275,100 | For Priory Gardens and parts of Sale. | |
Deansgate-Castlefield ( Deansgate) | First City Crossing | Manchester | Castlefield | 27 April 1992 | 1 | 2,506,400 | For Great Northern Warehouse, Mamucium Roman Fort, Beetham Tower, and Deansgate Locks. Formerly named G-Mex (1992–2010). A third platform was added in 2015. | |
Derker | Oldham and Rochdale | Oldham | Derker | 16 December 2012 | 3/4 | 265,900 | Serves Derker in Oldham. | |
Didsbury Village | South Manchester | Manchester | Didsbury | 23 May 2013 | 3 | 542,400 | For Didsbury Park. | |
Droylsden | East Manchester | Tameside | Droylsden | 8 February 2013 | 3 | 199,200 | Serves parts of Droylsden and Audenshaw. Former terminus of the East Manchester Line. (Feb-Oct 2013) | |
East Didsbury ( East Didsbury) | South Manchester | Manchester | Parrs Wood | 23 May 2013 | 3 | 598,300 | For East Didsbury railway station, and Parrs Wood bus station. Terminus of the South Manchester Line. | |
Eccles ( Eccles) | Eccles | Salford | Eccles | 21 July 2000 | 2 | 390,100 | For Eccles Interchange. Terminus of the Eccles Line. | |
Edge Lane | East Manchester | Tameside | Droylsden | 8 February 2013 | 2/3 | 198,000 | Serves parts of East Manchester and Droylsden. | |
Etihad Campus | East Manchester | Manchester | Beswick | 8 February 2013 | 2 | 326,400 | For the City of Manchester Stadium and Sportcity. | |
Exchange Quay | Eccles | Salford | Salford Quays | 6 December 1999 | 2 | 798,821 | For Exchange Quay and Ordsall. | |
Exchange Square | Second City Crossing | Manchester | Deansgate | 6 December 2015 | 1 | 1,611,500 | For the Manchester Arndale. | |
Failsworth | Oldham and Rochdale | Oldham | Failsworth | 13 June 2012 | 3 | 242,100 | Serves Failsworth and parts of New Moston. | |
Firswood | South Manchester | Trafford | Firswood | 7 July 2011 | 2 | 318,800 | Serves parts of Old Trafford as well as Firswood. | |
Freehold | Oldham and Rochdale | Oldham | Werneth | 13 June 2012 | 3 | 207,100 | Serves Freehold, and parts of Chadderton and Werneth. | |
Harbour City | Eccles | Salford | Salford Quays | 6 December 1999 | 2 | 377,621 | Serves Salford Quays, and MediaCityUK, along with Broadway and MediaCityUK tram stops. | |
Heaton Park | Bury | Bury | Prestwich | 6 April 1992 | 3 | 572,000 | For Heaton Park and parts of Prestwich. | |
Hollinwood | Oldham and Rochdale | Oldham | Hollinwood | 13 June 2012 | 3 | 241,900 | Serves parts of Failsworth, New Moston, and Whitegate. | |
Holt Town | East Manchester | Manchester | Bradford | 8 February 2013 | 2 | 66,300 | Serves Bradford (Manchester), and parts of Beswick. | |
Imperial War Museum | Trafford Park | Trafford | Trafford Park | 22 March 2020 | 2 | 269,600 | For the Imperial War Museum and Salford Quays. | |
Kingsway Business Park | Oldham and Rochdale | Rochdale | Firgrove | 28 February 2013 | 4 | 181,700 | For Kingsway Business Park and Firgrove. | |
Ladywell | Eccles | Salford | Weaste | 21 July 2000 | 2 | 254,121 | Named after Ladywell Roundabout. Serves Canterbury Gardens and parts of Trafford Park. | |
Langworthy | Eccles | Salford | Seedley | 21 July 2000 | 2 | 198,821 | Serves Langworthy and parts of Seedley and Salford. | |
Manchester Airport ( Airport railway station Manchester Airport) | Airport | Manchester | Ringway | 3 November 2014 | 4 | 233,900 | For Manchester Airport and its railway station. Terminus of the Airport Line. | |
Market Street | First City Crossing | Manchester | Northern Quarter | 27 April 1992 | 1 | 1,668,500 | For Manchester's main retail district, and the Manchester Arndale. | |
Martinscroft | Airport | Manchester | Baguley | 3 November 2014 | 4 | 96,700 | Named after adjacent road. Serves parts of Baguley and Newall Green. | |
MediaCityUK | MediaCityUK spur | Salford | MediaCityUK | 20 September 2010 | 2 | 936,021 | For Salford Quays and MediaCityUK. | |
Milnrow | Oldham and Rochdale | Rochdale | Milnrow | 28 February 2013 | 4 | 235,800 | Serves the village of Milnrow. | |
Monsall | Oldham and Rochdale | Manchester | Monsall | 13 June 2012 | 2 | 76,900 | Serves Monsall. | |
Moor Road | Airport | Manchester | Baguley | 3 November 2014 | 3 | 136,600 | For Wythenshawe Park, Brooklands Library, and Brookway Retail Park. | |
Navigation Road | Altrincham | Trafford | Altrincham | 15 June 1992 | 4 | 520,300 | Mainline trains run on adjacent platform. For Altrincham and Navigation Recreation Ground. | |
New Islington | East Manchester | Manchester | New Islington | 8 February 2013 | 1 | 560,500 | For New Islington, Bradford, and Ancoats. | |
Newbold | Oldham and Rochdale | Rochdale | Newbold | 28 February 2013 | 4 | 192,800 | For Newbold, Rochdale, and Firgrove. | |
Newhey | Oldham and Rochdale | Rochdale | Newhey | 28 February 2013 | 4 | 122,200 | For Minrow and Newhey. | |
Newton Heath and Moston | Oldham and Rochdale | Manchester | Newton Heath | 13 June 2012 | 2/3 | 193,300 | For Newton Heath and parts of Moston. | |
Northern Moor | Airport | Manchester | Northern Moor | 3 November 2014 | 3 | 171,300 | For Sale Moor and Northern Moor. | |
Old Trafford | Altrincham | Trafford | Old Trafford | 15 June 1992 | 2 | 958,200 | For Old Trafford Cricket Ground. | |
Oldham Central | Oldham and Rochdale | Oldham | Oldham Town Centre | 27 January 2014 | 3 | 478,900 | For The Spindles shopping centre. | |
Oldham King Street | Oldham and Rochdale | Oldham | Oldham Town Centre | 27 January 2014 | 3 | 252,600 | For Oldham Sixth Form College and leisure centre. | |
Oldham Mumps | Oldham and Rochdale | Oldham | Oldham Town Centre | 27 January 2014 | 3 | 274,300 | For Oldham Mumps bus station. | |
Parkway | Trafford Park | Trafford | Trafford Park | 22 March 2020 | 2/3 | 102,100 | Named after Parkway Circle. For Bowlers Exhibition Centre. | |
Peel Hall | Airport | Manchester | Woodhouse Park | 3 November 2014 | 4 | 50,400 | For Peel Hall, Heald Green railway station and Woodhouse Park. | |
Piccadilly ( Piccadilly) | Piccadilly spur | Manchester | Piccadilly | 20 July 1992 | 1 | 2,379,400 | For Manchester Piccadilly railway station. | |
Piccadilly Gardens | Piccadilly spur | Manchester | Piccadilly | 20 July 1992 | 1 | 2,618,900 | For Manchester Piccadilly Gardens bus station. | |
Pomona | Eccles | Trafford | Pomona Docks | 6 December 1999 | 2 | 23,730 | Interchange stop for Eccles and Trafford Park lines. For Pomona Docks. | |
Prestwich | Bury | Bury | Prestwich | 6 April 1992 | 3 | 735,400 | For Prestwich town centre. | |
Queens Road | Bury | Manchester | Cheetham Hill | 16 December 2013 | 2 | 142,300 | For Cheetham Hill, Museum of Transport, Queens Road Metrolink depot and Queens Road bus depot | |
Radcliffe | Bury | Bury | Radcliffe | 6 April 1992 | 4 | 573,300 | For Radcliffe town centre. | |
Robinswood Road | Airport | Manchester | Woodhouse Park | 3 November 2014 | 4 | 28,700 | For Woodhouse Park and Wythenshawe Civic Centre. | |
Rochdale Railway Station ( Rochdale) | Oldham and Rochdale | Rochdale | Rochdale Town Centre | 28 February 2013 | 4 | 208,000 | For Rochdale railway station. | |
Rochdale Town Centre | Oldham and Rochdale | Rochdale | Rochdale Town Centre | 31 March 2014 | 4 | 544,200 | For Rochdale Interchange and Number One Riverside. Terminus of the Oldham-Rochdale Line. | |
Roundthorn | Airport | Manchester | Baguley | 3 November 2014 | 3/4 | 235,500 | For Roundthorn industrial estate and Wythenshawe Hospital. | |
Sale | Altrincham | Trafford | Sale | 15 June 1992 | 3 | 1,097,100 | For Sale town centre. | |
Sale Water Park | Airport | Trafford | Sale Moor | 3 November 2014 | 3 | 138,300 | For Sale Water Park and Sale Moor. | |
Salford Quays | Eccles | Salford | Salford Quays | 6 December 1999 | 2 | 459,821 | For Salford Quays. Close to the site of former Salford Docks railway station. | |
Shadowmoss | Airport | Manchester | Moss Nook | 3 November 2014 | 4 | 76,400 | For Moss Nook and Woodhouse Park. | |
Shaw and Crompton | Oldham and Rochdale | Oldham | Shaw and Crompton | 16 December 2012 | 4 | 497,200 | For Shaw and Crompton, High Crompton, and Heyside. | |
Shudehill (Shudehill Interchange) | First City Crossing | Manchester | Northern Quarter | 31 March 2003 | 1 | 710,000 | For The Printworks and Manchester Shudehill bus station. | |
South Chadderton | Oldham and Rochdale | Oldham | Chadderton | 13 June 2012 | 3 | 215,000 | For Chadderton and Butler Green. | |
St Peter's Square | First City Crossing | Manchester | Petersfield | 27 April 1992 | 1 | 4,930,000 | Closed from 28 June 2015 – 28 August 2016 for re-development and was transformed into a four-platform interchange due to Phase 2CC. | |
St Werburgh's Road | South Manchester | Manchester | Chorlton-cum-Hardy | 7 July 2011 | 2/3 | 279,500 | For interchange with South Manchester and Airport lines. Former terminus of the South Manchester Line. | |
Stretford | Altrincham | Trafford | Stretford | 15 June 1992 | 2/3 | 775,500 | For Stretford town centre, Longford Park and Turn Moss Playing Fields. | |
The Trafford Centre | Trafford Park | Trafford | Trafford Park | 22 March 2020 | 3 | 515,400 | For The Trafford Centre shopping centre and its bus station. | |
Timperley | Altrincham | Trafford | Timperley | 15 June 1992 | 4 | 536,700 | For West Timperley and Boradheath. | |
Trafford Bar | Altrincham | Trafford | Old Trafford | 15 June 1992 | 2 | 855,900 | For Old Trafford. Interchange stop with the Altrincham and South Manchester Lines. | |
Velopark | East Manchester | Manchester | Clayton | 8 February 2013 | 2 | 212,700 | For The Velodrome, Eastlands, Clayton, and Etihad Campus. | |
Victoria ( Manchester Victoria) | Bury | Manchester | Victoria | 6 April 1992 | 1 | 1,855,500 | Redeveloped from 2014 to 2015 with two extra platforms (4). Interchange stop for the Bury and Oldham-Rochdale lines. For Manchester Victoria railway station. | |
Village | Trafford Park | Trafford | Trafford Park | 22 March 2020 | 2 | 62,600 | For Westbrook Business Park and Trafford Park freight terminal. | |
Weaste | Eccles | Salford | Weaste | 21 July 2000 | 2 | 204,021 | For Weaste, Seedley, and Buile Hill Park. | |
West Didsbury | South Manchester | Manchester | Didsbury | 23 May 2013 | 3 | 414,900 | For West Didsbury and Withington. | |
Westwood | Oldham and Rochdale | Oldham | Westwood | 27 January 2014 | 3 | 126,900 | For Boundary Park, Chadderton, Westwood, and Werneth. | |
Wharfside | Trafford Park | Trafford | Trafford Park | 22 March 2020 | 2 | 333,700 | For Old Trafford Stadium and MediaCityUK. | |
Whitefield | Bury | Bury | Whitefield | 6 April 1992 | 3/4 | 718,800 | For Whitefield town centre. | |
Withington | South Manchester | Manchester | Hough End | 23 May 2013 | 3 | 183,900 | For Hough End and parts of Withington. | |
Wythenshawe Park | Airport | Manchester | Northern Moor | 3 November 2014 | 3 | 159,800 | For Wythenshawe Park and parts of Brooklands and Baguley. | |
Wythenshawe Town Centre | Airport | Manchester | Wythenshawe Town Centre | 3 November 2014 | 4 | 306,400 | For Wythenshawe Interchange. |
Former stops
[edit]Stop | Photo | Line[*] | Metropolitan borough | District | Closed | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
High Street | First City Crossing | Manchester | Northern Quarter | 10 August 1998 | Closed in 1998 due to car traffic requirements on High Street. Replaced with a bi-direction Market Street. | |
Mosley Street | First City Crossing | Manchester | Piccadilly | 18 May 2013 | Closed in 2013 due to insufficient capacity with the opening of new Metrolink lines. More services created a bottleneck and trams at this stop would frequently hold-up trams behind so the stop was removed. | |
Woodlands Road | Bury | Manchester | Cheetham Hill | 16 December 2013 | Closed to make way for Queens Road (serving the depot), and Abraham Moss (serving the library and school). Originally a railway station, which was closed for Metrolink. |
Fictional stops
[edit]Stop | Photo | Line(s)[*] | Metropolitan borough | District | First seen | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Weatherfield North | Eccles | Salford | Weatherfield | 20 April 2018 | A fictional tram stop introduced into the Granada Television soap opera Coronation Street in 2018. The set is located at the Coronation Street set in MediaCityUK[6] |
Map
[edit]Future
[edit]Proposed
[edit]Buckley Wells, Elton Reservoir and Sandhills have been proposed as additional stops on the Bury Line, as well as Cop Road on the Oldham and Rochdale Line.[7][8]
Plans for Buckley Wells tram stop were eventually cancelled.
Stop[4] | Line[*] | Metropolitan borough | District | Planned opening | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cop Road | Oldham and Rochdale Line | Oldham | Moorside | ||
Davenport Green | Wythenshawe Loop | Manchester | Wythenshawe | ||
Elton Reservoir | Bury Line | Bury | Fishpool | ||
Gorsey Bank | Stockport Line | Stockport | Stockport | ||
Heaton Mersey | Stockport Line | Heaton Mersey | Stockport | ||
Kings Reach | Stockport Line | Stockport | Stockport | ||
Newall Green | Wythenshawe Loop | Manchester | Wythenshawe | ||
Piccadilly Central | TBD | Manchester | Piccadilly | ||
Port Salford | Trafford Park Line | Salford | Barton-upon-Irwell | ||
Salford Reds | Trafford Park Line | Salford | Barton-upon-Irwell | ||
Sandhills | Bury Line | Manchester | Collyhurst | ||
Stockport Interchange | Stockport Line | Stockport | Stockport | ||
Trafford Quays | Trafford Park Line | Trafford | Trafford Park | ||
Wythenshawe Hospital | Wythenshawe Loop | Manchester | Wythenshawe |
Cancelled
[edit]Some stops were planned along new lines but were eventually dropped. All cancelled stops were scheduled to open before 2019 when the zonal fares system was implemented, so therefore, did not have a Metrolink zone.
Stop[4] | Line(s)[*] | Metropolitan borough | District | Metrolink Zone | Planned opening | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Drake Street | Oldham and Rochdale Line | Rochdale | Rochdale | - | - | Was to open between Rochdale Railway Station and Rochdale Town Centre tram stops, just off of Drake Street. |
Hardy Farm | Airport Line | Manchester | Chorlton-cum-Hardy | - | 2016 | Was to open between the current Barlow Moor Road and Sale Water Park tram stops, on the western end of Hardy Road in Chorlton. |
Haveley | Airport Line | Manchester | Wythenshawe | - | 2016 | Was to open immediately east of the M56 after the Metrolink bridge over it near Martinscroft. |
Hough End | Airport Line | Manchester | Wythenshawe | - | 2016 | - |
Woodhouse Park | Airport Line | Manchester | Wythenshawe | - | 2016 | Was to open as the last stop before Manchester Airport, along Aviator Way. |
Platforms
[edit]Metrolink tram stops have between one and four platforms, though most (91) have two platforms. Some are island platforms allowing easier transfers between services.
Platforms | Stops |
---|---|
4 | St Peter's Square, Victoria |
3 | Crumpsall, Deansgate-Castlefield, Shaw and Crompton |
2 | All other stops |
1 | Eccles, Navigation Road, Newton Heath and Moston |
See also
[edit]Part of a series of articles on |
Manchester Metrolink |
---|
References
[edit]- ^ Metrolink.co.uk. "Airport line". Archived from the original on 20 May 2013. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
- ^ Guardian (2 November 2014). "Manchester Metrolink line opens more than a year ahead of schedule". TheGuardian.com. Retrieved 3 November 2014.
- ^ "MSN". www.msn.com. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
- ^ a b c "Metrolink – Stop Information". Manchester Metrolink. TfGM. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
- ^ "Passenger numbers by Metrolink station". WhatDoTheyKnow. 2 August 2023. Retrieved 28 August 2023.
- ^ Bourne, Dianne (12 March 2018). "First look at Coronation Street's new street". men. Archived from the original on 15 March 2018. Retrieved 15 March 2018.
- ^ "Metolink Network" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 July 2011.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
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