List of Proton launches (1980–1989)
This is a list of launches made by the Proton rocket between 1980 and 1989. All launches were conducted from the Baikonur Cosmodrome.
List of Proton launches |
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1965–1969 · 1970–1979 · 1980–1989 · 1990–1999 · 2000–2009 · 2010–2019 · 2020–2029 |
Launches
[edit]Date/time (UTC) | Configuration | Serial number | Launch pad | Outcome | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Payload | Separation orbit | Operator | Function | ||
Remarks | |||||
1980[edit] | |||||
20 February 1980 08:05 | Proton-K/DM 8K82K/11S86 | 297-01 | Site 200/39 | Successful | |
Gran' #16L (Raduga) | Geosynchronous | Communications | |||
First launch from Site 200/39 | |||||
14 June 1980 00:49 | Proton-K/DM 8K82K/11S86 | 303-02 | Site 200/39 | Successful | |
Gorizont #15L | Geosynchronous | Communications | |||
14 July 1980 22:35 | Proton-K/DM 8K82K/11S86 | 301-01 | Site 200/40 | Successful | |
Ekran #19L | Geosynchronous | Communications | |||
5 October 1980 17:10 | Proton-K/DM 8K82K/11S86 | 300-01 | Site 200/39 | Successful | |
Gran' #17L | Geosynchronous | Communications | |||
26 December 1980 11:49 | Proton-K/DM 8K82K/11S86 | 304-01 | Site 200/40 | Successful | |
Ekran #20L | Geosynchronous | Communications | |||
1981[edit] | |||||
18 March 1981 04:40 | Proton-K/DM 8K82K/11S86 | 306-01 | Site 200/40 | Successful | |
Gran' #18L | Geosynchronous | Communications | |||
25 April 1981 02:01 | Proton-K 8K82K | 299-02 | Site 200/39 | Successful | |
Kosmos 1267 (TKS #16301) | Low Earth | Technology | |||
Spacecraft docked with Salyut 6 | |||||
25 June 1981 23:55 | Proton-K/DM 8K82K/11S86 | 305-01 | Site 200/40 | Successful | |
Ekran #21L | Geosynchronous | Communications | |||
30 July 1981 21:38 | Proton-K/DM 8K82K/11S86 | 301-02 | Site 200/39 | Successful | |
Gran' #19L | Geosynchronous | Communications | |||
9 October 1981, 16:59 | Proton-K/DM 8K82K/11S86 | 310-01 | Site 200/39 | Successful | |
Gran' #20L | Geosynchronous | Communications | |||
30 October 1981 06:04 | Proton-K/D-1 8K82K/11S824M | 311-01 | Site 200/40 | Successful | |
Venera 13 (Venera 4V-1M #760) | Heliocentric | Venus probe | |||
4 November 1981 05:31 | Proton-K/D-1 8K82K/11S824M | 311-02 | Site 200/39 | Successful | |
Venera 14 (Venera 4V-1M #761) | Heliocentric | Venus probe | |||
1982[edit] | |||||
5 February 1982 09:12 | Proton-K/DM 8K82K/11S86 | 308-01 | Site 200/40 | Successful | |
Ekran #22L | Geosynchronous | Communications | |||
15 March 1982 04:39 | Proton-K/DM 8K82K/11S86 | 305-02 | Site 200/39 | Successful | |
Gorizont #14L | Geosynchronous | Communications | |||
19 April 1982 19:45 | Proton-K 8K82K | 306-02 | Site 200/40 | Successful | |
Salyut 7 (DOS-6) | Low Earth | Space station | |||
17 May 1982 23:50 | Proton-K/DM 8K82K/11S86 | 310-02 | Site 200/39 | Successful | |
Kosmos 1366 (Geizer #11L) | Geosynchronous | Communications | |||
22 July 1982 22:11 | Proton-K/DM 8K82K/11S86 | 307-02 | Site 200/40 | Failure | |
Ekran #23L | Geosynchronous (intended) | Communications | |||
First stage hydraulic system malfunction. Automatic shutdown commanded T+45 seconds. | |||||
16 September 1982 18:31 | Proton-K/DM 8K82K/11S86 | 309-01 | Site 200/40 | Successful | |
Ekran #24L | Geosynchronous | Communications | |||
12 October 1982 14:57 | Proton-K/DM-2 8K82K/11S861 | 315-01 | Site 200/39 | Successful | |
Kosmos 1413 (Uragan #11L) | Medium Earth | Navigation | |||
Kosmos 1414 (Uragan GVM) | Medium Earth | Boilerplate | |||
Kosmos 1415 (Uragan GVM) | Medium Earth | Boilerplate | |||
First Proton-K launch with Block DM-2 upper stage | |||||
20 October 1982 16:26 | Proton-K/DM 8K82K/11S86 | 312-01 | Site 200/40 | Successful | |
Gorizont #16L | Geosynchronous | Communications | |||
26 November 1982 14:13 | Proton-K/DM 8K82K/11S86 | 313-01 | Site 200/39 | Successful | |
Gran' #21L (Raduga) | Geosynchronous | Communications | |||
24 December 1982 12:00 | Proton-K/DM 8K82K/11S86 | 314-01 | Site 200/39 | Failure | |
Gran' #22L (Raduga) | Geosynchronous (intended) | Communications | |||
Second stage engine failure T+230 seconds due to high frequency vibration. | |||||
1983[edit] | |||||
2 March 1983 09:37 | Proton-K 8K82K | 309-02 | Site 200/39 | Successful | |
Kosmos 1443 (TKS-M #16401) | Low Earth | Logistics/Technology | |||
Spacecraft docked with Salyut 7 | |||||
12 March 1983 14:00 | Proton-K/DM 8K82K/11S86 | 304-02 | Site 200/40 | Successful | |
Ekran #18L | Geosynchronous | Communications | |||
23 March 1983 12:45 | Proton-K/D-1 8K82K/11S824M | 307-01 | Site 200/39 | Successful | |
Astron (1A #602) | Highly elliptical | Astrophysical research | |||
8 April 1983 04:45 | Proton-K/DM 8K82K/11S86 | 315-02 | Site 200/40 | Successful | |
Gran' #23L (Raduga) | Geosynchronous | Communications | |||
2 June 1983 02:38 | Proton-K/D-1 8K82K/11S824M | 321-01 | Site 200/39 | Successful | |
Venera 15 (Venera 4V-2 #860) | Heliocentric | Venus probe | |||
7 June 1983 02:32 | Proton-K/D-1 8K82K/11S824M | 321-01 | Site 200/40 | Successful | |
Venera 16 (Venera 4V-2 #861) | Heliocentric | Venus probe | |||
30 June 1983 23:56 | Proton-K/DM 8K82K/11S86 | 314-02 | Site 200/39 | Successful | |
Gorizont #17L | Geosynchronous | Communications | |||
10 August 1983 18:24 | Proton-K/DM-2 8K82K/11S861 | 317-01 | Site 200/39 | Successful | |
Kosmos 1490 (Uragan #12L) | Medium Earth | Navigation | |||
Kosmos 1491 (Uragan #13L) | Medium Earth | Navigation | |||
Kosmos 1492 (Uragan GVM) | Medium Earth | Boilerplate | |||
25 August 1983 20:02 | Proton-K/DM 8K82K/11S86 | 316-02 | Site 200/40 | Successful | |
Gran' #24L (Raduga) | Geosynchronous | Communications | |||
29 September 1983 17:37 | Proton-K/DM 8K82K/11S86 | 318-01 | Site 200/40 | Successful | |
Ekran #25L | Geosynchronous | Communications | |||
30 November 1983 13:51 | Proton-K/DM 8K82K/11S86 | 308-02 | Site 200/39 | Successful | |
Gorizont #18L | Geosynchronous | Communications | |||
29 December 1983 00:52:24 | Proton-K/DM-2 8K82K/11S861 | 317-01 | Site 200/39 | Successful | |
Kosmos 1519 (Uragan #14L) | Medium Earth | Navigation | |||
Kosmos 1520 (Uragan #15L) | Medium Earth | Navigation | |||
Kosmos 1521 (Uragan GVM) | Medium Earth | Boilerplate | |||
1984[edit] | |||||
15 February 1984 08:46 | Proton-K/DM 8K82K/11S86 | 318-02 | Site 200/39 | Successful | |
Gran' #25L (Raduga) | Geosynchronous | Communications | |||
2 March 1984 03:54 | Proton-K/DM 8K82K/11S86 | 316-01 | Site 200/40 | Successful | |
Kosmos 1540 (Geizer #12L) | Geosynchronous | Communications | |||
16 March 1984 14:00:00 | Proton-K/DM 8K82K/11S86 | 322-01 | Site 200/39 | Successful | |
Ekran #26L | Geosynchronous | Communications | |||
29 March 1984 05:53 | Proton-K/DM 8K82K/11S86 | 319-02 | Site 200/40 | Successful | |
Kosmos 1546 (Prognoz) | Geosynchronous | Missile defence | |||
22 April 1984 04:20:59 | Proton-K/DM 8K82K/11S86 | 312-02 | Site 200/39 | Successful | |
Gorizont #19L | Geosynchronous | Communications | |||
19 May 1984 15:11 | Proton-K/DM-2 8K82K/11S861 | 323-02 | Site 200/40 | Successful | |
Kosmos 1554 (Uragan #16L) | Medium Earth | Navigation | |||
Kosmos 1555 (Uragan #17L) | Medium Earth | Navigation | |||
Kosmos 1556 (Uragan GVM) | Medium Earth | Boilerplate | |||
22 June 1984 00:20:00 | Proton-K/DM 8K82K/11S86 | 319-01 | Site 200/39 | Successful | |
Gran' #27L (Raduga) | Geosynchronous | Communications | |||
1 August 1984 21:36:59 | Proton-K/DM 8K82K/11S86 | 324-01 | Site 200/40 | Successful | |
Gorizont #20L | Geosynchronous | Communications | |||
24 August 1984 19:50:00 | Proton-K/DM 8K82K/11S86 | 324-02 | Site 200/39 | Successful | |
Ekran #27L | Geosynchronous | Communications | |||
4 September 1984 15:49:53 | Proton-K/DM-2 8K82K/11S861 | 320-01 | Site 200/40 | Successful | |
Kosmos 1593 (Uragan #18L) | Medium Earth | Navigation | |||
Kosmos 1594 (Uragan #19L) | Medium Earth | Navigation | |||
Kosmos 1595 (Uragan GVM) | Medium Earth | Boilerplate | |||
28 September 1984 14:00 | Proton-K/DM-2 8K82K/11S861 | 327-02 | Site 200/39 | Successful | |
Kosmos 1603 (Tselina-2) | Low Earth | ELINT | |||
15 December 1984 09:16:24 | Proton-K/D-1 8K82K/11S824M | 329-01 | Site 200/39 | Successful | |
Vega 1 (Venera-5VK #901) | Heliocentric | Planetary probe | |||
Visited Venus and Halley's Comet | |||||
21 December 1984 09:13:51 | Proton-K/D-1 8K82K/11S824M | 325-02 | Site 200/40 | Successful | |
Vega 2 (Venera-5VK #902) | Heliocentric | Planetary probe | |||
Visited Venus and Halley's Comet | |||||
1985[edit] | |||||
18 January 1985 10:25:00 | Proton-K/DM 8K82K/11S86 | 326-02 | Site 200/39 | Successful | |
Gorizont #21L | Geosynchronous | Communications | |||
21 February 1985 07:57 | Proton-K/DM 8K82K/11S86 | 327-01 | Site 200/39 | Successful | |
Kosmos 1629 (Prognoz) | Geosynchronous | Missile defence | |||
22 March 1985 05:00:00 | Proton-K/DM 8K82K/11S86 | 328-01 | Site 200/40 | Successful | |
Ekran #28L | Geosynchronous | Communications | |||
17 May 1985 22:28 | Proton-K/DM-2 8K82K/11S861 | 330-02 | Site 200/39 | Successful | |
Kosmos 1650 (Uragan #20L) | Medium Earth | Navigation | |||
Kosmos 1651 (Uragan #21L) | Medium Earth | Navigation | |||
Kosmos 1652 (Uragan GVM) | Medium Earth | Boilerplate | |||
30 May 1985 14:59 | Proton-K/DM-2 8K82K/11S861 | 313-02 | Site 200/40 | Successful | |
Kosmos 1656 (Tselina-2) | Low Earth | ELINT | |||
8 August 1985 21:01:00 | Proton-K/DM 8K82K/11S86 | 317-02 | Site 200/39 | Successful | |
Gran' #26L (Raduga) | Geosynchronous | Communications | |||
27 September 1985 08:41:42 | Proton-K 8K82K | 331-01 | Site 200/39 | Successful | |
Kosmos 1686 (TKS-M #16501) | Low Earth | Logistics/Technology | |||
Spacecraft docked with Salyut 7 | |||||
25 October 1985 15:45:00 | Proton-K/DM-2 8K82K/11S861 | 332-02 | Site 200/40 | Successful | |
Kosmos 1700 (Luch #11L) | Geosynchronous | Communications | |||
15 November 1985 14:29:00 | Proton-K/DM 8K82K/11S86 | 326-01 | Site 200/39 | Successful | |
Gran' #28L (Raduga) | Geosynchronous | Communications | |||
24 December 1985 21:43:28 | Proton-K/DM-2 8K82K/11S861 | 334-02 | Site 200/39 | Successful | |
Kosmos 1710 (Uragan #22L) | Medium Earth | Navigation | |||
Kosmos 1711 (Uragan #23L) | Medium Earth | Navigation | |||
Kosmos 1712 (Uragan GVM) | Medium Earth | Boilerplate | |||
1986[edit] | |||||
17 January 1986 10:20:00 | Proton-K/DM 8K82K/11S86 | 331-02 | Site 200/40 | Successful | |
Gran' #29L (Raduga) | Geosynchronous | Communications | |||
19 February 1986 21:28:23 | Proton-K 8K82K | 337-01 | Site 200/39 | Successful | |
Mir Core (DOS-7) | Low Earth | Space station module | |||
First module of Mir | |||||
4 April 1986 03:45:00 | Proton-K/DM 8K82K/11S86 | 302-01 | Site 200/40 | Successful | |
Kosmos 1738 (Geizer #13L) | Geosynchronous | Communications | |||
24 May 1986 01:41:59 | Proton-K/DM 8K82K/11S86 | 333-01 | Site 200/39 | Successful | |
Ekran #30L | Geosynchronous | Communications | |||
10 June 1986 00:48:59 | Proton-K/DM 8K82K/11S86 | 322-02 | Site 200/40 | Successful | |
Gorizont #24L | Geosynchronous | Communications | |||
16 September 1986 11:38:09 | Proton-K/DM-2 8K82K/11S861 | 336-01 | Site 200/40 | Successful | |
Kosmos 1778 (Uragan #24L) | Medium Earth | Navigation | |||
Kosmos 1779 (Uragan #25L) | Medium Earth | Navigation | |||
Kosmos 1780 (Uragan #26L) | Medium Earth | Navigation | |||
25 October 1986 15:43:00 | Proton-K/DM 8K82K/11S86 | 335-02 | Site 200/40 | Successful | |
Gran' #30L (Raduga) | Geosynchronous | Communications | |||
18 November 1986 14:08:03 | Proton-K/DM 8K82K/11S86 | 334-01 | Site 200/39 | Successful | |
Gorizont #22L | Geosynchronous | Communications | |||
29 November 1986 08:00 | Proton-K 8K82K | 338-01 | Site 200/40 | Failure | |
Mech-K #303 | Low Earth | Radar reconnaissance | |||
Second stage control failure. Vibration caused separation of an electrical relay. | |||||
1987[edit] | |||||
30 January 1987 09:19:00 | Proton-K/DM-2 8K82K/11S861 | 341-01 | Site 200/40 | Failure | |
Kosmos 1817 (Ekran-M #11L) | Geosynchronous (intended) Low Earth (achieved) | Communications | |||
Upper stage failed to ignite | |||||
19 March 1987 03:54:00 | Proton-K/DM 8K82K/11S86 | 323-01 | Site 200/40 | Successful | |
Gran' #31L (Raduga) | Geosynchronous | Communications | |||
31 March 1987 00:16:16 | Proton-K 8K82K | 336-02 | Site 200/39 | Successful | |
Kvant-1 | Low Earth | Space station module | |||
Second module of Mir | |||||
24 April 1987 12:42:54 | Proton-K/DM-2 8K82K/11S861 | 335-01 | Site 200/40 | Failure | |
Kosmos 1838 (Uragan #30L) | Medium Earth (intended) Low Earth (achieved) | Navigation | |||
Kosmos 1839 (Uragan #31L) | Medium Earth (intended) Low Earth (achieved) | Navigation | |||
Kosmos 1840 (Uragan #32L) | Medium Earth (intended) Low Earth (achieved) | Navigation | |||
Upper stage malfunctioned | |||||
11 May 1987 14:45:00 | Proton-K/DM 8K82K/11S86 | 338-02 | Site 200/39 | Successful | |
Gorizont #23L | Geosynchronous | Communications | |||
25 July 1987 09:00:00 | Proton-K 8K82K | 347-01 | Site 200/40 | Successful | |
Kosmos 1870 (Mech-K #304) | Low Earth | Radar reconnaissance | |||
3 September 1987 19:26:00 | Proton-K/DM 8K82K/11S86 | 337-02 | Site 200/39 | Successful | |
Ekran #29L | Geosynchronous | Communications | |||
16 September 1987 02:53:31 | Proton-K/DM-2 8K82K/11S861 | 339-02 | Site 200/40 | Successful | |
Kosmos 1883 (Uragan #33L) | Medium Earth | Navigation | |||
Kosmos 1884 (Uragan #34L) | Medium Earth | Navigation | |||
Kosmos 1885 (Uragan #35L) | Medium Earth | Navigation | |||
1 October 1987 17:09:00 | Proton-K/DM-2 8K82K/11S861 | 328-02 | Site 200/39 | Successful | |
Kosmos 1888 (Geizer #15L) | Geosynchronous | Communications | |||
28 October 1987 15:15:00 | Proton-K/DM-2 8K82K/11S861 | 325-01 | Site 200/40 | Successful | |
Kosmos 1894 (Prognoz) | Geosynchronous | Missile defence | |||
26 November 1987 13:28:00 | Proton-K/DM-2 8K82K/11S861 | 330-01 | Site 200/39 | Successful | |
Kosmos 1897 (Luch #12L) | Geosynchronous | Communications | |||
10 December 1987 11:30:00 | Proton-K/DM 8K82K/11S86 | 343-01 | Site 200/40 | Successful | |
Gran' #32L (Raduga) | Geosynchronous | Communications | |||
27 December 1987 11:25:00 | Proton-K/DM-2 8K82K/11S861 | 345-01 | Site 200/39 | Successful | |
Ekran-M #13L | Geosynchronous | Communications | |||
1988[edit] | |||||
18 January 1988 09:58:00 | Proton-K/DM-2 8K82K/11S861 | 341-02 | Site 200/40 | Failure | |
Gorizont #25L | Geosynchronous (intended) | Communications | |||
Third stage failure T+540 seconds due to disintegration of a propellant feed line. | |||||
17 February 1988 00:23:22 | Proton-K/DM-2 8K82K/11S861 | 346-02 | Site 200/39 | Failure | |
Kosmos 1917 (Uragan #38L) | Medium Earth (intended) Low Earth (achieved) | Navigation | |||
Kosmos 1918 (Uragan #37L) | Medium Earth (intended) Low Earth (achieved) | Navigation | |||
Kosmos 1919 (Uragan #36L) | Medium Earth (intended) Low Earth (achieved) | Navigation | |||
Blok D failure caused by ingestion of debris. | |||||
31 March 1988 04:18:00 | Proton-K/DM 8K82K/11S86 | 343-02 | Site 200/40 | Successful | |
Gorizont #26L | Geosynchronous | Communications | |||
26 April 1988 03:15:10 | Proton-K/DM-2 8K82K/11S861 | 332-01 | Site 200/39 | Successful | |
Kosmos 1940 (Prognoz) | Geosynchronous | Missile defence | |||
6 May 1988 02:47:00 | Proton-K/DM 8K82K/11S86 | 349-01 | Site 200/39 | Successful | |
Ekran #31L | Geosynchronous | Communications | |||
21 May 1988 17:57:00 | Proton-K/DM-2 8K82K/11S861 | 348-01 | Site 200/39 | Successful | |
Kosmos 1946 (Uragan #39L) | Medium Earth | Navigation | |||
Kosmos 1947 (Uragan #40L) | Medium Earth | Navigation | |||
Kosmos 1948 (Uragan #41L) | Medium Earth | Navigation | |||
7 July 1988 17:38:04 | Proton-K/D-2 8K82K/11S824F | 356-02 | Site 200/39 | Successful | |
Fobos 1 | Heliocentric | Mars orbiter | |||
First flight of Proton-K with Block D-2 upper stage, spacecraft later failed | |||||
12 July 1988 17:01:43 | Proton-K/D-2 8K82K/11S824F | 356-01 | Site 200/40 | Successful | |
Fobos 2 | Heliocentric | Mars orbiter | |||
1 August 1988 21:04:00 | Proton-K/DM-2 8K82K/11S861 | 351-01 | Site 200/39 | Successful | |
Kosmos 1961 (Geizer #16L) | Geosynchronous | Communications | |||
18 August 1988 19:52:00 | Proton-K/DM-2 8K82K/11S861 | 333-02 | Site 200/40 | Successful | |
Gorizont #28L | Geosynchronous | Communications | |||
16 September 1988 02:00:47 | Proton-K/DM-2 8K82K/11S861 | 349-02 | Site 200/39 | Successful | |
Kosmos 1970 (Uragan #42L) | Medium Earth | Navigation | |||
Kosmos 1971 (Uragan #43L) | Medium Earth | Navigation | |||
Kosmos 1972 (Uragan #44L) | Medium Earth | Navigation | |||
20 October 1988 15:43:00 | Proton-K/DM-2 8K82K/11S861 | 339-01 | Site 200/39 | Successful | |
Gran' #34L (Raduga) | Geosynchronous | Communications | |||
10 December 1988 11:53:59 | Proton-K/DM-2 8K82K/11S861 | 329-02 | Site 200/40 | Successful | |
Ekran-M #12L | Geosynchronous | Communications | |||
1989[edit] | |||||
10 January 1989 02:05:25 | Proton-K/DM-2 8K82K/11S861 | 350-02 | Site 200/39 | Successful | |
Kosmos 1987 (Uragan #27L) | Medium Earth | Navigation | |||
Kosmos 1988 (Uragan #45L) | Medium Earth | Navigation | |||
Kosmos 1989 (Etalon-PKA #1L) | Medium Earth | Geodesy | |||
26 January 1989 09:15:59 | Proton-K/DM-2 8K82K/11S861 | 351-02 | Site 200/40 | Successful | |
Gorizont #29L | Geosynchronous | Communications | |||
14 April 1989 04:08:00 | Proton-K/DM-2 8K82K/11S861 | 359-02 | Site 200/39 | Successful | |
Gran' #33L (Raduga) | Geosynchronous | Communications | |||
31 May 1989 08:31:59 | Proton-K/DM-2 8K82K/11S861 | 352-02 | Site 200/40 | Successful | |
Kosmos 2022 (Uragan #28L) | Medium Earth | Navigation | |||
Kosmos 2023 (Uragan #29L) | Medium Earth | Navigation | |||
Kosmos 2024 (Etalon-PKA #2L) | Medium Earth | Geodesy | |||
21 June 1989 23:35:00 | Proton-K/DM-2 8K82K/11S861 | 355-02 | Site 200/39 | Successful | |
Globus #11 (Raduga-1) | Geosynchronous | Communications | |||
5 July 1989 22:44:59 | Proton-K/DM-2 8K82K/11S861 | 340-02 | Site 200/40 | Successful | |
Gorizont #27L | Geosynchronous | Communications | |||
28 September 1989 17:04:59 | Proton-K/DM-2 8K82K/11S861 | 346-01 | Site 200/40 | Successful | |
Gorizont #31L | Geosynchronous | Communications | |||
26 November 1989 13:01:41 | Proton-K 8K82K | 354-01 | Site 200/39 | Successful | |
Kvant-2 | Low Earth | Space station module | |||
Third module of Mir | |||||
1 December 1989 20:20:56 | Proton-K/D-1 8K82K/11S824M | 352-01 | Site 200/40 | Successful | |
Granat (1AS #1) | Heliocentric | Astronomy | |||
15 December 1989 11:30:00 | Proton-K/DM-2 8K82K/11S861 | 344-01 | Site 81/23 | Successful | |
Gran' #36L (Raduga) | Geosynchronous | Communications | |||
27 December 1989 11:10:00 | Proton-K/DM-2 8K82K/11S861 | 347-02 | Site 200/39 | Successful | |
Kosmos 2054 (Luch #14L) | Geosynchronous | Communications |
References
[edit]- McDowell, Jonathan. "Launch Log". Jonathan's Space Page. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
- McDowell, Jonathan. "Satellite Catalog". Jonathan's Space Page. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
- Wade, Mark. "Proton". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on September 13, 2008. Retrieved 27 April 2010.