List of mammals of Oregon

The North American beaver is the state mammal of Oregon.

This list of mammals of Oregon includes all wild mammal species living in or recently extirpated from the U.S. state of Oregon or its coastal shores. This list includes all species from the lists published by the American Society of Mammalogists or found in the comprehensive text Land Mammals of Oregon published in 1998. Rare instances where these lists disagree are noted. Species are grouped by order and then listed in sortable tables by family. Subspecies present in the region are discussed in the notes. The IUCN Red List status for each species is presented. Images presented are from Oregon or adjacent states, as possible. Species found only in captivity are not listed.[1][2]

Oregon mammals by order

[edit]

Table has not been updated for threatened species, thus all are listed "n/a".

Order Members Species Threatened species
Artiodactyla Even-toed ungulates 7 n/a
Carnivora Carnivorans 24 n/a
Cetacea Whales, dolphins and porpoises 6 n/a
Chiroptera Bats 15 n/a
Didelphimorphia Common opossums 1 n/a
Lagomorpha Hares, rabbits and pikas 8 n/a
Rodentia Rodents 63 n/a
Soricomorpha Shrews, moles and solenodons 15 n/a
Total 139 n/a

Conservation statuses

[edit]

Species are classified in nine groups, set through criteria such as rate of decline, population size, area of geographic distribution, degree of population and distribution fragmentation. The tables below reclassified results before 1994 to reflect the current rating system.

Low vulnerability Threatened Extinct Insufficient data
Least concern
Near threatened
Vulnerable
Endangered
Critically endangered
Extinct in the wild
Extinct
Data deficient
Not evaluated

Terrestrial mammals

[edit]

Carnivora

[edit]
Between 25,000 and 30,000 black bears reside in Oregon.[3]

Carnivora (/kɑːrˈnɪvərə/ or /ˌkɑːrnɪˈvɔːrə/; from Latin carō (stem carn-) "flesh", + vorāre "to devour") is one of the most diverse of the mammalian orders. The gray wolf has recolonized Oregon especially in the northeast and is included in the list below. The grizzly bear was extirpated from the state in approximately 1940. Since it is included in Land Mammals of Oregon, it is included in the list below.[4]

Common name Scientific name
authority
Family Distribution and notes[1] Red List
Coyote
Journey
Canis latrans
(Say, 1823)
Canidae Intermediate size between foxes and wolf; albinos have been documented in state; two of nineteen geographic races are known in the state.[5]
7
[6]
Gray wolf
Canis lupus
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Canidae Resettled in the state. Gray wolves in Oregon represent northwestern wolves (Canis lupus occidentalis) which migrated from neighboring Idaho; as of the end of 2013, there were a minimum 64 individuals with 4 breeding pairs.[7] Protected under the state Endangered Species Act and under the federal ESA west of highways.[8] The first confirmed wolf in the state since 1947 was OR-7 (pictured), also known as Journey.
7
[9]
Gray fox
Urocyon cinereoargenteus
(Schreber, 1775)
Canidae Found throughout the state; grizzle gray coloring; tail has black stripe on dorsal aspect; nocturnal and crepuscular; tree climber for resting, foraging or escape from predators (unique among North American canids)[10]
7
[11]
Kit fox
Vulpes macrotis
(Merriam, 1888)
Canidae Southeast region of state; smallest canid in North America; brownish-gray dorsum, lightening through buff to white on abdomen; large ears; tip of tail is black.[10]
7
[12]
Red fox
Vulpes vulpes
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Canidae Found throughout state; red phase individuals are more predominant than silver or crossed; populations increased as wolf populations declined; subspecies Sierra Nevada red fox (Vulpes vulpes necator) observed on Mt Hood and Crater Lake in or after 2010.[13]
7
[14]
Black bear
Ursus americanus
(Pallas, 1780)
Ursidae
Grizzly bear
Ursus arctos
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Ursidae Extirpated; historically, they were broadly distributed throughout state except for arid eastern reaches. The last grizzly was killed in Oregon in 1931, according to some authorities.[15]
Wolverine
Gulo gulo Mustelidae Extirpated; occasional vagrants appear from neighboring states.
Pacific marten
Martes caurina
(Merriam, 1890)
Mustelidae
American ermine
Mustela richardsonii Mustelidae
Long-tailed weasel
Neogale frenata Mustelidae
American mink
Neogale vison Mustelidae
Fisher
Pekania pennanti
(Erxleben, 1777)
Mustelidae Reintroduced; protected in Oregon.[16]
American badger
Taxidea taxus Mustelidae More common in sagebrush deserts in eastern Oregon.
Sea otter
Enhydra lutris Mustelidae Extirpated; the last native sea otter in Oregon was killed in the early 20th century. In 1970 and 1971, 95 sea otters were reintroduced from Amchitka Island, Alaska, to the southern Oregon coast. However, the attempt failed and otters soon disappeared. Occasional sightings are most likely wanderers from neighboring states.
North American river otter
Lontra canadensis Mustelidae
Striped skunk
Mephitis mephitis Mephitidae
Western spotted skunk
Spilogale gracilis Mephitidae
Northern fur seal
Callorhinus ursinus Otariidae
Steller sea lion
Eumetopias jubatus Otariidae
Harbor seal
Phoca vitulina Phocidae
Northern elephant seal
Mirounga angustirostris Phocidae
Ring-tailed cat
Bassariscus astutus Procyonidae
Raccoon
Procyon lotor Procyonidae
Canada lynx
Lynx canadensis Felidae Extirpated; historically ranged through the Willamette Valley, the Cascade range, Steens Mountain, the Stinkingwater Mountains, the Blue Mountains and the Wallowa Mountains.[17] Under federal ESA protection since 2000 with critical habitat areas defined.[18]
7
[18]
Bobcat
Lynx rufus Felidae
Mountain lion
Puma concolor Felidae

Chiroptera

[edit]
Bridges are constructed in Oregon with an eye towards protection of Townsend's big-eared bats and other wildlife species.[19]
Common name Scientific name
authority
Family Distribution and notes[1] Red List
Big brown bat
Eptesicus fuscus Vespertilionidae
Western pipistrelle or canyon bat
Pipistrellius hesperus Vespertilionidae Smallest bat in Oregon.[20]
7
[21]
Western red bat
Lasiurus blossevillii Vespertilionidae
Hoary bat
Lasiurus cinereus Vespertilionidae
Townsend's big-eared bat
Corynorhinus townsendii Vespertilionidae
Spotted bat
Euderma maculatum Vespertilionidae
Pallid bat
Antrozous pallidus Vespertilionidae Typically found in desert regions, semi-arid.[1]
7
[22]
Silver-haired bat
Lasionycteris noctivagans Vespertilionidae
Californian myotis
Myotis californicus Vespertilionidae
Western small-footed bat
Myotis ciliolabrum Vespertilionidae
Little brown myotis
Myotis lucifugus Vespertilionidae
Dark-nosed small-footed myotis
Myotis melanorhinus Vespertilionidae
Fringed myotis
Myotis thysanodes Vespertilionidae
Long-legged myotis
Myotis volans Vespertilionidae
Yuma myotis
Myotis yumanensis Vespertilionidae
Brazilian/Mexican free-tailed bat
Tadarida brasiliensis Molossidae

Rodentia

[edit]
The North Oregon Coast population of red tree voles are candidates for protection under the Endangered Species Act.[23]

The North Oregon Coast population of red tree voles (Arborimus longicaudus) are candidates for protection under the Endangered Species Act.[23][24]

Common name Scientific name
authority
Family Distribution and notes[1] Red List
Mountain beaver
Aplodontia rufa Aplodontidae
North American beaver
Castor canadensis Castoridae
Common porcupine
Erethizon dorsatum Erethizontidae
Nutria
Myocastor coypus Myocastoridae Introduced.
Long-tailed vole
Microtus longicaudus Cricetidae
Montane vole
Microtus montanus Cricetidae
Creeping vole
Microtus oregoni Cricetidae
7
[25]
North American water vole
Microtus richardsoni Cricetidae
7
[26]
Townsend's vole
Microtus townsendii Cricetidae
7
[27]
Bushy-tailed woodrat
Neotoma cinerea Cricetidae
7
[28]
Dusky-footed woodrat
Neotoma fuscipes Cricetidae
7
[29]
Desert woodrat
Neotoma lepida Cricetidae
7
[30]
Common muskrat
Ondatra zibethicus Cricetidae
7
[31]
Northern grasshopper mouse
Onychomys leucogaster Cricetidae
White-footed vole
Arborimus albipes Cricetidae
Red tree vole
Arborimus longicaudus Cricetidae
Western red-backed vole
Clethrionomys californicus Cricetidae
Southern red-backed vole
Myodes gapperi Cricetidae
Sagebrush vole
Lemmiscus curtatus Cricetidae
California vole
Microtus californicus Cricetidae
Gray-tailed vole
Microtus canicaudus Cricetidae
Brush deermouse
Peromyscus boylii Cricetidae
Canyon deermouse
Peromyscus crinitus Cricetidae
Western deermouse
Peromyscus sonoriensis Cricetidae
Piñon deermouse
Peromyscus truei Cricetidae
Western heather vole
Phenacomys intermedius Cricetidae
Western harvest mouse
Reithrodontomys megalotis Cricetidae
Botta's pocket gopher
Thomomys bottae Geomyidae
Northern pocket gopher
Thomomys talpoides Geomyidae
Mazama pocket gopher
Thomomys mazama Geomyidae
Townsend's pocket gopher
Thomomys townsendii Geomyidae
Camas pocket gopher
Thomomys bulbivorus Geomyidae
California kangaroo rat
Dipodomys californicus Heteromyidae
Yellow-pine chipmunk
Tamias amoenus Sciuridae
Least chipmunk
Tamias minimus Sciuridae
North American red squirrel
Tamiasciurus hudsonicus Sciuridae
Belding's ground squirrel
Urocitellus beldingi Sciuridae
Merriam's ground squirrel
Urocitellus canus Sciuridae
Columbian ground squirrel
Urocitellus columbianus Sciuridae
Wyoming ground squirrel
Urocitellus elegans Sciuridae
Chisel-toothed kangaroo rat
Dipodomys microps Heteromyidae
Ord's kangaroo rat
Dipodomys ordii Heteromyidae
Dark kangaroo mouse
Microdipodops megacephalus Heteromyidae
Little pocket mouse
Perognathus longimembris Heteromyidae
Great Basin pocket mouse
Perognathus parvus Heteromyidae
House mouse
Mus musculus Muridae Not native
Brown rat
Rattus norvegicus Muridae Not native
Black rat
Rattus rattus Muridae Not native
Golden-mantled ground squirrel
Callospermophilus lateralis Sciuridae
Douglas squirrel
Tamiasciurus douglasii Sciuridae
Northern flying squirrel
Glaucomys sabrinus Sciuridae
Humboldt's flying squirrel
Glaucomys oregonensis Sciuridae
Yellow-bellied marmot
Marmota flaviventris Sciuridae

Artiodactyla

[edit]
Elk calves at the Jewell Meadows Wildlife Area
Common name Scientific name
authority
Family Distribution and notes[1] Red List
Pronghorn
Antilocapra americana Antilocapridae The Oregon pronghorn subspecies (A. a. oregona Bailey) has been described, but taxonomic status may be in question. Found in sagebrush steppe in eastern regions of state. Fastest mammal on the continent: top speeds of 50 mph (80 km/h)[32]
(Image taken in Catlow Valley, Oregon)
American bison
Bison bison Bovidae Historically native to eastern and central Oregon. Extirpated by the early to mid-19th century.
Bighorn sheep
Ovis canadensis Bovidae Historically native to much of eastern Oregon, but then became extinct in the state[33] until reintroductions, recently to the Mutton Mountains,[34] Cottonwood Canyon State Park and near the John Day Fossil Beds in the 21st century;[35] bighorn sheep now live in herds scattered across eastern Oregon.[33]
Mountain goat
Oreamnos americanus Bovidae Historically native to the northern Oregon Cascades and the Wallowa and Blue mountains until extinction in the state in the 19th or 20th century; reintroduced to the Wallowa and Elkhorn mountains starting in the 20th century,[33] and recently introduced to Mount Jefferson in 2010 and 2012.[34]
Elk
Cervus canadensis Cervidae Common throughout state
Mule deer
Odocoileus hemionus Cervidae Common throughout
White-tailed deer
Odocoileus virginianus Cervidae Common throughout
Moose
Alces americanus Cervidae Northeastern reaches, Wallowa County, small population of the subspecies Shiras moose (A. a. shirasi);[36] largest extant species in deer family; herbivorous.
7
[37]

Eulipotyphla

[edit]
Common name Scientific name
authority
Family Distribution and notes[1] Red List
Baird's shrew
Sorex bairdii Soricidae Endemic to northwestern Oregon; two subspecies described, see main article page; dwells among conifers.
7
[38]
Marsh shrew
Sorex bendirii Soricidae
Masked shrew
Sorex cinereus Soricidae Disputed. On ASM list but not in Verts.
Merriam's shrew Sorex merriami Soricidae
Dusky shrew Sorex monticolus Soricidae
Pacific shrew Sorex pacificus Soricidae
American water shrew
Sorex palustris Soricidae
Preble's shrew Sorex preblei Soricidae
Fog shrew Sorex sonomae Soricidae
Trowbridge's shrew Sorex trowbridgii Soricidae
Vagrant shrew Sorex vagrans Soricidae
Shrew mole
Neurotrichus gibbsii Talpidae
Broad-footed mole
Scapanus latimanus Talpidae
Coast mole Scapanus orarius Talpidae
Townsend's mole
Scapanus townsendii Talpidae

Lagomorpha

[edit]

The order Lagomorpha consists of two living families: the Leporidae (hares and rabbits) and the Ochotonidae (pikas). The name of the order is derived from the Greek lagos (λαγός, "hare") and morphē (μορφή, "form"). There are eight species in Oregon.[39]

Common name Scientific name
authority
Family Distribution and notes[1] Red List
American pika
Ochotona princeps
(Richardson, 1828)
Ochotonidae Columbia River Gorge, western Cascades; common herbivore; lives in rocky areas/talus habitat near vegetation, meadows; lava flows, woodcuts, disturbed habitat.
7
[40]
Pygmy rabbit
Brachylagus idahoensis
(Merriam, 1891)
Leporidae Southern Oregon, endangered in Washington; resides among dense sagebrush; rarely daytime; mostly active dawn/dusk (crepuscular); burrow dwellings; walks/scurries.
7
[41]
Snowshoe hare
Lepus americanus Leporidae Northern coast, south-central, and eastern reaches; shelters daytime; vegetation/groundcover; active crepuscular and at night; marshes, forests, dense vegetation habitats. Lepus americanus oregonus subspecies described (Orr)[42]
7
[43]
Black-tailed jackrabbit
Lepus californicus Leporidae Southwestern Oregon; agricultural fields, grazing areas/pastures, sagebrush, prairies, deserts; rests in shady ground depressions daytime; active night/crepuscular; lighter markings in summer.
7
[44]
White-tailed jackrabbit
Lepus townsendii Leporidae Eastern/central; fields, grasslands, meadows; sometimes sagebrush flats; primary activity nights; characteristic zigzag pattern with rapid bursts and leaps when pursued.
7
[45]
Eastern cottontail
Sylvilagus floridanus Leporidae Eastern slopes of the Willamette Valley and the Cascades;[46] near forests, agricultural sites, prairies, wet lowlands, margins of hardwood forests; most common of genus in state; sleeps days, under vegetation; crepuscular to nocturnal.
7
[47]
Mountain cottontail
Sylvilagus nuttallii Leporidae East of the Cascades; near rivers/streams, rockier areas; found near spruce and ponderosa pine forests, some sagebrush flats; crepuscular; may climbs trees; eats cheatgrass.
7
[48]
Brush rabbit
Sylvilagus bachmani Leporidae Verts, page 131
7
[49]

Didelphimorphia

[edit]

There is only one species from the order Didelphimorphia in the state.

Common name Scientific name
authority
Family Distribution and notes Red List
Virginia opossum
Didelphis virginiana
(Kerr, 1792)
Didelphidae Introduced early 1900s; adverse impacts on native bird populations from nest disturbances and egg consumption.[50]
7
[51]

Marine mammals

[edit]

Cetacea

[edit]
Pacific white-sided dolphins are found along the Oregon Coast.
Common name Scientific name
authority
Family Distribution and notes Red List
Common minke whale
Balaenoptera acutorostrata Balaenopteridae
Sei whale
Balaenoptera borealis Balaenopteridae
Blue whale
Balaenoptera musculus Balaenopteridae
Fin whale
Balaenoptera physalus Balaenopteridae
Humpback whale
Megaptera novaeangliae Balaenopteridae
Gray whale
Eschrichtius robustus Eschrichtiidae
Short-beaked common dolphin
Delphinus delphis Delphinidae
Short-finned pilot whale
Globicephala macrorhynchus Delphinidae
Risso's dolphin
Grampus griseus Delphinidae
Pacific white-sided dolphin
Lagernorhynchus obliquidens Delphinidae
Northern right whale dolphin
Lissodelphis borealis Delphinidae
Killer whale
Orcinus orca Delphinidae
False killer whale
Pseudorca crassidens Delphinidae
Striped dolphin
Stenella coeruleoalba Delphinidae
Harbor porpoise
Phocoena phocoena Phocoenidae
Dall's porpoise
Phocoenoides dalli Phocoenidae
Sperm whale
Physeter macrocephalus Physeteridae
Pygmy sperm whale
Kogia breviceps Kogiidae
Dwarf sperm whale
Kogia sima Kogiidae
Baird's beaked whale
Berardius bairdii Ziphiidae
Hubbs' beaked whale
Mesoplodon carlhubbsi Ziphiidae
Stejneger's beaked whale
Mesoplodon stejnegeri Ziphiidae
Cuvier's beaked whale
Ziphius cavirostris Ziphiidae

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h "Mammals of Oregon". American Society of Mammalogists. Archived from the original on December 19, 2012. Retrieved October 18, 2014.
  2. ^ VertsCarraway 1998
  3. ^ "Black Bears". Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife. Retrieved October 26, 2014.
  4. ^ VertsCarraway 1998, p. 378
  5. ^ VertsCarraway 1998, pp. 355–356
  6. ^ Kays, R. (2018). "Canis latrans". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T3745A163508579. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T3745A163508579.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  7. ^ "ODFW Gray Wolf Population". Retrieved October 21, 2014.
  8. ^ "ODFW Threatened, Endangered, and Candidate Fish and Wildlife Species". Retrieved October 26, 2014.
  9. ^ Boitani, L.; Phillips, M.; Jhala, Y. (2018). "Canis lupus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T3746A163508960. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T3746A163508960.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  10. ^ a b VertsCarraway 1998, p. 366
  11. ^ Roemer, G.; Cypher, B.; List, R. (2016). "Urocyon cinereoargenteus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22780A46178068. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T22780A46178068.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  12. ^ Cypher, B.; List, R. (2014). "Vulpes macrotis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T41587A62259374. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T41587A62259374.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021. Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of least concern
  13. ^ Carolyn Jones (June 20, 2012). "Threatened California fox species found in Oregon". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved July 7, 2012.
  14. ^ Hoffmann, M.; Sillero-Zubiri, C. (2021). "Vulpes vulpes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T23062A193903628. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T23062A193903628.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  15. ^ David Maehr; Reed F. Noss; Jeffery L. Larkin (October 1, 2001). Large Mammal Restoration: Ecological And Sociological Challenges In The 21st Century. Island Press. pp. 29–. ISBN 978-1-55963-817-3.
  16. ^ Ruggiero, technical editors, Leonard F.; et al. (1994). The Scientific basis for conserving forest carnivores : American marten, fisher, lynx and wolverine in the western United States. Fort Collins, Colorado: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain forest and range experiment station. p. 40. ISBN 0788136283. Retrieved October 21, 2014. {{cite book}}: |first1= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ^ "ODFW, Oregon Wildlife Species: Cats". Retrieved October 26, 2014.
  18. ^ a b Vashon, J. (2016). "Lynx canadensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T12518A101138963. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T12518A101138963.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  19. ^ "ODFW News".
  20. ^ VertsCarraway 1998, p. 105
  21. ^ Solari, S. (2019). "Parastrellus hesperus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T17341A22129352. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T17341A22129352.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  22. ^ Arroyo-Cabrales, J.; de Grammont, P.C. (2017). "Antrozous pallidus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T1790A22129152. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T1790A22129152.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  23. ^ a b "Species Fact Sheet Red tree vole Arborimus longicaudus". ODFW. Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife. Retrieved October 19, 2014.
  24. ^ "USFWS Arborimus longicaudus Listing Status: Candidate". US Fish & Wildlife Service. U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Retrieved October 19, 2014.
  25. ^ Linzey, A.V.; Hammerson, G. (2008). "Microtus oregoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved October 26, 2014.
  26. ^ Linzey, A.V.; Hammerson, G. (2008). "Microtus richardsoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved October 26, 2014.
  27. ^ Linzey, A.V.; NatureServe (Hammerson, G.) (2008). "Microtus townsendii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved October 26, 2014.
  28. ^ Linzey, A.V.; NatureServe (Hammerson, G.) (2008). "Neotoma cinerea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved October 26, 2014.
  29. ^ Cassola, F. (2016). "Neotoma fuscipes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T14587A22371665. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T14587A22371665.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  30. ^ Linzey, A.V.; Timm, R.; Álvarez-Castañeda, S.T.; Castro-Arellano, I.; Lacher, T. (2008). "Neotoma lepida". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved February 4, 2010.
  31. ^ Cassola, F. (2016). "Ondatra zibethicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T15324A22344525. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T15324A22344525.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  32. ^ "Wildlife Species: Antilocapra americana". US Forest Service. Retrieved October 30, 2014.
  33. ^ a b c "Oregon's Bighorn Sheep and Rocky Mountain Goat Management Plan" (PDF). Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife. December 2003. pp. i, 1, 23–24. Retrieved October 26, 2014.
  34. ^ a b "Oregon mountain goats coming back". The Columbian. Vancouver, Washington. Associated Press. December 26, 2012. Retrieved October 26, 2014.
  35. ^ Profita, Cassandra (December 17, 2010). "Bighorn sheep released in two new Oregon spots". Oregon Public Broadcasting. Retrieved October 26, 2014.
  36. ^ Cockle, Richard (January 17, 2010). "Oregon Biologists Fear Small Moose Herd May Be Infected with Deadly Parasite". The Oregonian. Portland: Oregon Live. Retrieved October 26, 2014.
  37. ^ Geist, V.; Ferguson, M.; Rachlow, J (2008). "Alces americanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved October 19, 2014.
  38. ^ Cassola, F. (2016). "Sorex bairdi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41387A22314464. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T41387A22314464.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  39. ^ VertsCarraway 1998, p. x
  40. ^ Smith, A.T. and Beever, E. (2016). "Ochotona princeps". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41267A45184315. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T41267A45184315.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  41. ^ Rachlow, J.; Becker, P.A.; Shipley, L. (2016). "Brachylagus idahoensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T2963A45176206. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T2963A45176206.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  42. ^ Mills, L.; Smith, A.T. (2019). "Lepus americanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T41273A45185466. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T41273A45185466.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  43. ^ Mills, L.; Smith, A.T. (2019). "Lepus americanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T41273A45185466. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T41273A45185466.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  44. ^ Brown, D.E.; Lorenzo, C.; Álvarez-Castañeda, S.T. (2019). "Lepus californicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T41276A45186309. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T41276A45186309.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  45. ^ Brown, D.E.; Smith, A.T. (2019). "Lepus townsendii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T41288A45189364. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T41288A45189364.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  46. ^ "IUCN Red List maps".
  47. ^ Nielsen, C.; Lanier, H.C. (2019). "Sylvilagus floridanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T41299A45191626. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T41299A45191626.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  48. ^ Smith, A.T.; Brown, D.E. (2019). "Sylvilagus nuttallii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T41300A45192243. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T41300A45192243.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  49. ^ Kelly, P.A.; Lorenzo, C.; Alvarez-Castaneda, S.T. (2019). "Sylvilagus bachmani". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T41302A45192710. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T41302A45192710.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  50. ^ "Non-native Animal Policy — Audubon Society of Portland". Retrieved October 26, 2014.
  51. ^ Pérez-Hernandez, R.; Lew, D.; Solari, S. (2016). "Didelphis virginiana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T40502A22176259. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T40502A22176259.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  • Species range maps using extent points to develop:
    • Hall, E. Raymond & Kelson, Keith R. (1959). The Mammals of North America. Ronald Press Co., New York. 2 vols., xxx + 1162 pp.
    • Hall, E. R. (1981). The Mammals of North America. 2nd ed. John Wiley and Sons, New York
  • Species range maps that support current ranges developed were done by Thomas A. O'Neil and Margaret M. Shaughnessy by reviewing over 150,000 museum records and developing them in a GIS tied to wildlife-habitat types and elevation.
    • Csuti, B.; Kimmerling, J.; Shaughnessy, M. & Huso, M. (1997). Atlas of Oregon Wildlife. Oregon State Press. Corvallis, OR. 492 pp.
    • Csuti, B.; O'Neil, T. A. & Shaughnessy, M. M. (2001). Atlas of Oregon Wildlife (Second Edition, Revised and Expanded). Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, OR. 525 pp.

Bibliography

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