Magic (play)

Magic: A Fantastic Comedy In a Prelude and Three Acts
First edition cover
Written by	G. K. Chesterton
Characters	The Duke Doctor Grimthorpe The Reverend Cyril Smith Morris Carleon Hastings, The Duke's Secretary The Stranger Patricia Carleon
Date premiered	7 November 1913 (1913-11-07)
Place premiered	The Little Theatre
Original language	English
Genre	Comedy
Setting	England

Magic: A Fantastic Comedy In a Prelude and Three Acts is a 1913 comedy play by the English writer G. K. Chesterton. The plot centres around the conflict between a conjurer, a young woman who believes he is really magic, and her arrogant brother who rationalises everything. When the conjurer begins to do tricks that the brother cannot explain, he begins to go insane and the young woman and the other characters – a wealthy duke, a family doctor, and a local priest – attempt to convince the conjurer to divulge how the tricks were done in the hopes of curing him of his madness.

The play was written after George Bernard Shaw pestered Chesterton for several years to write a play, believing that Chesterton's style would be successful on stage. Produced by Kenelm Foss, the play premiered at the Little Theatre in London on 7 November and received positive reviews from audiences; Chesterton was reportedly nearly mobbed in the lobby of the theatre by an adulatory audience following the show's first performance. Critical reviews were similarly positive, praising Chesterton's choice to use colour instead of music for dramatic effect and his ability to create an atmosphere that evoked evil throughout the play.

The play was successful and published by the end of the year, though Chesterton himself saw little of the profits. It was performed over a hundred times in the United Kingdom and the United States. Despite this success, Magic is considered to be Chesterton's "one and only play", due to the lack of drama in his other published stage works; only one of his other plays was ever staged during his lifetime.

G. K. Chesterton (left) and George Bernard Shaw were fierce intellectual rivals, but also good friends.

G. K. Chesterton was an English author and philosopher who shared a long and intimate friendship with the Irish writer and playwright George Bernard Shaw; the two were intellectual rivals who differed on many topics, perhaps best-known through their series of public debates.^[1][2] Several times over the course of their friendship, Shaw attempted to get Chesterton to write a play as well.^[3] In 1908, he wrote a humorous letter to Chesterton, which reads in part:

I shall deliberately destroy your credit as an essayist, as a journalist, as a critic, as a Liberal, as everything that offers your laziness as a refuge, until starvation and shame drive you to serious dramatic parturition. I shall repeat my public challenge to you; vaunt my superiority; insult your corpulence; torture Belloc; if necessary, call on you and steal your wife's affections by intellectual and athletic displays, until you contribute something to British drama.^[4][5]

Shaw even gave several suggestions as to topic and theme, but Chesterton did not adapt any of them.^[6] In 1909, for example, Shaw suggested a play called The Dialogue of the Devil and St. Augustine in which Augustine of Canterbury arrives in modern-day England and discusses contemporary life with characters based on politicians and writers of the day.^[7] Shaw went so far as to offer Chesterton £100 (equivalent to £13,167 in 2023) if he could produce a workable version of the plot as a play within three months. If Chesterton could do so, Shaw would retain the stage rights, but Chesterton would keep the copyright, the writing credits would not include any sign of input from Shaw, and Chesterton could buy the stage rights back for £250 (equivalent to £32,917 in 2023) whenever he wanted.^[8]

In 1912, Shaw wrote Androcles and the Lion "to insult and taunt and stimulate" Chesterton and asked Chesterton's wife, Frances, to pretend she loved it to get Chesterton to produce a stage play.^[6][9] Following Shaw's play, Desmond MacCarthy singled out Chesterton in hopes that he would write a similar play.^[10] Hilaire Belloc also believed that Chesterton would be successful on the stage; both he and F. Anstey proffered an outline for a play based on a work of Belloc's for Chesterton to dramatise, but it never materialised.^[11]

It is ultimately unknown what prompted Chesterton to write the play. Ada Chesterton, his sister-in-law, reported that, although the concept for Magic had been in the works for several months, Chesterton had been asked by a young unemployed man to write a play so that he could offer to stage it and gain steady employment from the theatre's management, which prompted Chesterton to begin writing the play down. She also noted that Chesterton had thoroughly enjoyed writing the play.^[12]

Following a trial production four days earlier in Eastbourne, Magic premiered at the Little Theatre in London on 7 November 1913, produced by Kenelm Foss.^[13] The play was written with the Little Theatre in mind, which – before its destruction – contained a relatively small stage and only 477 seats; Chesterton narrowed the scope of the play, keeping the setting of the three main acts in one location, the Duke's drawing room, though the prelude takes place elsewhere.^[14] Franklin Dyall was the first actor to play the Conjurer; he had been recommended by Frances Noel, sister of Conrad Noel.^[15] Fred Lewis and Grace Croft both were first to play the Duke and Patricia, respectively.^[16]

In a short prelude, a ditzy young woman, Patricia Carleon, meets a stranger in the woods who claims to be a fairy. The first act opens with Doctor Grimthorpe and Reverend Smith meeting each other for the first time. Grimthorpe reveals that the Duke is becoming the ward of his niece and nephew, Patricia and her brother Morris, and the doctor expresses concern that the young woman's tales are the sign of mental illness, which runs in the family. Morris, a fairly successful businessman, arrives from the United States and is angered by his sister being allowed to meet strange men in the woods. The stranger trespasses on the property and Morris and Grimthorpe chase him but Patricia recognises him and waves him in. He then reveals himself to be the Conjurer who was hired by the Duke to perform at an event that night. Patricia accuses him of ruining the fairy tale she was living in.

In the second act, the Conjurer looks over his equipment in preparation for the event. Patricia enters and the two equivocate over the concept of truth, leaving Patricia less angry with him. Morris enters, leafs through the Conjurer's equipment, and says he knows how each trick works. He presses the Conjurer about a trick that a goldfish being made to appear is really just a sliced carrot, which the Conjurer confirms is true before performing the trick and producing a live goldfish. Morris is flabbergasted, but attempts to regain himself. Smith, Grimthorpe, and Morris argue about religion and Patricia leaves. Morris tries to belittle the Conjurer and he begins to make the surrounding furniture move around. Morris accuses him of playing cheap tricks to undermine his position in the argument. When the Conjurer makes the red light across the street turn blue and back again, Morris flies into a frenzy, unable to discern how the Conjurer did it. Grimthorpe gets Morris to bed and the Conjurer expresses remorse to Smith about having done the trick. Grimthorpe and Smith argue over religion once again.

In the third act, Morris can be heard thrashing and babbling in his room while Smith, Grimthorpe, and the Duke attempt to get the Conjurer to reveal how the trick was done. They believe that if Morris is presented with a rationale, he will get better. The Duke tries to bribe the Conjurer, but he rips up the cheque and confesses that it was real magic. No one believes him and the Conjurer lambasts Smith for his unbelief and asks him if he believes in God; Smith responds that he wishes he could believe. The men leave and Patricia enters and begins to ask the Conjurer how the trick is done. He derails the conversation and declares his love for her. He absentmindedly proposes to her and she accepts. She asks again how the trick was done. Somewhat defensively, he explains that he used to fake tricks, but ultimately became able to control real demons. These demons attempted to seize control of him, but he was able to wrest control back though the demons still bother and taunt him and the room they both are in is full of them.

The Conjurer departs to the garden to ask God for help. When he returns, he says that he has come up with a convincing lie to tell Morris so that he will regain his sanity. When the group asks what the lie is, the Conjurer refuses to tell them because if he does, they will all choose to believe it instead of coming to grips with the idea that magic is real. The plan works and Morris becomes well again. The Conjurer says goodbye to Patricia, but she refuses his goodbye and thanks him for allowing the fairy tale to end by becoming true.

George Bernard Shaw was at the opening performance and reportedly gave a standing ovation, shouting "Bravo!" from his box.^[10][17] Although Chesterton's sister-in-law – Ada Chesterton – believed Chesterton's work was generally inferior to his brother's, she wrote a glowing retrospective about the night.^[18] According to her:

It was a memorable evening. Gilbert and Frances were almost mobbed in the foyer, and at every interval were eagerly surrounded. [...] When the curtain rang down, Gilbert made one of his wittiest and most delightful speeches. [...] Cecil and I foregathered in the bar with Fleet Street critics. Bernard Shaw, I remember, told Gilbert that he had a natural sense of the theatre, and insisted that he must go on writing plays and that a great career as a dramatist lay before him.^[19][20]

Following the premier, Chesterton arrived at his newspaper's office around 6 pm and left with his brother for a drink before dinner and were greeted by an enthusiastic crowd. Although Chesterton generally had an aversion to the telephone, he was reportedly so happy with the influx of congratulations and greetings he received following the play's opening night that he answered the phone himself, which his sister-in-law referred to as "extraordinary".^[21] By the end of 1913, the play was published as a book by Putnam's Sons, which enjoyed a high number of sales.^[22]

Chesterton was notoriously bad with his finances and Shaw sought to protect the success of Chesterton's work from his poor financial management.^[23] Although the play was well-received, Chesterton only received compensation for the play from one of the backers, E. S. P. Haynes, and it was years before Chesterton was able to repossess the rights to the play.^[24] After seeing the contract Chesterton had agreed to for the play, Shaw wrote to Chesterton's wife, saying:

In Sweden, where the marriage laws are comparatively enlightened, I believe you could obtain a divorce on the ground that your husband threw away an important part of the provision for your old age for twenty pieces of silver. [...] In future, the moment he has finished a play and the question of disposing of it arises, lock him up and bring the agreement to me. Explanations would be thrown away on him.^[25]

The play ran for over a hundred performances.^[22][26] For the hundredth performance, Shaw's short play The Music Cure began being featured as the curtain raiser following a promise Shaw made to Chesterton "if there should be [a hundredth] one", though The Music Cure was only performed seven times.^[27]

Magic was popular with audiences and met with positive critical reception.^[28] In general, critics were surprised by how well Chesterton had adapted to the stage, despite never having written a play. Others remarked that the use of colour instead of music during climactic scenes for effect was a welcome choice, as was his ability to create strong characters in the context of a live audience.^[22] In particular, the moment when the red lamp changes to blue was viewed as a "felt experience" by audience members years after their first viewing of the play.^[29] Other commentators praised the atmosphere of the play, noting that a looming sense of evil penetrated the performances. The Chesterton scholar Denis J. Conlon noted that, although Chesterton had not converted to Catholicism yet, the play seems to indicate that he believed something in the universe worked on behalf of evil.^[29]

Shaw wrote resounding praise for the play, more than any other critic.^[30] In 1916, writing in The New Statesman, Shaw called Chesterton "an artist of almost magical dexterity in language and casuistry". He finished his piece with a paragraph about Magic, writing:

I shirk the theatre so lazily that I have lost the right to call myself a playgoer; but circumstances led to my seeing Magic performed several times and I enjoyed it more and more every time. [...] Mr. Chesterton is in the English tradition of Shakespear [sic] and Fielding and Scott and Dickens, in which you must grip your character so masterfully that you can play with it in the most extravagant fashion. [...] The Duke in Magic is much better than Micawber or Mrs. Wilfer, neither of whom can bear the footlights because, like piping bullfinches, they have only one tune, whilst the Duke sets everything in the universe to his ridiculous music. That is the Shakespearean touch. Is it grateful to ask for more?^[31][32]

Patrick Braybrooke praised the play in his 1922 biography of Chesterton, calling the play "difficult" because it is difficult to discern what the authorial belief is. He remarked that the conversations between the Smith and Grimthorpe were particularly good, serving as a critique of poor dialectic discourse and revelling in what is unknowable. Braybrooke also remarked that Magic is "undoubtedly a problem play" and that the nature of the play lends itself to the term comedy as much as it does tragedy.^[33]

The Irish novelist and critic George Moore, with whom Chesterton had feuded intellectually,^[a] gave it a stellar review.^[22][34] Writing to Forster Bovill on 27 November 1913, Moore stated:

I followed the comedy of Magic from the first line to the last with interest and appreciation, and I am not exaggerating when I say that I think of all modern plays I like it the best. Mr. Chesterton wished to express an idea and his construction and his dialogue are the best that he could have chosen for the expression of that idea; therefore, I look upon the play as practically perfect.^[34]

Frank Harris, despite his disagreements with Chesterton as well, also gave the play a positive review.^[22] In his series of books called Contemporary Portraits, he wrote positively about the play. In the second series, he wrote that "London took 'Magic,' and Chesterton to its heart of hearts" and that the play "had more than a success of esteem".^[36] He praised the play for having been one that he believed grew in value over time, remarking that the play was remarkably consistent and had a well-orchestrated climax.^[37] In the third series, Harris wrote that Magic was a "noble play" which was "splendidly rendered". He similarly praised the use of colour and stage effects to create a strong atmosphere that suggests that something "incommunicable" is present.^[38]

Once the play had made landfall in the United States, Lawrence Gilman saw the play at Maxine Elliott's Theatre in New York City. Writing for The North American Review, he gave spectacular praise to the show, calling Chesterton "the perfect reincarnation of a Hebrew prophet, with a passionate and thunderous ecstasy" and "an amazing man!". Gilman's only critique was what he felt was the over-explanation of the Conjurer's past, signalling that Chesterton needed to trust the "mystical integrity of his parable" more.^[39]

William Archer and A. B. Walkley were less impressed. Archer, writing for The Star, called Chesterton "elusive and tricksy" and contrasted Chesterton negatively with Shaw. Walkley, on the other hand, called the play's central thesis "fly-blown" and wrote that the topic had no place in the theatre in his piece for the The Times.^[40] A writer for the socialist newspaper The Clarion gave a positive review of the play in general, but questioned whether anything it had set out to answer had been answered at all. G. S. Street gave a positive review in The New Witness, but called the play unambitious, petitioning Chesterton to take the art form more seriously.^[40] H. W. Massingham, in a review for The Nation, took issue with the topic, arguing that it "seems chiefly calculated to re-enshroud men's minds" and called for Chesterton to "cheer up" and stop romanticising the Middle Ages.^[41] Although he found the religious element of the play poorly introduced and argued that the play seems to advocate "swallowing practically anything", Desmond MacCarthy found the first act "admirably good" and, when Chesterton had called his play "amateurish" during his curtain speech at the premier, MacCarthy lamented that he wished "other people's acts were as amateurish" as Magic.^[10]

In Germany, the play received positive press following a production there, many of whom saw the influence of Shaw in Chesterton's work and several remarked that Chesterton had surpassed him.^[34] Gearóid Ó Lochlainn [Wikidata] and Toto Cogley staged the play in February 1926 through the Dublin Drama League, an offshoot of the Abbey Theatre.^[42] In 1935, Shelah Richards, in her directorial debut, staged Magic at the Gate Theatre in Dublin.^[43]

The play later went on the influence the Swedish director Ingmar Bergman, who staged the play in Sweden in 1947 under the name Magi at the Göteborg City Theatre.^[44] The stage design was done by Carl Ström and the play starred Anders Ek as the Conjurer.^[44] However, the play struggled due to its double-feature composition, being overshadowed by the popularity of Thornton Wilder's one-act play The Long Christmas Dinner.^[45] Critics still enjoyed Bergman's adaptation; although he was criticised for his impractical stage effects, Bergman met with critical success and was praised for using visually imaginative design, such as using dimming lighting to signal scene changes instead of the more traditional curtain.^[45] Ebbe Linde [sv; fi] said Bergman's play had "more than enough dynamics and boldness for a genius" and called the production a "spellbinding metamorphosis".^[46] Bergman was likely inspired by the play when he created the 1958 horror film The Magician.^[47]

Although Chesterton later wrote other pieces for the stage, Magic is sometimes referred to as Chesterton's "one and only play", especially since few have referred to his 1927 stage essay – The Judgment of Dr. Johnson, about Samuel Johnson – as a drama.^[48] The Judgment of Dr. Johnson was eventually staged at the Arts Theatre in 1932 and received better reviews than Magic, though it did not lead to further success.^[49] Chesterton did, however, write other plays. In 1914, he attempted to have his novel The Flying Inn adapted for the stage, but it was never performed as such. In 1932, Chesterton wrote a play The Surprise, which was not published until 1952 and not performed until 1953, well after Chesterton's death in 1936.^[50] Conlon believes that it is possible that up to ten of Chesterton's plays remain unpublished; following his death, several of his unpublished manuscripts were given to the British Library, but they were never catalogued and have not been made public.^[51]

• The play performed by the Blackbird Theater in Nashville, Tennessee
• Magic at Project Gutenberg