Mawalan Marika

Mawalan Marika (c.1908–1967), often referred to as Mawalan 1 Marika to distinguish from Mawalan 2 Marika,^[1] was an Aboriginal Australian artist and the leader of the Rirratjingu clan of the Yolngu people of north-east Arnhem Land, in the Northern Territory of Australia. He is known for his bark paintings, carvings and political activism.^[2]

Mawalan Marika was born around 1908 in Yirrkala.^[3] His name derives from the mawalan, or digging stick used by the Djang'kawu of the creation story of the Rirratjingu clan.^[1] His clan falls under the Dhuwa moiety, one of the two moieties found in Arnhem Land.^[4]

In addition to being an important asset to many anthropologists, including Charles P. Mountford and Ronald Berndt, he was one of the most prominent political activists of his time.^[2] Mawalan and his four brothers led the other clans in presenting the Yirrkala bark petitions to the Australian Government in 1963, in the lead-up to the 1971 Gove land rights case (aka Milirrpum v Nabalco Pty Ltd, named after his brother Milirrpum^[4]).^[5][6]

Marika was one of the first artists to break from tradition and teach his daughters (i.e. women) how to paint the sacred madayin clan designs.^[7] Marika advocated for the teaching of Yolŋu culture to the general Australian population, and negotiated the foundation of a Methodist mission at Yirrkala in 1935.^[4] One way he tried to encourage this transmission of knowledge was the establishment of commercial production of bark paintings through the mission.^[7]

Marika painted over 40 works, many of which can be found in art collections of museums or private collectors.^[8] In the 1950s, he helped to create a commercial bark painting environment at the Yirrkala mission and collaborated in the creation of the Yirrkala Church Panels in 1963.^[2] Because Marika is from the Rirratjingu clan, many of his bark paintings allude to the two ancestral figures of the clan, Mururruma the great turtle-hunter and Djambuwal the Thunderman. In his work, Turtle Dreaming, Marika demonstrates the connection between the two ancestral figures through long pointed shapes representing the water spouts created by the Thunderman and rocks containing Mururruma's spirit.^[9] One of Marika's figurative traits is that he often paints the Djang'kawu sisters, who are said to be the creator beings of the Dhuwa moiety. The Marika family see themselves as direct descendants of the Djang'kawu. Mawalan created an entire series of paintings detailing the journey on the Djang'kawu sisters into country.^[3] A collection of Marika's bark paintings entitled Djan'kawu story (1959) is held by the Art Gallery of New South Wales.^[10]

As well as being known for his bark paintings, Marika had a high level of skill in carving and sculpture. His sculptures are cleanly painted with clan designs and finished with feathers, human hair, or other such natural attachments.^[2]

His style is characteristic of the Dhuwa moiety, featuring many dots, diagonal lines, and geometric/diamond shapes.^[3] One of the innovations for which Marika is credited is the use of episodic or panel style bark paintings and breaking away from the use of rarrk by using dotting techniques and more figural elements. A notable trait of many of his paintings is the striking use of yellow ochre, which features heavily in all his works, sculptural and painted.^[2] Many of his works deal with subjects relating to the sacred stories and ceremonies of the clan.^[1]

In 1959, the deputy director of the Art Gallery of New South Wales, Tony Tuckson, traveled to Yirrkala to commission large scale works for the collection for the aesthetic rather than the ethnographic value.^[11] Five large paintings by Mawalan Marika using natural pigments on eucalyptus bark became part of the collection, which depicted the Djan'kawu journey: a group of siblings who journeyed from the spirit world. The first of this series, Djan'kawu Creation Story 1, is part of the Madayin collection at the Kluge-Ruhe Aboriginal Art Collection in Charlottesville, Virginia.^[11]

Also at the Kluge-Ruhe is his pre-1966 painting Milŋiyawuy (The Milky Way), depicting the Milky Way as a river of stars in the sky.^[12] Also painted in the traditional medium of natural pigments on eucalyptus bark, Milŋiyawuy features people playing the didjeridu and shows the Yolŋu characteristic of showing both human performance of ceremony and the spiritual domain it engages with.^[12]

• Art Gallery of New South Wales, Sydney^[3]
• National Gallery of Australia, Canberra
• National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne
• Kluge-Ruhe Aboriginal Art Collection of the University of Virginia

• Old Masters Exhibition - National Gallery of Australia^[2]
• The Art of Arnhem Land - Perth, 1957^[4]
• Dreamings - New York, 1988^[4]
• Aratjara - Europe, 1993–94^[4]
• Yalangbara: Art of the Djang'kawu - National Museum of Australia, 2010–11^[4]

McKenzie, Robyn. “The String Figures of Yirrkala: Examination of a Legacy.” Exploring the Legacy of the 1948 Arnhem Land Expedition, edited by Martin Thomas and Margo Neale, ANU Press, 2011, pp. 191–212. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt24h9p1.15. Accessed 6 May 2024.^[13]

Describes the legacy of string-figure making in Yirrkala and the role of Mawalan Marika, his brother Mathaman, and his son Wandjuk, beginning page 201.

May, Sally K. “Piecing the History Together: An Overview of the 1948 Arnhem Land Expedition.” Exploring the Legacy of the 1948 Arnhem Land Expedition, edited by Martin Thomas and Margo Neale, ANU Press, 2011, pp. 171–88. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt24h9p1.14. Accessed 6 May 2024.^[14]

Describes the 1948 Arnhem Land Expedition, including a description of Yirrkala artists including Mawalan Marika and his family beginning page 181.

Mawalan's daughter, Dhuwarrwarr Marika, on her father's paintings: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C__YGwTxjq8^[15]

• Art Gallery of New South Wales; Willsteed, Theresa; Perkins, Hetti (2004). Tradition Today: Indigenous Art in Australia. Art Gallery of New South Wales. ISBN 978-0-7347-6344-0.
• Knott, Matthew (13 December 2019). "Sale of Indigenous art expected to fetch up to $3.9 million at New York auction". The Sydney Morning Herald.
• "The Marika family". National Museum of Australia. 29 July 2019. Short bios of: Mawalan Marika 1 (c. 1908–1967), Mathaman Marika (c. 1920–1970), Milirrpum Marika (c. 1923–1983), Roy Dadaynga Marika MBE (c. 1925–1993), Wandjuk Djuwakan Marika OBE (1929–1987), Banduk Marika (born 1954), Dhuwarrwarr Marika (born c.1946), Wanyubi Marika (born 1967), Yalmay Gurrwun (Marika) Yunupingu (born 1956), Mawalan Marika 2 (born 1957), Jimmy Barrmula Yunupingu (born 1963) (son of Dhuwarrwarr Marika).
• National Museum of Australia; Caruana, Wally; Duff, Alisa (2013). Old Masters: Australia's Great Bark Artists. National Museum of Australia Press. ISBN 978-1-921953-16-3.
• Pearce, Barry; Art Gallery of New South Wales (2014). 100 Moments in Australian Painting. NewSouth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-74223-129-7.