New Hebrides Trench
The New Hebrides Trench (perhaps better termed the South New Hebrides Trench)[1][2] is an oceanic trench which is over 7.1 km (4.4 mi) deep in the Southern Pacific Ocean.[3] It lies to the northeast of New Caledonia and the Loyalty Islands, to the southwest of Vanuatu, east of Australia, and south of Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. The trench was formed as a result of a subduction zone. The Australian Plate is being subducted under the New Hebrides Plate causing volcanism which produced the Vanuatu archipelago.
The trench was first described in 1962 by the U.S. research vessel "Spencer F. Baird", in the Scripps Institution of Oceanography Proa Expedition[2] and was explored in more detail in 2013 by the University of Aberdeen's Oceanlab team. They found cusk-eels, prawns, and other eels, and crustaceans. This is significantly different from other deep sea trenches that have been studied.[4]
Geography
[edit]The southern New Hebrides Trench is defined as extending from 17°45′00″S 167°20′00″E / 17.75°S 167.3333°E to 23°08′00″S 174°10′00″E / 23.1333°S 174.1667°E.[2] The North New Hebrides Trench (Torres Trench) that extends to the west of the Solomon Islands is a separate marine feature to the southern New Hebrides Trench due to the d'Entrecasteaux Ridge, even though they are tectonically part of the same subduction zone.
Tectonics
[edit]At the New Hebrides Trench, the Australian plate is being subducted underneath the New Hebrides microplate in the Vanuatu subduction zone (previously called the New Hebrides subduction zone) towards the east where the trench has a north-south orientation. The trench is to the northeast of the Zealandia continental margin. The convergence rate in the subduction zone ranges from 120 mm (4.7 in)/yr in the south, to 40 mm (1.6 in)/yr in the central section, to the high rate of 170 mm (6.7 in)/yr in the north at about latitude 11°S in the Solomon Island region north of the Torres.[5] The anomalous lack of convergence in the central section is caused by the subduction of the d'Entrecasteaux Ridge. The progressive subduction/collision of the NW–SE trending Loyalty Ridge located on the Australian plate under the southern Vanuatu microplates produces much earthquake activity[5] but the most southernmost part of the trench south of latitude 22.5° S and east of longitude 170° E is not as highly tectonically active[6] It has been suggested that the current northern subduction to the south of the bend to the east in the trench should be considered as a separate subduction zone, called the Matthew and Hunter subduction system or subduction zone given its immature current volcanic arc and other characteristics.[7][8] It translates into the non subducting Hunter Fracture Zone which is a transform faulting fracture zone.[9] From 3 million years ago the southernmost Central Spreading Ridge of the North Fiji Basin propagated southward and has now intersected with the New Hebrides Trench and the Hunter Fracture Zone to form a triple junction with the Conway Reef Plate.[9]
Associated seismicity
[edit]The area of the southern part of the subduction zone between the latitudes 21.5 and 22.5° S and the longitudes 169 and 170° E is very active.[5] There have been multiple earthquakes including swarms of magnitude Mw 7.0+ during recent decades impacting on New Caledonia and Vanuatu.[5] The strain accumulation is regularly partially released through moderate to strong earthquakes during sequences which have included both interplate thrust faulting earthquakes and outer rise normal faulting earthquakes west and south-west of the trench.[5]
The Mw 7.7 2021 Loyalty Islands earthquake (Matthew Island earthquake) was much stronger than the usual seismicity on the southernmost aspects of the trench.[10] The epicenter was close to Matthew Island, and was both preceded and followed by a seismic crisis of multiple events with greater than Mw 5.0[10]
Major earthquakes associated with the subduction zone
[edit]The table below shows only earthquakes greater than Mw7.5 or significant earthquakes that are not in the list of earthquakes in Vanuatu and list of earthquakes in the Solomon Islands archipelago for geographical reasons.[11][12]
| Article | Date | Location | Magnitude (Mw) |
|---|---|---|---|
| - | March 28, 1875 | Loyalty Islands | 8.1-8.2[12] |
| - | August 9, 1901 | Tadine, New Caledonia | 7.9[5] |
| - | June 16, 1910 | Isangel, Vanuatu | 7.8 |
| - | September 20, 1920 | Isangel, Vanuatu | 7.9[12] |
| - | August 25, 1926 | Southern Vanuata Subduction Zone | 7.0[5] |
| - | December 2, 1950 | Port-Vila, Vanuatu | 7.9[5] |
| - | December 17, 1957 | Sola, Vanuatu | 7.8 |
| - | August 11, 1965 | Central Vanuata Subduction Zone | 7.6[5] |
| - | December 31, 1966 | Lata, Solomon Islands | 7.8 |
| - | July 17, 1980 | Lata, Solomon Islands | 7.9 |
| 2009 Vanuatu earthquakes | October 7, 2009 | Sola, Vanuatu | 7.8[5] |
| 2013 Solomon Islands earthquake | February 6, 2013 | Lata, Solomon Islands | 8.0[5] |
| 2021 Loyalty Islands earthquake (Matthew Island earthquake) | February 10, 2021 | Southeast of the Loyalty Islands | 7.7[13] |
| - | March 30, 2022 | Loyalty Islands fore-shock by 8 hours to the March 31 earthquake | 6.9[5] |
| - | March 31, 2022 | Loyalty Islands 279 km (173 mi) southeast of Maré Island | 7.0[5] |
| - | May 19, 2023 | Loyalty Islands 339 km (211 mi) east of Isle of Pines | 7.7 |
Tsunami risk
[edit]The region could trigger tsunamis with a main propagation axis striking from WSW–ENE (putting New Caledonia and south Vanuatu most at risk) to S–N (putting northern New Zealand and Vanuatu most at risk).[5] The 5 December 2018 Mw 7.5 normal faulting earthquake generated a tsunami of more than 2 m (6 ft 7 in) in southern New Caledonia and Vanuatu.[5]
Ecology
[edit]The trench seawater has a temperature of about 2 °C (36 °F) from 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) to 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) depth.[14] Fish species known include those from the genus Pachycara (e.g. Pachycara moelleri at 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) depth), Ilyophis robinsae or large Synaphobranchid, Synaphobranchus brevidorsalis, Hydrolagus spp., Bathyraja spp., Bassozetus spp., Antimora rostrata multiple species of Coryphaenoides, members of the Zoarcidae family and members of the family Alepocephalidae.[15] For some reason, although well known in surrounding nearby waters, Macrourids are absent from the northern New Hebrides Trench.[16] This is believed to be because the ecosystem characteristics allow the low-energy ophidiid to dominate.[16] Amongst crustaceans, amphipods including members of the family Lysianassidae, prawns of the genus Benthesicymus (Benthesicymus crenatus, Benthesicymus howensis) and Aristeidae (Cerataspis monstrosus) and Oplophoridae shimp (Acanthephyra tenuipes and Heterogenys microphthalma) were found.[17]
References
[edit]- ^ GEBCO:Hebrides
- ^ a b c Marine Gazetteer:South New Hebrides Trench
- ^ Linley et al. 2017, Section:2.1. Study sites
- ^ Morelle, Rebecca (3 March 2014). "New Hebrides trench: First look at unexplored deep sea". BBC News. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Roger et al. 2023, Section:2 Seismotectonic context
- ^ Roger et al. 2023, Section:Abstract
- ^ Patriat et al. 2019, The Matthew and Hunter area: a recently discovered infant subduction zone
- ^ McCarthy et al. 2022, 2.1. The Vanuatu – Hunter Ridge subduction system
- ^ a b Durance et al. 2012, p915
- ^ a b Roger et al. 2023, 3.1 The earthquake
- ^ "Map of Magnitude 7.5+ along the New Hebrides Trench and Surrounding Areas". USGS. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
- ^ a b c Ioualalen, Mansour (May 2017). "Investigating the March 28th 1875 and the September 20th 1920 earthquakes/tsunamis of the Southern Vanuatu arc, offshore Loyalty Islands, New Caledonia". Tectonophysics. 709: 20. Bibcode:2017Tectp.709...20I. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2017.05.006.
- ^ Roger et al. 2023, Section:1.1 Generalities
- ^ Linley et al. 2017, Section:3.1. Environmental characteristics, Fig. 2
- ^ Linley et al. 2017, 3.2. Species diversity, Table 1
- ^ a b Linley et al. 2017, 4.1. Macrourid or ophidiid dominated communities
- ^ Swan, Ja; Jamieson, AJ; Linley, TD; Yancey, PH (4 February 2021). "Worldwide distribution and depth limits of decapod crustaceans (Penaeoidea, Oplophoroidea) across the abyssal-hadal transition zone of eleven subduction trenches and five additional deep-sea features". Journal of Crustacean Biology. 41 (1). doi:10.1093/jcbiol/ruaa102.
- Sources
- Roger, J; Pelletier, B; Gusman, A; Power, W; Wang, X; Burbidge, D; Duphil, M (2023). "Potential tsunami hazard of the southern Vanuatu subduction zone: tectonics, case study of the Matthew Island tsunami of 10 February 2021 and implication in regional hazard assessment". Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. 23 (2): 393–414. Bibcode:2023NHESS..23..393R. doi:10.5194/nhess-23-393-2023.
- Durance, PM; Jadamec, MA; Falloon, TJ; Nicholls, IA (2012). "Magmagenesis within the Hunter Ridge Rift Zone resolved from olivine-hosted melt inclusions and geochemical modelling with insights from geodynamic models". Australian Journal of Earth Sciences. 59 (6): 913–31. Bibcode:2012AuJES..59..913D. doi:10.1080/08120099.2012.682096. S2CID 67848457.
- Linley, T; Stewart, AL; McMillan, PJ; Clark, MR; Gerringer, ME; Drazen, JC; Fujii, T; Jamieson, AJ (2017). "Bait attending fishes of the abyssal zone and hadal boundary: Community structure, functional groups and species distribution in the Kermadec, New Hebrides and Mariana trenches". Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers. 121: 38–53. Bibcode:2017DSRI..121...38L. doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2016.12.009. ISSN 0967-0637.
- McCarthy, A; Falloon, TJ; Danyushevsky, LV; Sauermilch, I; Patriat, M; Jean, MM; Maas, R; Woodhead, JD; Yogodzinski, GM (15 July 2022). "Implications of high-Mg# adakitic magmatism at Hunter Ridge for arc magmatism of the Fiji-Vanuatu region". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 590 (117592). Bibcode:2022E&PSL.59017592M. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2022.117592. hdl:20.500.11850/553552.
- Patriat, M; Falloon, T; Danyushevsky, L; Collot, J; Jean, MM; Hoernle, K; Hauff, F; Maas, R; Woodhead, JD; Feig, ST (2019). "Subduction initiation terranes exposed at the front of a 2 Ma volcanically-active subduction zone" (PDF). Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 508: 30–40. Bibcode:2019E&PSL.508...30P. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2018.12.011. S2CID 135257447.