Oława

"Ohlau" redirects here. For other uses, see Ohlau (disambiguation).
Oława
Castle Square in Oława with the Sobieski Castle
Castle Square in Oława with the Sobieski Castle
Flag of Oława
Flag
Coat of arms of Oława
Coat of arms
Oława is located in Poland
Oława
Oława
Coordinates: 50°56′N 17°18′E / 50.933°N 17.300°E / 50.933; 17.300
Country Poland
VoivodeshipLower Silesian
CountyOława
GminaOława (urban gmina)
Established11th or 12th century
First mentioned1149
Town rights1234
Government
 • MayorTomasz Frischmann
Area
 • Total27.34 km2 (10.56 sq mi)
Elevation
122 m (400 ft)
Population
 (2019-06-30[1])
 • Total33,029
 • Density1,194.2/km2 (3,093/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
55-200
Car platesDOA
Websitehttp://www.um.olawa.pl

Oława (Polish pronunciation: [ɔˈwava] ⓘ, German: Ohlau, [ˈoːlaʊ] ⓘ, Silesian: Oława) is a historic town in south-western Poland with 33,029 inhabitants (2019). It is situated in Lower Silesian Voivodeship, within the Wrocław metropolitan area. It is the seat of Oława County and of the smaller administrative district of Gmina Oława (although it is not part of the territory of the latter, as the town is an urban gmina in its own right).

Etymology

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The name of the city comes from the Polish word root el-, ol-, which in Polish lands took also the form of oła-, meaning "water". The association with water refers to the location of the settlement between two rivers: the Oder and the Oława, which are close to each other, but only connect in Wrocław, which is 27 km away. The location of the city between rivers, pools and forests, and at the same time in the place of crossing the Oder River, favored the creation of a market settlement of Ślęża, and later a stronghold, a town.

The locality was mentioned in the Old Polish, Latinized form of Oleva in a Latin document issued on August 12, 1201, by the chancellery of Pope Innocent III in Segni. In a document written in Latin by Henry I the Bearded from 1214, the city is mentioned under the name Olaua in the fragment Olauam et Odriczam. In a Latin document issued in Wrocław in 1269, signed by the Silesian duke Władysław of Wrocław, the town is mentioned under two names: Olawa oraz Olauia. Latin language contain much less lettres and sounds that Polish, that's why many distorted versions of Polish, Slavic words, toponyms across Europe in various documents. In the Latin book Liber fundationis episcopatus Vratislaviensis (Polish Book of Emoluments of the Bishopric of Wrocław) written in the times of Bishop Henry of Wierzbno in the years 1295–1305, the town is mentioned in the Latinized form Olavia. The town was mentioned in a Latin document from 1310, where the town was recorded as "civitati Olavia versus Nyzam". In 1613, the Polish regionalist from the region of Silesia and historian Mikołaj Henel mentioned the town in his Latin work on the geography of Śląsk (also known by the Latinized as "Silesia"), entitled Silesiographia giving two names Olavia and Olawa/Olaw.

History

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Oława began to develop during the 11th or early 12th century at a site that was protected by the rivers Oder and Oława, when it was part of the Piast-ruled Kingdom of Poland. It was first mentioned as Oloua in a document of 1149 confirming Piotr Włostowic's donation to the abbey of St. Vincent in Wrocław.[2] In 1206 Oława became one of the residential towns of the dukes of the Silesian branch of the Piast dynasty, who also granted Oława the status of a town in 1234. As a result of the fragmentation of Poland, Oława at various times formed part of the duchies of Silesia, Legnica and Brzeg.

The Sobieski Castle in the 18th century

During its history Oława was destroyed completely three times. In 1241 it was destroyed during the first Mongol invasion of Poland, in 1448 by the Hussites, and again in 1634 during the Thirty Years' War. After the Polish King Casimir III had renounced his rights on Silesia with the Treaty of Trenčín in 1335, Silesia became until 1806 a part of the Holy Roman Empire as a Bohemian fief, although the town remained under the rule of the Polish Piast dynasty as part of the Duchy of Legnica until 1675. In 1526, when the Habsburgs gained the Bohemian crown, Silesia came under Austrian suzerainty. In 1527 with the Reformation High German language came in use and with it the first usage of the version of the town's name Ohlau is reported. Following the death of the last Silesian Piast duke George IV William of Legnica in 1675, Oława ceased to be a residence town. In spite of Habsburg political influence, in the 17th century, the town was still part of the territory dominated by the Polish language.[3] Oława found itself again under Polish rule, when Polish prince James Louis Sobieski, son of King John III Sobieski, became duke of Oława in years 1691–1737. Together with most of Silesia, the town became part of the Kingdom of Prussia in 1742.

The 18th and 19th centuries were a period of economic growth and Oława (then as Ohlau) became well known as a centre of tobacco-growing. In 1842 a railroad between Ohlau and Wrocław, the first in Silesia, was opened. Ethnic Polish traditions and population remained strong in the area. Poles smuggled large amounts of gunpowder through the town to the Russian Partition of Poland during the January Uprising in 1863.[4] Folkorist Julius Roger noted local Polish folk songs in his 1863 work,[5] and a substantial concentration of Poles in and around the town was still noted in 1896.[6]

The historic town of Ohlau did not suffer any damage during World War I, however, in World War II about 60% of the buildings were destroyed. On 2 September 1939, a Polish PZL.23 Karaś bomber (scout) plane bombed a German factory in the city in the first attack on German territory after the German invasion of Poland and the outbreak of World War II the day before. During the war, the Germans established and operated two labour subcamps of the Stalag VIII-B/344 prisoner-of-war camp in the town.[7] At least five Polish resistance members were sentenced to death in the city by a German court in 1942.[8] After Nazi Germany's defeat in the war, the town became again part of Poland. After the war, a sizeable group of Polish Armenians displaced from Soviet-annexed eastern Poland settled in the town, and the first post-war mayor was Polish-Armenian Jakub Axentowicz.[9] Oława also became a garrison town of the Soviet Red Army Northern Group of Forces and remained so until 1992.

From 1975 to 1998, it was administratively located in the Wrocław Voivodeship.

Flag and coat of arms

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Town hall in Oława

The flag of Oława presents the coat of arms of Oława, on a diagonally divided white-red background.[10]

The coat of arms presents a white rooster on a red-shield background, looking to the left. There are two traditional hypotheses for the origin of the coat of arms:

  1. The symbol links in with Walloonian weavers; historically located in Oława's land - and the coat of arms of Wallonia - a red rooster on a yellow background.
  2. The shield originates from the town coat of arms of the Czech knight family of Olav.[2]

Neither hypothesis explains the look of the coat of arms in relation to Oława. The coat of arms of Oława is identical on the basis and content of the Kur coat of arms.[2]

On the basis that the coat of arms of Oława is in relation to the Kur coat of arms, such hypothesis can be deemed highly agreeable. The Kur coat of arms can be linked to Jan of Kur, a knight of Konrad I of Głogów, being the owner of the village of Kurów Wielki in 1266, in the Polkowice County. The coat of arms can also be also traced back to the personage of Szyban von Der - the court adjudicator of Henry III of Głogów - erroneously equated to Szaban Tader, a castellan of the Świny Castle, mentioned in Franciszek Piekosiński's book - Heraldyka polska wieków średnich - (Heraldry of Polish Middle Ages) published in Kraków, in 1899;[11] where the document is sealed with the town's coat of arms from 1300.[2]

Economy

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Ergis S.A.
Oława city budget income sources as of 2015.

Oława is the centre for industry and production in the Oława County. The town's industries include the production of electronics (namely Electrolux Poland and Nardi Appliances), furniture and car parts.[12]

Largest industries include:

  • Zm Silesia SA (formerly Huta Oława S.A.) – production of zinc oxide, lead oxide and cadmium oxide
  • SCA Hygiene Products – production of nappies for toddlers and adults
  • DS Smith – packaging production
  • Autoliv Poland – production of seat belts and car airbags
  • Centrozłom Wrocław PPZM – branch of metal recycling
  • The Lorenz Bahlsen Snack-World Sp. z o.o. – food production
  • Ergis SA – packaging production
  • MetalErg – processing of metals and plastics
  • Tabex – car parts production
  • ZNTK Oława Sp. z o.o. – train repair department
  • Zakpol – architrave production
  • Marco – plastic materials production
  • Formtech – plastic materials production
  • Rotex – plastic materials production
  • Atex Sp. z o.o. – muffler and petrol tank production
  • Electrolux Poland – electronics
  • Nardi Appliances Poland – electronics
  • Standis Polska Sp. z o.o. - shop furniture production
  • Bama Europa Sp. z o.o. - confectionery production
Saints Peter and Paul church and monument of Pope John Paul II

Sports

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The local football team is Moto Jelcz Oława [pl]. It competes in the lower leagues.

Notable people

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The Oława Castle was the residence of local Piast and Sobieski dukes
Registry office

Twin towns – sister cities

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See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland

Oława is twinned with:[13]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Population. Size and structure and vital statistics in Poland by territorial division in 2019. As of 30th June". stat.gov.pl. Statistics Poland. 2019-10-15. Retrieved 2020-02-14.
  2. ^ a b c d "Historia Miasta Oława". Oława 24. Archived from the original on 26 May 2015. Retrieved 29 April 2015.
  3. ^ Dorota Borowicz, Mapy narodowościowe Górnego Śląska od połowy XIX wieku do II Wojny Światowej, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego, Wrocław, 2004, p. 33
  4. ^ Pater, Mieczysław (1963). "Wrocławskie echa powstania styczniowego". Śląski Kwartalnik Historyczny Sobótka (in Polish) (4): 418.
  5. ^ Roger, Julius (1863). Pieśni ludu polskiego w Górnym Szląsku (in Polish). Wrocław. pp. 166–167.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  6. ^ Partsch, Joseph (1896). Schlesien. Eine Landeskunde für das deutsche Volk (in German). Vol. I. p. 364.
  7. ^ "Working Parties". Lamsdorf: Stalag VIIIB 344 Prisoner of War Camp 1940 - 1945. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
  8. ^ Encyklopedia konspiracji Wielkopolskiej 1939–1945 (in Polish). Poznań: Instytut Zachodni. 1998. pp. 184, 517, 583, 599, 655. ISBN 83-85003-97-5.
  9. ^ "Etnolodzy w Oławie". Awedis (in Polish). No. 36. 2018. p. 2.
  10. ^ "Index". Urząd Miasta Oława. Archived from the original on 3 May 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2015.
  11. ^ "Heraldyka polska wieków średnich". Wielkopolska Bibloteka Cyfrowa. Retrieved 29 April 2015.
  12. ^ "Oława » mapy, nieruchomości, GUS, szkoły, kody pocztowe, wynagrodzenie, bezrobocie, zarobki, edukacja, tabele". www.polskawliczbach.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 30 January 2017.
  13. ^ "Miasta partnerskie". um.olawa.pl (in Polish). Oława. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
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