Psalm 86

This article is about Psalm 86 in Hebrew (Masoretic) numbering. For Psalm 86 in Greek Septuagint or Latin Vulgate numbering, see Psalm 87.
Psalm 86
"Bow down thine ear, O Lord, hear me"
Other name
  • Psalm 85
  • "Inclina Domine aurem tuam"
LanguageHebrew (original)

Psalm 86 is the 86th psalm of the Book of Psalms, beginning in English in the King James Version: "Bow down thine ear, O Lord, hear me: for I am poor and needy". In the slightly different numbering system used in the Greek Septuagint and Latin Vulgate translations of the Bible, this psalm is Psalm 85. In Latin, it is known as "Inclina Domine".[1] It is attributed to David.

The psalm forms a regular part of Jewish, Catholic, Lutheran, Anglican and other Protestant liturgies. It has been paraphrased in hymns and set to music, including settings by Heinrich Schütz in German and Basil Harwood in Latin. Henry Purcell and Gustav Holst composed elaborate anthems in English. In Mendelssohn's Elijah, three verses from Psalm 86 are used in the narration.

Text

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Hebrew

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The following table shows the Hebrew text[2][3] of the Psalm with vowels alongside an English translation based upon the JPS 1917 translation (now in the public domain).

Verse Hebrew English translation (JPS 1917)
1 תְּפִלָּ֗ה לְדָ֫וִ֥ד הַטֵּֽה־יְהֹוָ֣ה אׇזְנְךָ֣ עֲנֵ֑נִי כִּֽי־עָנִ֖י וְאֶבְי֣וֹן אָֽנִי׃‎ A Prayer of David. Incline Thine ear, O LORD, and answer me; For I am poor and needy.
2 שׇׁ֥מְרָ֣ה נַפְשִׁי֮ כִּֽי־חָסִ֢יד אָ֥֫נִי הוֹשַׁ֣ע עַ֭בְדְּךָ אַתָּ֣ה אֱלֹהַ֑י הַבּוֹטֵ֥חַ אֵלֶֽיךָ׃‎ Keep my soul, for I am godly; O Thou my God, save Thy servant that trusteth in Thee.
3 חׇנֵּ֥נִי אֲדֹנָ֑י כִּ֥י אֵלֶ֥יךָ אֶ֝קְרָ֗א כׇּל־הַיּֽוֹם׃‎ Be gracious unto me, O Lord; For unto Thee do I cry all the day.
4 שַׂ֭מֵּחַ נֶ֣פֶשׁ עַבְדֶּ֑ךָ כִּ֥י אֵלֶ֥יךָ אֲ֝דֹנָ֗י נַפְשִׁ֥י אֶשָּֽׂא׃‎ Rejoice the soul of Thy servant; For unto Thee, O Lord, do I lift up my soul.
5 כִּֽי־אַתָּ֣ה אֲ֭דֹנָי ט֣וֹב וְסַלָּ֑ח וְרַב־חֶ֝֗סֶד לְכׇל־קֹֽרְאֶֽיךָ׃‎ For Thou, Lord, art good, and ready to pardon, And plenteous in mercy unto all them that call upon Thee.
6 הַאֲזִ֣ינָה יְ֭הֹוָה תְּפִלָּתִ֑י וְ֝הַקְשִׁ֗יבָה בְּק֣וֹל תַּחֲנוּנוֹתָֽי׃‎ Give ear, O LORD, unto my prayer; And attend unto the voice of my supplications.
7 בְּי֣וֹם צָ֭רָתִֽי אֶקְרָאֶ֗ךָּ כִּ֣י תַעֲנֵֽנִי׃‎ In the day of my trouble I call upon Thee; For Thou wilt answer me.
8 אֵין־כָּמ֖וֹךָ בָאֱלֹהִ֥ים ׀ אֲדֹנָ֗י וְאֵ֣ין כְּֽמַעֲשֶֽׂיךָ׃‎ There is none like unto Thee among the gods, O Lord, And there are no works like Thine.
9 כׇּל־גּוֹיִ֤ם ׀ אֲשֶׁ֥ר עָשִׂ֗יתָ יָב֤וֹאוּ ׀ וְיִשְׁתַּחֲו֣וּ לְפָנֶ֣יךָ אֲדֹנָ֑י וִ֖יכַבְּד֣וּ לִשְׁמֶֽךָ׃‎ All nations whom Thou hast made shall come and prostrate themselves before Thee, O Lord; And they shall glorify Thy name.
10 כִּֽי־גָד֣וֹל אַ֭תָּה וְעֹשֵׂ֣ה נִפְלָא֑וֹת אַתָּ֖ה אֱלֹהִ֣ים לְבַדֶּֽךָ׃‎ For Thou art great, and doest wondrous things; Thou art God alone.
11 ה֘וֹרֵ֤נִי יְהֹוָ֨ה ׀ דַּרְכֶּ֗ךָ אֲהַלֵּ֥ךְ בַּאֲמִתֶּ֑ךָ יַחֵ֥ד לְ֝בָבִ֗י לְיִרְאָ֥ה שְׁמֶֽךָ׃‎ Teach me, O LORD, Thy way, that I may walk in Thy truth; Make one my heart to fear Thy name. .
12 אוֹדְךָ֤ ׀ אֲדֹנָ֣י אֱ֭לֹהַי בְּכׇל־לְבָבִ֑י וַאֲכַבְּדָ֖ה שִׁמְךָ֣ לְעוֹלָֽם׃‎ I will thank Thee, O Lord my God, with my whole heart; And I will glorify Thy name for evermore.
13 כִּֽי־חַ֭סְדְּךָ גָּד֣וֹל עָלָ֑י וְהִצַּ֥לְתָּ נַ֝פְשִׁ֗י מִשְּׁא֥וֹל תַּחְתִּיָּֽה׃‎ For great is Thy mercy toward me; And Thou hast delivered my soul from the lowest nether-world.
14 אֱלֹהִ֤ים ׀ זֵ֘דִ֤ים קָֽמוּ־עָלַ֗י וַעֲדַ֣ת עָ֭רִיצִים בִּקְשׁ֣וּ נַפְשִׁ֑י וְלֹ֖א שָׂמ֣וּךָ לְנֶגְדָּֽם׃‎ O God, the proud are risen up against me, And the company of violent men have sought after my soul, And have not set Thee before them.
15 וְאַתָּ֣ה אֲ֭דֹנָי אֵל־רַח֣וּם וְחַנּ֑וּן אֶ֥רֶךְ אַ֝פַּ֗יִם וְרַב־חֶ֥סֶד וֶאֱמֶֽת׃‎ But Thou, O Lord, art a God full of compassion and gracious, Slow to anger, and plenteous in mercy and truth.
16 פְּנֵ֥ה אֵלַ֗י וְחׇ֫נֵּ֥נִי תְּנָֽה־עֻזְּךָ֥ לְעַבְדֶּ֑ךָ וְ֝הוֹשִׁ֗יעָה לְבֶן־אֲמָתֶֽךָ׃‎ O turn unto me, and be gracious unto me; Give Thy strength unto Thy servant, And save the son of Thy handmaid.
17 עֲשֵֽׂה־עִמִּ֥י א֗וֹת לְט֫וֹבָ֥ה וְיִרְא֣וּ שֹׂנְאַ֣י וְיֵבֹ֑שׁוּ כִּֽי־אַתָּ֥ה יְ֝הֹוָ֗ה עֲזַרְתַּ֥נִי וְנִחַמְתָּֽנִי׃‎ Work in my behalf a sign for good; That they that hate me may see it, and be put to shame, Because Thou, LORD, hast helped me, and comforted me.

King James Version

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A Prayer of David
  1. Bow down thine ear, O LORD, hear me: for I am poor and needy.
  2. Preserve my soul; for I am holy: O thou my God, save thy servant that trusteth in thee.
  3. Be merciful unto me, O Lord: for I cry unto thee daily.
  4. Rejoice the soul of thy servant: for unto thee, O Lord, do I lift up my soul.
  5. For thou, Lord, art good, and ready to forgive; and plenteous in mercy unto all them that call upon thee.
  6. Give ear, O LORD, unto my prayer; and attend to the voice of my supplications.
  7. In the day of my trouble I will call upon thee: for thou wilt answer me.
  8. Among the gods there is none like unto thee, O Lord; neither are there any works like unto thy works.
  9. All nations whom thou hast made shall come and worship before thee, O Lord; and shall glorify thy name.
  10. For thou art great, and doest wondrous things: thou art God alone.
  11. Teach me thy way, O LORD; I will walk in thy truth: unite my heart to fear thy name.
  12. I will praise thee, O Lord my God, with all my heart: and I will glorify thy name for evermore.
  13. For great is thy mercy toward me: and thou hast delivered my soul from the lowest hell.
  14. O God, the proud are risen against me, and the assemblies of violent men have sought after my soul; and have not set thee before them.
  15. But thou, O Lord, art a God full of compassion, and gracious, longsuffering, and plenteous in mercy and truth.
  16. O turn unto me, and have mercy upon me; give thy strength unto thy servant, and save the son of thine handmaid.
  17. Shew me a token for good; that they which hate me may see it, and be ashamed: because thou, LORD, hast holpen me, and comforted me.

A prayer of David

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The psalm bears the title "A Prayer of David" (תְּפִלָּ֗ה לְדָ֫וִ֥ד; tə-p̄i-lāh lə-ḏā-wiḏ). It is one of five psalms labeled as "prayer" (tephillah), and bears a resemblance to Psalm 17, which also has this title (cf. Psalm 90, known as the "prayer of Moses").[4] This psalm is the only one attributed to David in Book 3 of Psalms (comprising Psalms 73 to 89).[5] The preceding three psalms (Psalms 83-85) and Psalms 87 and 88 are attributed to the sons of Korah.

Analysis

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Biblical commentator Cyril Rodd suggests that three parts are transparent in this psalm:[6]

The first, verses 1–7, are 'a plea for help'; in relation to 'the psalmist's piety' (verses 1–4) and 'the character of God' (verses 5–7). The second, verses 8–13, form a hymn, 'interrupted by a call on God to teach the psalmist' (verse 11), and concluding with 'thankful confidence' for answered prayer, and 'a vow to offer praise'/'sacrifice a thank-offering' (verses 12–13) The final part, verses 14–17, are 'renewed prayer', ending with a request for a 'sign' or the 'salvation'.[6]

The composition of the psalm features frequent parallels and repetitions, such as an eightfold 'for' (verses 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10, 13), the repeated 'Lord' eleven times (verses 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 15, 17, with seven of them being adonai (verses 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 12, 15),[5] and the four others as "YHWH". The psalmist is named the 'servant' of YHWH (abdeka; "your servant") in verses 2, 4, 16, which may indicate literary patterns.[6] A chiastic structure has been discovered, with verse 11 in the center:[6]

1–4
5–6
7
8–10
11
12–13
14
15
16–17

Verses 5 and 15 refer to Exodus 34:6–7; verse 16 is a paraphrase of the middle part in the Priestly Blessing (Numbers 6:25).[7]

Verse 1

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Bow down Your ear, O Lord, hear me;
For I am poor and needy.[8]

The same statement appears in Psalm 40:17.[9]

Uses

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Judaism

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New Testament

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Eastern Orthodox Church

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In the Eastern Orthodox Church, Psalm 85 (Psalm 86 in the Masoretic Text) is read daily at the Ninth Hour. It is part of the twelfth Kathisma division of the Psalter, read at Vespers on Wednesday evenings, as well as on Tuesdays and Thursdays during Lent, at Matins and the Ninth Hour, respectively.[14]

Book of Common Prayer

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In the Church of England's Book of Common Prayer, this psalm is appointed to be read on the morning of the 17th day of the month.[15]

Historic Uses

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An inscription in Koine Greek, the language used in the New Testament, discovered in 2023 at the Byzantine monastery of Kastellion from the Judaean desert, represents a paraphrase of part of Psalm 86, where the original invocation of "the Lord" has been replaced by one of Jesus Christ.[16]

Musical settings

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Several hymns paraphrase Psalm 86 or parts of it, including "Bow down Thine ear, O Lord".[17]

The Renaissance composer Cristóbal de Morales composed a motet in Latin, "Inclina Domine aurem tuam", first published in 1543.[18]Wacław z Szamotuł composed Nakłoń, Panie, ku mnie ucho Twoje song to the Polish translation of Psalm 86 by Mikołaj Rej in the 16th century.[19] Heinrich Schütz set a German metric paraphrase, "Herr, neig zu mir dein gnädigs Ohr" (Lord, bow to me your gracious ear) as part of the 1602 Becker Psalter, as SWV 183. Henry Purcell composed an anthem, Bow down thine ear, O Lord, Z11, in 1681 or earlier. It is based on verses 1, 3–6, 8, 10–12, alternating soloists and choir, with organ.[20]

Andreas Romberg wrote seven psalm settings for different unaccompanied choirs, titled Psalmodie, Op. 65, between 1817 and 1820, using translations into German by Moses Mendelssohn. Psalm 86 is the first, written for a five-part choir SSATB.[21] In Mendelssohn's Elijah, three verses from Psalm 86 are used in the narration of the oratorio. In #2, a duet, the beginning is used to begin a plea,[22] and in #8, the scene between Elijah and the widow, he first paraphrases verse 16 and then quotes verse 15, "for Thou art gracious, and full of compassion and plenteous in mercy and truth", praying to bring her son back to life.[23]

British composer Clara Ross (1858–1954) used Psalm 86 for the text of her song "Comfort the Soul of Thy Servant".[24] William Crotch set verse 4 as an anthem for choir and organ, Comfort, O Lord, The Soul of Thy Servant.[25] Basil Harwood composed a setting of the psalm for his doctoral thesis in 1896, Inclina domine.[26] Walter Piston composed a setting in English for four-part choir and piano.[27] Gustav Holst set Psalm 86, together with Psalm 148 in English, "To my humble supplication", for mixed choir, string orchestra and organ in 1912.[28][29] George Enescu planned a symphony in F minor for baritone, choir and orchestra on text from Psalm 86, but left only fragments c. 1917.

In 1985, Xaver Paul Thoma composed a setting for mezzo-soprano, viola and organ, premiered in 1993 in Karlsruhe-Durlach by Henrike Paede, Jean-Eric Souzy as violist and Hans Martin Corrinth as the organist.[30]

References

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  1. ^ Parallel Latin/English Psalter / Psalmus 85 (86) Archived 7 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine medievalist.net
  2. ^ "Psalms – Chapter 86". Mechon Mamre.
  3. ^ "Psalms 86 - JPS 1917". Sefaria.org.
  4. ^ Spurgeon, Charles H. Treasury of David. "Psalm 86". Christianity.com .Accessed on 17 July 2021.
  5. ^ a b Cole, Steven J. (2009) Psalm 86: A Lesson on Prayer. Bible.org, accessed on 17 July 2021
  6. ^ a b c d Rodd 2007, p. 390.
  7. ^ Berlin & Brettler 2004, pp. 1378–1379.
  8. ^ Psalm 86:1: New King James Version
  9. ^ Keil, Carl Friedrich and Delitzsch, Franz, OT Commentary on Psalm 86, accessed 13 March 2022
  10. ^ The Complete Artscroll Siddur, page 157
  11. ^ The Complete Artscroll Siddur, page 759
  12. ^ The Complete Artscroll Siddur, page 265
  13. ^ Kirkpatrick, A. F. (1901). The Book of Psalms: with Introduction and Notes. The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges. Vol. Book IV and V: Psalms XC-CL. Cambridge: At the University Press. p. 839. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
  14. ^ The Holy Psalter, Saint Ignatius Orthodox Press, 2022
  15. ^ Church of England, Book of Common Prayer: The Psalter as printed by John Baskerville in 1762, pp. 196ff
  16. ^ Unique Byzantine Psalm inscription in New Testament Greek discovered in Judean Desert. Gavriel Fiske for Times of Israel, 27 Sep 2023. Accessed 2 Oct 2023.
  17. ^ "Hymns for Psalm 86". hymnary.org. Retrieved 30 June 2021.]
  18. ^ Inclina Domine aurem tuam (Morales, Cristóbal de): Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
  19. ^ Pieśń wieczorna (in Polish) empik.com 2020
  20. ^ Robert King: Bow down thine ear, O Lord, Z11 Hyperion Records
  21. ^ Psalmodie, Op.65 (Romberg, Andreas): Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
  22. ^ Elijah, Op. 70 (1846) The Choral Society 2015 p. 3
  23. ^ Mendelssohn's Elijah Boston University Symphony Orchestra and Symphonic Chorus 2011 p. 6
  24. ^ "Biography". www.claraross.co.uk. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
  25. ^ Comfort, O Lord, The Soul of Thy Servant (Crotch, William): Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
  26. ^ Dibble, Jeremy (23 September 2004). "Harwood, Basil (1859–1949)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/33749. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  27. ^ Scores and Sheet music of Walter Piston 99malls.com
  28. ^ Julian Haylock: Two Psalms, H117 Hyperion Records 1998
  29. ^ Martin Jenkins: Holst Two Psalms repertoire-explorer.musikmph.de 2010
  30. ^ xpt 057. PSALM 86, Mezzo-Sopran, Bratsche, Orgel xaver-paul-thoma.de

Sources

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