Rooftop Koreans

"Rooftop Koreans"

Rooftop Koreans or Roof Koreans refer to the Korean American business owners and residents during the 1992 Los Angeles riots who armed themselves and took to the rooftops of local businesses to defend themselves. The unrest in urban areas was sparked by the acquittal of four Los Angeles Police Department officers in the beating of Rodney King and resulted in rioting, and looting, along with widespread violence and arson throughout the city.[1][2]

Background

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Further information: African American–Korean American relations

Tensions had existed between the Korean and African American communities in Los Angeles. According to some Koreans, there was a feeling among blacks that Koreans were taking from the community, via the operation of small businesses in the area, which led to racial resentment.[3] Previous violent incidents including the 1991 killing of Latasha Harlins, an African-American teenager who was fatally and controversially shot by a Korean-American convenience store owner, Soon Ja Du.[4]

Du was tried, convicted, and given ten years in prison. However, the sentence was suspended, and she was instead placed on five years' probation with 400 hours of community service and payment of $500 restitution, as well as Harlins' funeral costs.[4][5] The sentencing was widely regarded as extremely light, with a failed appeal reportedly contributing to the 1992 Los Angeles riots.[6]

Events

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Following the Rodney King verdict, Los Angeles police were unable to provide protection to many affected areas due to the overwhelming scale of the riots. Controversially, they opted instead to set up a defensive perimeter around the Beverly Hills and West Hollywood cities, cutting off Koreatown and abandoning other minority and low-income communities, leaving the Koreatown community to mostly fend for themselves.[7] In response, many Korean business owners and residents took matters into their own hands.[8]

Local Korean radio stations in Los Angeles put out a call to help Korean business owners, leading to volunteers arriving with their own firearms. The intersection of 5th Street and Western Avenue served as a flashpoint, where the California Market (also called Gaju or Kaju) Korean grocery store was a major point of conflict. Other locations that were defended by citizens with firearms, included 8th and Oxford, as well as Western and Third Street.[9] The Los Angeles Times stated there were multiple people on the roof of the grocery with "shotguns and automatic weapons".[2][4] Ebony magazine noted the use of "rifles and handguns."[10]

Because South Korea had at the time a thirty-month mandatory military service for males, it was noted that many Korean immigrants had experience with handling firearms.[11]

The actions of the rooftop Koreans sparked debates about gun control and vigilantism, while simultaneously spurring praise for the residents' bravery and resourcefulness.[12] Edward Song Lee, a Korean American was shot and killed mistakenly by his peers when protecting shops near 3rd street. Hector Castro, a Latino was also fatally shot in Koreatown during the riots. Authorities could not determine who killed him, as both merchants and rioters were shooting in the area.[13]

Police were on "tactical alert" thus not responding to any calls from citizens. Order was not restored until President Bush invoked the Insurrection Act (declaring it an insurrection) deploying 15,000 troops. Order was restored almost immediately.[14]

Influence

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The rooftop Koreans have been cited by gun rights advocates for the value of citizen ownership of firearms and "being your own first responder."[15][better source needed] In recent years, it has also been the subject of social media memes, contributing to ease of tensions with African American communities especially in the 2014 Ferguson unrest,[16] the emergence of Black Lives Matter, and the increased racial tensions around Stop Asian Hate.[11][12]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Wong, Brittany (June 12, 2020). "The Real, Tragic Story Behind That 'Roof Korean' Meme You May Have Seen". HuffPost. Retrieved May 10, 2023.
  2. ^ a b Dunn, Ashley (May 2, 1992). "KING CASE AFTERMATH: A CITY IN CRISIS : Looters, Merchants Put Koreatown Under the Gun : Violence: Lacking confidence in the police, employees and others armed themselves to protect mini-mall". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 10, 2023.
  3. ^ "Communities work to build understanding 25 years after LA riots". NBC News. April 25, 2017. Retrieved August 21, 2024.
  4. ^ a b c Park, Jeong; Campa, Andrew J. (April 29, 2022). "Thirty years after it burned, Koreatown has transformed. But scars remain". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 10, 2023.
  5. ^ Zia, Helen (May 15, 2001). Asian American Dreams: The Emergence of an American People. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-374-52736-5.
  6. ^ Howitt, Arnold M.; Leonard, Herman B. (February 11, 2009). Managing Crises: Responses to Large-Scale Emergencies. CQ Press. ISBN 978-1-5443-1702-1.
  7. ^ Reft, Ryan (June 2, 2020). "Policing a Global City: Multiculturalism, Immigration and the 1992 Uprising". KCET. Retrieved August 15, 2023.
  8. ^ Tangherliini, Timothy R. (1999). "Remapping Koreatown: Folklore, Narrative and the Los Angeles Riots". Western Folklore. 58 (2): 149–173. doi:10.2307/1500164. ISSN 0043-373X. JSTOR 1500164.
  9. ^ Tangherliini, Timothy R. (1999). "Remapping Koreatown: Folklore, Narrative and the Los Angeles Riots". Western Folklore. 58 (2): 149–173. doi:10.2307/1500164. ISSN 0043-373X. JSTOR 1500164.
  10. ^ Monroe, Sylvester (May 2012). "South Central: 20 Years Since..." Ebony. 67 (7): 132–140.
  11. ^ a b Johnson, Gareth (December 23, 2020). "Who were the Roof Koreans/Rooftop Koreans? The Crazy meme from 1992". Young Pioneer Tours. Retrieved May 10, 2023.
  12. ^ a b DeCook, Julia R.; Mi Hyun Yoon (January 2021). "Kung Flu and Roof Koreans: Asian/Americans as the Hated Other and Proxies of Hating in the White Imaginary". Journal of Hate Studies. 17 (1): 119–132. doi:10.33972/jhs.199. S2CID 240916281.
  13. ^ Staff, Los Angeles Times (April 25, 2012). "Deaths during the L.A. riots". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 9, 2024.
  14. ^ https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/insurrection-act-explained?shem=ssc#:~:text=The%20Insurrection%20Act%20was%20last,beating%20Black%20motorist%20Rodney%20King.
  15. ^ Zimmerman, Dan (May 4, 2019). "As Rooftop Koreans Knew, You Are Your Own First Responder". The Truth About Guns. Retrieved May 10, 2023.
  16. ^ Ishak, Natasha (November 6, 2020). "When The Police Abandoned Them, These Korean Business Owners Took Up Arms During The LA Riots". All That's Interesting. Retrieved May 11, 2023.
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