Rubab (instrument)

Rubab
Classification Stringed instruments
Hornbostel–Sachs classification321.321-6
(Necked bowl lutes)
Related instruments
Arbajo, dotara, dranyen, Pamiri rubab, seni rebab, sarod, tungna, dutar, tanbur

Rubab, robab, or rabab (Pashto / Persian: رُباب, Punjabi: ਰਬਾਬ, Kashmiri: رَبابہٕ, Sindhi: رَبابُ (Arabic script), रबाबु (Devanagari), Azerbaijani / Turkish: Rübab, Tajik / Uzbek рубоб) is a lute-like musical instrument.[1] The rubab is the national musical instrument of Afghanistan; it is also commonly played in Pakistan, mostly by Pashtuns, Balochis, Sindhis, Kashmiris,[2] and Punjabis. Variants of the rubab include the Kabuli rebab of Afghanistan, the Rawap of Xinjiang, the Pamiri rubab of Tajikistan and the seni rebab of northern India.[3] The instrument and its variants spread throughout West, Central, South and Southeast Asia.[4] The Kabuli rebab from Afghanistan[1] derives its name from the Arabic rebab and is played with a bow while in Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent, the instrument is plucked and is distinctly different in construction.[3]

Size variants

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English Strings Pashto Persian In inches
Small 5 sympathetic strings وړوکی رباب

Warukay rabab

زيلچه

Zaliche

27
Medium 19 strings, 13 sympathetic strings منځنۍ) رباب)

(Mianzanai) rabab

رباب

Rubab

28
Large 21 strings, 15 sympathetic strings لوی رباب

Loy rabab

شاه‌رباب (king size)

Shah rabab

30

Components

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Historical instruments
Iranian rubab image on ceramic plate
Iranian style rubab from the 13th century C.E., found in Rayy (near Tehran, Iran)
Women playing veena and seni rebab
Woman playing the seni rebab in Medieval India, 1680–1700
Siddhartha playing the lute, sculpture
Kushan Empire, 1st to 3rd century. Lute or vina, from the Yusufzai district near Peshawar. Greco Buddhist (Gandhara School). Resembles rubab, sarod and tungna.
Painting of rubab found in Mongolian grave in China
Mongolian lute, circa 1297, tomb of Wang Qing, China
English Pashto Persian
Headstock تاج

Tāj

سرپنجه or تاج

"Tāj" or "Sar Penjah"

Tuning peg غوږي

Ghwagi/Ghwazhi

گوشی‌

Goshi/Gushi

Nut ? شیطانک

Sheitanak

Neck غړۍ

Gharai

دسته

Dastah

Strings تارونه

Tāruna

تار

Tār

Long/Low drones شاتار

Shātār

شاهتار

Shahtar

Short/High drones ? ?
Sympathetic strings بچي

Bachi

?
Frets پرده

Pardah

پرده

Pardah

Chest سينه

Sinah

سینه

Sinah

Side ? صفحه

Safhah

Skin belly ګوډی or څرمن

"Tsarman" or "Goday"

پوست

Pust

Head or Chamber ډول

Dol

کاسه

Kasah

Bridge ټټو

Tatu

خرک

Kharak

tailpiece ? سیم‌گیر

Seemgeer

Plectrum شاباز

Shabaz

مضراب

Mezrab

In detail about the strings:

English Explanation Pashto Persian
Strings Main strings: 3 and made out of nylon

Long Drone: 2-3 and made out of steel

Short Drone: 2 and made out of steel

تارونه

Tāruna

تار

Tār

First/Low/Bass String Low/Bass String is the thickest string کټی

Katay

?
Second String Thiner than bass string and thicker than high string بم

Bam

بم

Bam

Third/High String The thinest string out of all the three main strings زېر

Zer

زیر

Zir

Construction

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2011 postal stamp of Azerbaijan depicting a 19th century rubab

The body is carved out of a single piece of wood, with a head covering a hollow bowl which provides the sound-chamber. The bridge sits on the skin and is held in position by the tension of the strings. It has three melody strings tuned in fourths, two or three drone strings and up to 15 sympathetic strings. The instrument is made from the trunk of a mulberry tree, the head from an animal skin such as goat, and the strings from the intestines of young goats (gut) or nylon.

History

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The earliest historical record of an instrument named rabab dates back to 10th-century Arabic texts, as identified by Henry George Farmer. This instrument, along with its variations like rubab, rebab, and rabob, subsequently gained popularity in various regions of West, Central, South, and Southeast Asia.[5] It is mentioned in old Persian books, and many Sufi poets mention it in their poems. It is the traditional instrument of Khorasan[vague] and is widely used in countries such as Afghanistan, Pakistan, Azerbaijan, Iran, Turkey, Iraq, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan, as well as in the Xinjiang province of northwest China and the Jammu and Kashmir and Punjab regions of northwest India.[6]

The rubab is known as "the lion of instruments" and is one of the two national instruments of Afghanistan (with the zerbaghali).[3] Classical Afghan music often features this instrument as a key component. Elsewhere it is known as the Kabuli rebab in contrast to the Seni rebab of India.[3] In appearance, the Kabuli rubab looks slightly different from the Indian rubab.[7] It is the ancestor of the north Indian sarod, although unlike the sarod, it is fretted.[8]

The rubab was the first instrument used in Sikhism; it was used by Bhai Mardana, companion of the first guru, Guru Nanak. Whenever a shabad was revealed to Guru Nanak he would sing and Bhai Mardana would play on his rubab; he was known as a rababi. The rubab playing tradition is carried on by Sikhs such as Namdharis.

Variants

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Photograph of rabab players (rababis) titled 'Lute Players Near the Golden Temple', taken on 28 January 1903

In northern India, the seni rebab, which emerged during the Mughal Empire, has "a large hook at the back of its head, making it easier for a musician to sling it over the shoulder and play it even while walking."[3] The Sikh rabab was traditionally a local Punjabi variant known as the 'Firandia' rabab (Punjabi: ਫਿਰੰਦੀਆ ਰਬਾਬ Phiradī'ā rabāba),[9][10][11][12] however Baldeep Singh, an expert in the Sikh musical tradition, challenges this narrative.[13][14]

In Tajikistan a similar but somewhat distinct rubab-i-pamir (Pamiri rubab) is played, employing a shallower body and neck.[15] The rubab of the Pamir area has six gut strings, one of which, rather than running from the head to the bridge, is attached partway down the neck, similar to the fifth string of the American banjo.[16]

Notable players

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  • Ustad Mohammed Omar (1905—1980), Rabab player From Kabul, Afghanistan
  • Ustad Rahim Khushnawaz (1945-2010), Rabab Player From Herat, Afghanistan
  • Ustad Homayun Sakhi, Rabab Player From Kabul, Afghanistan
  • Ustad Ramin Saqizada, Rabab Player From Afghanistan
  • Ustad Sadiq Sameer, Rabab Player, From Afghanistan
  • Ustad Shahzaib Khan, Rabab Player From Nowshera/Nokhar, Pakistan
  • Ustad Waqar Atal, Rabab Player, From Peshawer, Pakistan
  • Ustad Hamyuo sakhi, Rabab player, From Afghanistan
  • John Baily, Emeritus Professor of Ethnomusicology at Goldsmiths, University of London [17]
  • Khaled Arman (b. 1965), Rabab Player and Guitarist From Kabul, Afghanistan [18]
  • Daud Khan Sadozai, Afghan Rubab and Sarod Player from Kabul Afghanistan [19]
  • Guru Nanak Dev Ji, Rubab Player and Punjabi God (Guru)

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b David Courtney, 'Rabab', Chandra & David's Homepage
  2. ^ The Wide World Magazine: An Illustrated Monthly of True Narrative, Adventure, Travel, Customs and Sport ... A. Newnes, Limited. 1905. pp. 15–.
  3. ^ a b c d e "The roar of Afghan's 'lion of instruments'". Deccan Herald. 10 April 2016. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
  4. ^ Miner, Allyn (2004). Sitar and Sarod in the 18th and 19th Centuries. Motilal Banarsidass Publications. p. 61. ISBN 9788120814936.
  5. ^ Miner, Allyn (2018). Sitar and Sarod in the 18th and 19th Centuries. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 61. ISBN 978-81-208-1493-6.
  6. ^ "Indian Music : Indian Instruments". Archived from the original on 2017-10-24. Retrieved 2017-10-23.
  7. ^ Kak, Siddharth (1982). Cinema Vision India, Volume 2. Siddharth Kak. p. 25. The rubab of Kabul is very similar to the sarod. The Indian rubab looks different. The sarod is a blend of these two rubabs.
  8. ^ Simon Broughton. "Tools of the Trade: Sarod". Songlines-The World Music Magazine. Archived from the original on 2006-11-18.
  9. ^ "Rabab". Sikh Musical Heritage - The Untold Story. Retrieved 2022-08-18.
  10. ^ "Raj Academy | Rabab". Raj Academy. Retrieved 2022-08-18.
  11. ^ "Rabab". SIKH SAAJ. Retrieved 2022-08-18.
  12. ^ "Sikh Instruments-The Rabab". Oxford Sikhs. Retrieved 2022-08-18.
  13. ^ Bharat Khanna (Nov 1, 2019). "Punjabi varsity's Firandia rabab helps revival of string instrument | Ludhiana News - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 2022-08-18.
  14. ^ Singh, Baldeep (2012-06-27). "Rabab goes shopping…". The Anād Foundation. Retrieved 2022-08-18.
  15. ^ "Pastimes of Central Asians. A Musician Playing a Rubab, a Fretted Lute-like Instrument". World Digital Library. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
  16. ^ Music and Poetry from the Pamir Mountains Musical Instruments, The Institute of Ismaili Studies.
  17. ^ "Professor John Baily". Goldsmiths, University of London.
  18. ^ "Biography". Khaled Arman.
  19. ^ "Biography". www.daud-khan.art. Retrieved 2021-05-19.
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