Russian cosmism

Russian cosmism, also cosmism, is a later term^[1] for philosophical and cultural movement that emerged in Russia at the turn of the 19th century, and again, at the beginning of the 20th century. At the beginning of the 20th century, there was a burst of scientific investigation into interplanetary travel, largely driven by fiction writers such as Jules Verne and H. G. Wells as well as philosophical movements like the Russian cosmism.

Cosmism entailed a broad theory of natural philosophy, combining elements of religion and ethics with a history and philosophy of the origin, evolution, and future existence of the cosmos and humankind. It combined elements from both Eastern and Western philosophic traditions as well as from the Russian Orthodox Church.^[4]

Cosmism was one of the influences on Proletkult, and after the October Revolution, the term came to be applied to "...the poetry of such writers as Mikhail Gerasimov and Vladimir Kirillov...: emotional paeans to physical labor, machines, and the collective of industrial workers ... organized around the image of the universal 'Proletarian', who strides forth from the earth to conquer planets and stars."^[5] This form of cosmism, along with the writings of Nikolai Fyodorov, was a strong influence on Andrei Platonov.^[2]

Many ideas of the Russian cosmists were later developed by those in the transhumanist movement.^[2] Victor Skumin argues that the Culture of Health will play an important role in the creation of a human spiritual society into the Solar System.^[6][7]

Russian Cosmism can be divided into two categories: scientific and philosophical.^[8] While the scientific branch is naturalistic, the philosophical branch is mystical and metaphysical, yet both branches are inherently spiritual. This is particularly evident among early Russian Cosmists who followed in the footsteps of spiritual thinkers like Fyodorov and Solovyov. For a more nuanced categorization, there is often a third category mentioned by scholars: the artistic branch.^[9]

Nikolai Fyodorovich Fyodorov (1828–1903), who is regarded as the father of Russian Cosmism, is its most representative figure. The major idea associated with Fyodorov is the philosophy of Humankind's Common Task, which meant "to regulate the forces of nature, to defeat death and bring ancestors back to life so that they too would participate in the general resurrection."^[10]

This idea was so central to his philosophy that "whatever topic he wrote about, Fedorov brought in his main idea of the Common Task—how to achieve universal brotherhood, rationalise nature instead of merely exploiting her bounties, overcome death, resurrect the ancestors and create a united humanity worthy of governing the universe."^[11] The sense of urgency for uniting for a common task is a theme that exists in one way or another in the works of all Russian Cosmists.

Alexander Scriabin, who was inspired by the Russian Cosmist ideas of his day, sought to unite humanity for a common task much like Fyodorov. He can be regarded as the most representative member of the artistic branch of Russian Cosmism.^[12] Scriabin's vision was to use artistic means to achieve Cosmist ends. His artistic vision, which was grounded in philosophy and spirituality, can be most clearly observed in his project Mysterium.

In 1881, Russian revolutionary and rocket pioneer Nikolai Kibalchich proposed an idea of pulsed rocket propulsion by combustion of explosives, which was an early precursor for Project Orion.^{[citation needed]}

Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (1857–1935) was among the pioneers of theoretical space exploration and cosmonautics. In 1903, Tsiolkovsky published the first serious scientific work on space travel. His work was essentially unknown outside the Russian Empire, but inside the country it inspired further research, experimentation and the formation of the Society for Studies of Interplanetary Spaceflight.^[13] Tsiolkovsky wrote a book called "The Will of the Universe; Unknown Intelligent Forces" in which he propounded a philosophy of panpsychism. He believed humans would eventually colonize the Milky Way. His thought preceded the Space Age by several decades, and some of what he foresaw in his imagination has come into being since his death. Tsiolkovsky did not believe in traditional religious cosmology, but instead he believed in a cosmic being that governed humans.^[14]

Alexander Bogdanov (1873-1928) was a Russian and later Soviet physician, philosopher, science fiction writer, and Bolshevik revolutionary. His wide scientific and medical interests ranged from universal systems theory to the possibility of human rejuvenation through blood transfusion. He saw heterochronic blood transfusions as an alliance of solidarity between the generations, where the old benefited from the rejuvenating effects of the young blood, while the young received immunities from the elders blood. Ironically, he died as a result of a hemolytic transfusion reaction. His successors put Russia in the forefront of the development of centralized national blood transfusion services.^[15]

Other cosmists included Vladimir Vernadsky (1863–1945), who developed the notion of a noosphere, and Alexander Chizhevsky (1897–1964), pioneer of "heliobiology" (study of the sun's effect on biology).^[16][17][18] A minor planet, 3113 Chizhevskij, discovered by Soviet astronomer Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh in 1978, is named after him.^[19]

The Russian paleontologist and sci-fi writer Ivan Yefremov developed the ideas of cosmism and concluded that communism was a necessary structure for any future society which wants to survive in space. The successor of the traditions of Ivan Yefremov was a geologist and sci-fi writer Alexander Shalimov. The astrophysicist Nikolai Aleksandrovich Kozyrev was the discoverer of Lunar tectonic activity (1959) and author of Causal Mechanics/Theory of Time.

• 
  Nikolai Fyodorov
• 
  Vladimir Solovyov
• 
  Alexander Scriabin
• 
  Vladimir Vernadsky
• 
  Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
• 
  Ivan Yefremov
• 
  Victor Skumin

• Boczkowska, Kornelia The Impact of American and Russian Cosmism on the Representation of Space Exploration in 20th Century American and Soviet Space Art. Poznan: Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM, 2016. The Impact of American and Russian Cosmism on the Representation of Space Exploration in 20th Century American and Soviet Space Art
• Nikolai Fyodorov: Studien zu Leben, Werk und Wirkung (Nikolai Fyodorov: Studies to His Life, Works and His Influence) :by Michael Hagemeister:(München: Sagner, 1989):ISBN 3-87690-461-7:Originally presented as the author's thesis (doctoral) — Philipps-Universität Marburg, 1989.
• Michael Hagemeister: "Russian Cosmism in the 1920s and Today". In: Bernice G. Rosenthal (ed.): The Occult in Russian and Soviet Culture (Ithaca, London: Cornell UP, 1997), pp. 185–202.
• Young, George M. The Russian Cosmists: The Esoteric Futurism of Nikolai Fedorov and His Followers. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012. The Russian Cosmists: The Esoteric Futurism of Nikolai Fedorov and His Followers
• Frédéric Tremblay: "George M. Young, The Russian Cosmists, Oxford University Press, 2012, x + 280 pp.", Slavonic and East European Review, vol. 94, n. 1, pp. 155–158.

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Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky

• R. Djordjevic Russian Cosmism (with the Selective Bibliography) and its Uprising Effect on the Development of Space Research (PDF)
• Brief overview of Russian philosophy
• PHILTAR - Comprehensive web site with links to texts and resources
• Gallery of Russian Thinkers edited by Dmitry Olshansky
• Russian philosophy - entry in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
• Directory of links to Russian philosophers, mostly in Russian
• Tsiolkovsky's Imperative in the 21st Century Academic paper
• Virtual Matchbox Labels Museum - Russian labels - Space - Page 2 - Konstantin Tsiolkovsky Historic images
• Tsiolkovsky from Russianspaceweb.com
• Spaceflight or Extinction: Konstantin Tsiolkovsky Excerpts from "The Aims of Astronautics", The Call of the Cosmos
• The Foundations of the Space Age
• Russian Cosmism

• Pastor Moabel. "Russian Cosmism, Perpetual Generations Abraham's Seed, 500 Quadrillion People". youtube.com. Archived from the original on 2021-12-12. Retrieved 26 September 2019.
• "Roerich. The Call Of Cosmic Evolution". youtube.com. Archived from the original on 2021-12-12. Retrieved 7 January 2018.