Solar System belts

Comparison of the Oort cloud, Kuiper Belt and the Main Asteroid Belt.
The asteroids of the inner Solar System and Jupiter: The main asteroid belt is located between the orbits of Jupiter and Mars.
  Sun
  Jupiter trojans
  Orbits of planets 		  Asteroid belt
  Hilda asteroids (Hildas)
  Near-Earth objects (selection)
Known objects in the Kuiper belt beyond the orbit of Neptune. (Scale in AU; epoch as of January 2015.)
  Sun
  Jupiter trojans
  Giant planets:

  Centaurs 		  Neptune trojans
  Resonant Kuiper belt
  Classical Kuiper belt
  Scattered disc

Solar System belts are asteroid and comet belts that orbit the Sun in the Solar System in interplanetary space.[1][2] The Solar System belts' size and placement are mostly a result of the Solar System having four giant planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune far from the sun. The giant planets must be in the correct place, not too close or too far from the sun for a system to have Solar System belts.[3][4][5]

Formation

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Main articles: Formation and evolution of the Solar System and Grand tack hypothesis

The Solar System belts were formed in the formation and evolution of the Solar System.[6][7] The Grand tack hypothesis is a model of the unique placement of the giant planets and the Solar System belts.[3][4][8] Most giant planets found outside our Solar System, exoplanets, are inside the snow line, and are called Hot Jupiters.[5][9] Thus in normal planetary systems giant planets form beyond snow line and then migrated towards the star. A small percent of giant planets migrate far from the star. In both types of migrations, the Solar System belts are lost in these planetary migrations. The Grand tack hypothesis explains how in the Solar System giant planets migrated in unique way to form the Solar System belts and near circular orbit of planets around the Sun.[10][11][9] The Solar System's belts are one key parameters for a Solar System that can support complex life, as circular orbits are a parameter needed for the Habitable zone for complex life.[12][13] [14][15]

Solar System belts

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The asteroid and comet belts orbit the Sun from the inner rocky planets into outer parts of the Solar System, interstellar space.[16][17][18] An astronomical unit, or AU, is the distance from Earth to the Sun, which is approximately 150 billion meters (93 million miles).[19] Small Solar System objects are classified by their orbits:[20][21]

Planets

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Solar System planets
10 largest Trans-Neptunian objects

Solar System planets and dwarf planets listed for distances comparison to belts. The Solar System planets all orbit in near circular orbits.[22][23][24]
Planets:

  • Mercury 0.39 AU
  • Venus 0.72 AU
  • Earth 1 AU
  • Mars 1.52 AU
  • Jupiter 5.2 AU
  • Saturn 9.54 AU
  • Uranus 19.2 AU
  • Neptune 30.06 AU


Dwarf planets:
Dwarf planets, other than Ceres, are plutoids that have elliptical orbits:[25][26][27]

  • Ceres, 2.8 AU in the asteroid belt
  • Orcus 39.4 AU, Trans-Neptunian-Kuiper belt object
  • Pluto 39 AU, Kuiper belt (a planet until 2006)
  • Haumea 43 AU, Kuiper belt
  • Makemake 45.8 AU, Kuiper belt
  • Eris 95.6 AU, Kuiper belt
  • Gonggong Scattered disc object, 34 to 101 AU
  • Quaoar Kuiper belt object, 41.9 to 45.4 AU
  • Sedna 76 to 506 AU

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Asteroids, Comets & Meteors". science.nasa.gov.
  2. ^ "Comets". science.nasa.gov.
  3. ^ a b Zubritsky, Elizabeth. "Jupiter's Youthful Travels Redefined Solar System". NASA. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
  4. ^ a b Beatty, Kelly (16 October 2010). "Our "New, Improved" Solar System". Sky & Telescope. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
  5. ^ a b Sanders, Ray (23 August 2011). "How Did Jupiter Shape Our Solar System?". Universe Today. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
  6. ^ Deienno, Rogerio; Gomes, Rodney S.; Walsh, Kevin J.; Morbidelli, Alessandro; Nesvorný, David (2016). "Is the Grand Tack model compatible with the orbital distribution of main belt asteroids?". Icarus. 272: 114–124. arXiv:1701.02775. Bibcode:2016Icar..272..114D. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2016.02.043. S2CID 119054790.
  7. ^ Raymond, Sean (2 August 2013). "The Grand Tack". PlanetPlanet. Retrieved 7 November 2015.
  8. ^ Fesenmaier, Kimm (23 March 2015). "New research suggests Solar system may have once harbored super-Earths". Caltech. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
  9. ^ a b Choi, Charles Q. (23 March 2015). "Jupiter's 'Smashing' Migration May Explain Our Oddball Solar System". Space.com. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
  10. ^ O'Brien, David P.; Walsh, Kevin J.; Morbidelli, Alessandro; Raymond, Sean N.; Mandell, Avi M. (2014). "Water delivery and giant impacts in the 'Grand Tack' scenario". Icarus. 239: 74–84. arXiv:1407.3290. Bibcode:2014Icar..239...74O. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2014.05.009. S2CID 51737711.
  11. ^ Matsumura, Soko; Brasser, Ramon; Ida, Shigeru (2016). "Effects of Dynamical Evolution of Giant Planets on the Delivery of Atmophile Elements during Terrestrial Planet Formation". The Astrophysical Journal. 818 (1): 15. arXiv:1512.08182. Bibcode:2016ApJ...818...15M. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/818/1/15. S2CID 119205579.
  12. ^ "Asteroid Belts of Just the Right Size are Friendly to Life". science.nasa.gov.
  13. ^ Space com Staff (November 2, 2012). "Alien Life May Require Rare 'Just-Right' Asteroid Belts". Space.com.
  14. ^ Ramirez, Ramses M. (May 4, 2020). "A Complex Life Habitable Zone Based On Lipid Solubility Theory". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 7432. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10.7432R. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-64436-z. PMC 7198600. PMID 32366889.
  15. ^ "The "Rare Earth" Hypothesis, by John G. Cramer". www.npl.washington.edu.
  16. ^ "Asteroid and Comet Census from WISE" – via www.jpl.nasa.gov.
  17. ^ "Small-Body Database Lookup". ssd.jpl.nasa.gov.
  18. ^ RESOLUTION B5 – Definition of a Planet in the Solar System (IAU)
  19. ^ On the re-definition of the astronomical unit of length (PDF). XXVIII General Assembly of International Astronomical Union. Beijing, China: International Astronomical Union. 31 August 2012. Resolution B2. ... recommends ... 5. that the unique symbol "au" be used for the astronomical unit.
  20. ^ "Asteroid Watch". NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL).
  21. ^ "Asteroid Fast Facts - NASA". March 31, 2014.
  22. ^ "Solar System Sizes and Distances, jpl.nasa.gov" (PDF). Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
  23. ^ Grossman, Lisa (24 August 2021). "The definition of planet is still a sore point – especially among Pluto fans". Science News. Archived from the original on 10 July 2022. Retrieved 10 July 2022.
  24. ^ Lakdawalla, Emily (21 April 2020). "What Is A Planet?". The Planetary Society. Archived from the original on 22 January 2022. Retrieved 3 April 2022.
  25. ^ "Planets". science.nasa.gov.
  26. ^ "In Depth | 4 Vesta". NASA Solar System Exploration. Archived from the original on February 29, 2020. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
  27. ^ "Hubble Observes Planetoid Sedna, Mystery Deepens". NASA's Hubble Space Telescope home site. April 14, 2004. Archived from the original on 2021-01-13. Retrieved January 26, 2008.
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