Spanish missions in New Mexico
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The Spanish Missions in New Mexico were a series of religious outposts in the Province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México — present day New Mexico. They were established by Franciscan friars under charter from the monarchs of the Spanish Empire and the government of the Viceroyalty of New Spain in a policy called Reductions to facilitate the conversion of Native Americans into Christianity.
History
[edit]They attempted to Hispanicize the indigenous peoples. The affected included the rich cultures and tribes of: many of the 21 distinct Puebloan groups; the Tiwa; the Navajo; and the Apache. The missions also aimed to pacify resistance to the European invasion of the tribes' Pre-Columbian homelands and loss of traditions. The missions introduced European livestock, fruits, vegetables, and small-scale industry into the Southwest region. They also introduced European diseases to which native people had little or no acquired immunity.
Fray Marcos de Niza, sent by Coronado, first saw the area now known as New Mexico in 1539. The first permanent settlement was Mission San Gabriel, founded in 1598 by Juan de Oñate near what is now known as Okay Owingeh, formerly known as the San Juan Pueblo. [citation needed]
Missions
[edit]| Name | Image | Location | Established | Notes[1][2] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nuestra Señora de los Ángeles de Porciúncula |  | Near Pecos 35°33′00″N 105°41′4″W / 35.55000°N 105.68444°W | 1598 | Original church was used only briefly and abandoned. Reestablished in 1616 with a new church completed after 1629. Destroyed in 1680, rebuilt c. 1696, rebuilt again c. 1717. Abandoned in 1838. Ruins are part of Pecos National Historical Park. |
| Nuestra Señora de la Asunción de Zía | Zia Pueblo | 1598 | Established as San Pedro y San Pablo. Damaged in 1680 and rededicated in 1692 as Nuestra Señora de la Asunción. Church built c. 1700. | |
| San Juan Bautista de los Caballeros |  | Ohkay Owingeh Pueblo | 1598 | Destroyed in 1680, rebuilt c. 1706. Replaced with a new Gothic-style church in 1913. |
| San José de los Jémez |  | Near Jemez Springs 35°46′38″N 106°41′11″W / 35.77722°N 106.68639°W | c. 1600 | Church completed between 1625 and 1628, abandoned c. 1630. Ruins are now part of Jemez Historic Site.[3] |
| San Felipe |  | San Felipe Pueblo | 1605 | Destroyed in 1680, rebuilt on a new site in 1706. Remodeled c. 1801. |
| Santo Domingo |  | Kewa Pueblo | 1607 | Destroyed in 1680, rebuilt in 1706. A second church was added in the mid-18th century. Both were destroyed in a flood of the Rio Grande in 1886. The current church was built in 1895 at a new location. |
| Nuestra Señora de Dolores y de San Antonio de Sandía | .jpg) | Sandia Pueblo | c. 1610 | Established as San Francisco de Sandía. Destroyed and pueblo abandoned in 1680. Reestablished in 1748 as Nuestra Señora de Dolores y de San Antonio. Second church completed in 1752 and collapsed in the 1770s. Third church built c. 1784 and fell to ruins by the 1860s. Current church built on new site in 1864 and remodeled most recently in 1976. |
| Nuestra Señora de los Remedios de Galisteo | Pueblo Galisteo, Galisteo Basin | c. 1610 | Abandoned in 1680, reestablished in 1706 by Francisco Cuervo y Valdés, abandoned again in the 1780s. | |
| San Marcos | Pueblo San Marcos, Galisteo Basin | c. 1610 | Abandoned in 1680.[4] | |
| San Miguel |  | Santa Fe 35°41′00″N 105°56′16″W / 35.68343°N 105.93767°W | c. 1610 | Built c. 1610, partly destroyed in 1680, rebuilt 1710. |
| San Agustín de la Isleta | .JPG) | Isleta Pueblo 34°54′32.4″N 106°41′36.0″W / 34.909000°N 106.693333°W | c. 1612 | Church built between 1613 and 1617. Remodeled in 1910–1923 and again in 1962. |
| San Francisco de Nambé | Nambé Pueblo | 1613 | Church built c. 1617, destroyed in 1680, rebuilt 1725. Remodeled c. 1900 with a pitched roof which caused it to collapse around 1908. Third church built in 1910 and demolished in 1960. Current church built 1975.[5] | |
| San Jerónimo de Taos |  | Taos Pueblo | 1617 | Church built c. 1626. Destroyed in 1680, rebuilt c. 1706. Destroyed during the Taos Revolt in 1847. Current church built c. 1850 on a different site. Ruins of old church still exist. |
| San Ildefonso | .JPG) | San Ildefonso Pueblo | c. 1617 | Destroyed in 1680, rebuilt in 1711 on new site. Remodeled in 1905 and rebuilt in 1968. |
| San Lorenzo de Picurís |  | Picuris Pueblo | c. 1620 | Destroyed in 1680, rebuilt 1706, rebuilt again in the 1740s. Destroyed again in 1769 and rebuilt c. 1776. Remodeled c. 1900 and again in the 1960s. |
| San Gregorio de Abó |  | Near Mountainair 34°26′56″N 106°22′17″W / 34.44889°N 106.37139°W | 1622[6] | Built 1629–1644, abandoned by 1678. Ruins are part of Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument. |
| San Estévan del Rey de Ácoma |  | Acoma Pueblo 34°53′42″N 107°34′57″W / 34.89500°N 107.58250°W | 1623 | Church completed c. 1630. Damaged in 1680 and rebuilt in 1696–1700. |
| Nuestra Señora de Perpetuo Socorro |  | Socorro 34°3′37″N 106°53′38″W / 34.06028°N 106.89389°W | 1626[6] | Destroyed in 1680. The present-day San Miguel Church was built on the same site in 1816–1821.[7] |
| San Antonio de Padua de Senecú | Near Socorro, exact location unknown | 1626[6] | Pueblo and mission were abandoned in 1675.[8] | |
| Santa Clara | Santa Clara Pueblo | c. 1626 | Rebuilt c. 1758. Remodeled c. 1900 with a new roof which caused it to collapse in 1905. Rebuilt c. 1914 and remodeled in the 1960s. | |
| Nuestra Señora de Purísima Concepción de Quarai |  | Near Mountainair 34°35′45″N 106°17′42″W / 34.59583°N 106.29500°W | 1627 | Built 1627–1633, abandoned by 1677. Ruins are part of Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument. |
| San Luis Obispo de Sevilleta | Near Socorro | 1627 | Later downgraded to a visita of Socorro. Abandoned in 1680.[6] | |
| La Purísima Concepcíón de Hawikuh |  | Near Zuni Pueblo 34°55′56″N 108°59′4.4″W / 34.93222°N 108.984556°W | 1628 | Destroyed in 1680. |
| Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de Zuñi |  | Zuni Pueblo | 1629 | Damaged in 1680, rebuilt c. 1692. |
| San Ysidro and San Buenaventura de Humanas (Gran Quivira) | .jpg) | Near Mountainair | c. 1629 | San Ysidro chapel built c. 1629–1632, San Buenaventura built c. 1660s. Ruins are part of Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument. |
| San Diego de Tesuque |  | Tesuque Pueblo | late 1620s | Established as San Lorenzo. Destroyed in 1680, reestablished as San Diego in 1695. Church rebuilt c. 1706. Remodeled c. 1914. |
| San Buenaventura de Cochití |  | Cochiti Pueblo | c. 1630 | Destroyed in 1680, rebuilt c. 1706. Remodeled c. 1900 and in the 1960s. |
| Santa Ana |  | Santa Ana Pueblo | c. 1693 | Church built c. 1700. Current, larger church built 1734–1750. |
| San José de Laguna |  | Laguna Pueblo | c. 1700 | Still in use. |
| San Francisco de Asís |  | Ranchos de Taos 36°21′31″N 105°36′30″W / 36.35851388888889°N 105.60841388888889°W | c. 1815 |
Noted churches that were not missions
[edit]- El Santuario de Chimayó - Site of an Easter pilgrimage by foot to this holy spot every year. Not a mission; founded c.1810 as a private chapel.[improper synthesis?]
- San Francisco de Asís Mission Church - Church built between 1772 and 1816 and is located in the historic district of Ranchos de Taos.
- Santuario de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe - Founded c. 1777; believed to be nation's oldest shrine dedicated to Our Lady of Guadalupe. Not a mission.[improper synthesis?][citation needed]
See also
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to New Mexico missions.
On Spanish Missions in neighboring regions:
- Spanish missions in Arizona
- Spanish missions in California
- Spanish missions in Chihuahua and Coahuila
- Spanish missions in Texas
- Spanish missions in the Sonoran Desert (including Sonora and southern Arizona)
On general missionary history:
On colonial Spanish American history:
External links
[edit]- The Old Missions of New Mexico, 1998 article, St. Anthony Messenger
- Sunlight and Adobe - Photographing New Mexico's Historic Missions New Mexico Photography Field School
- History, Archdiocese of Santa Fe
- Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument
- Spanish Mission Churches of New Mexico, 1915 book by L. Bradford Prince
- Gran Quivira: A Blending of Cultures in a Pueblo Indian Village, a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan
References
[edit]- ^ Treib, Marc (1993). Sanctuaries of Spanish New Mexico. Berkeley: University of California Press. Retrieved February 23, 2021.
- ^ Kessell, John L. (1980). The missions of New Mexico since 1776. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 0-8263-0514-8. Retrieved February 24, 2021.
- ^ "Mission San José de los Jémez".
- ^ "Pueblo San Marcos". New Mexico Office of Archaeological Studies. Retrieved February 26, 2021.
- ^ "About Nambé Pueblo". Nambé Pueblo. Retrieved February 24, 2021.
- ^ a b c d Bletzer, Michael P. (April 2020). "A Furtive Mission in Los Piros: Notes on the Archaeology of San Luis Obispo de Sevilleta". Papers of the Archaeological Society of New Mexico. 46: 25–40. Retrieved March 2, 2021.
- ^ "National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: San Miguel Church" (PDF). National Park Service. April 12, 2016. Retrieved March 2, 2021.
- ^ Julyan, Robert (1996). The Place Names of New Mexico. Albuquerque: UNM Press. p. 331. ISBN 978-0-8263-1689-9. Retrieved March 2, 2021.