William Segar

Sir William Segar (c. 1554–1633) was a portrait painter and officer of arms to the court of Elizabeth I of England; he became Garter King of Arms under James I.

Like other artists of the Tudor court, Segar was active in more than one medium, painting portraits of luminaries of the court in addition to his duties in the College of Arms. He painted Elizabeth's favourite the Earl of Essex in his "Sable sad" (black) armour for the Accession Day tilt of 1590. The famous "Ermine Portrait" of Elizabeth is sometimes attributed to Segar.^[1]

William Segar may have been the son of one Nicholas Segar^[2] or of Francis Nycholson, alias Seager, who became a freeman of the Stationers' Company in 1557.^[3] Once thought to be of Dutch origin, Segar is now believed to have been born in England of an English mother.^[4] Segar stated his age as "fifty or thereabouts" in a document dated 13 September 1604.^[5] By 1584 William had married Helen Somers, and had three sons and three daughters. By 1596 Segar was married to Maria Browne and had four sons, including Thomas Segar who later became Bluemantle Pursuivant, and three daughters. In December 1616 one of Segar's rivals, York Herald Ralph Brooke, tricked him into confirming foreign royal arms to Gregory Brandon, a common hangman of London who was masquerading as a gentleman. Brooke then reported him to James I, who imprisoned both Brooke and Segar in Marshalsea. They were released a few days later and the Lord Chamberlain hoped that the experience would make Brooke more honest and Segar more wise.^[6]

Segar was trained as a scrivener and found employment with Sir Thomas Heneage, vice-chamberlain to Queen Elizabeth. Through Heneage's influence, Segar was admitted to the College of Arms in June 1585.^[2][3][4] While serving as Portcullis Pursuivant, he "reluctantly"^[4] accompanied Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester on his 1586 expedition to the Netherlands^[8] to serve as the Master of ceremonies for the St. George's Day festivities in Utrecht.^[3] A description of this festival in John Stow's Annales is based on "the true and faithful description by one William Segar, alias Portclose [Portcullis], an officer of arms in that service."^[2]

Segar was promoted to Somerset Herald in 1589 and to Norroy King of Arms in 1593.^[9] During his tenure as Norroy, Robert Cooke, Clarenceux King of Arms, was encroaching on the traditional privileges of Garter King of Arms, Sir William Dethick. In 1595 Segar sided with Dethick, criticising Cooke for his inability to write clearly and for making many grants of arms to "base and unworthy persons for his private gaine onely."^[10]

In 1596, Segar accompanied the Earl of Shrewsbury to invest Henry IV of France with the Order of the Garter, witnessing Henry's famed Royal entry into Rouen.^[3][4]

As Norroy, Segar carried the Sword of state in the funeral procession of Elizabeth I (1603). A contemporary manuscript shows Segar in the black gown and hood with liripipe of Tudor court mourning^[11] worn with his herald's tabard (image, left).^[7] That same year, Segar was made deputy Garter to invest Christian IV of Denmark with the Order of the Garter in place of the unpopular Dethick. He was appointed as Garter by a signet bill in January 1604, although Dethick (who now described Segar as "a poor, base, beggarly painter, and an ignorant peasant"^[4]) refused to resign until December 1606. Segar obtained a great seal patent, confirming him as Garter, on 17 January 1607.^[12] In 1612 he invested Maurice, Prince of Orange, with the Garter, and the same year was granted arms. He was knighted on 5 November 1616.^[13]

Segar was the author of The Booke of Honour and Armes which was published anonymously in 1590. An expanded and illustrated version was published as Honour Military and Civil 1602; some editions had an engraved frontispiece by Francis Delaram (image, above right).^[3]

Francis Meres in his Palladia Tamia (1598) lists "William and Francis Segar brethren" among famous painters of the day.^[4] Little is known about Francis, who was residing abroad by 1605.

Segar's first documented activity is an illumination of Dean Colet in the Statute Book of St. Paul's School, for which payment is recorded in the accounts for 1585/86. The "Ermine Portrait" of Elizabeth I is dated to the same period. Segar was heavily patronised by Essex in the early 1590s, and also painted portraits of Leicester, Sir Francis Drake, and other members of the court. The last recorded payment to Segar as a painter is for a portrait of the queen in 1597.^[4]

Two sonnets by one "Ch.M." in honour of his lady Oriana were addressed to Segar, who seems to have been painting her portrait; these probably date to the 1590s.^[4]

William Segar had a brother Francis Segar, and a sister Jane Segar, who were also artists. Jane Segar, who sometimes spelled her surname "Seagar", made a manuscript of poems in 1589, giving it the title, The Prophecies of the Ten Sibills upon the Birth of Christ. She made covers for her manuscript from glass decorated with the verre églomisé technique.

The work was apparently intended as a gift to Elizabeth I to gain her royal patronage and further commissions. She acknowledged her debt to Timothie Bright, a contemporary writing master and inventor of a form of shorthand with an anagram. Apart from this manuscript, comparable with the works of Esther Inglis, little is known of her career. William Segar wrote that she married a Lionel Plumtree, perhaps a man connected with the Muscovy trade, and that she was in Russia in 1603.^[14]

• 
  Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, 1587
• 
  Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex, c. 1590
• 
  Queen Elizabeth, the "Ermine Portrait" (attributed)
• 
  Unknown Lady, c. 1595 (attributed)
• 
  Sir William Hickman Knight

Coat of arms of William Segar

Crest A caduceus crowned & erect or entwined with 3 serpents vert & between 2 wings respectively or & argent. Escutcheon Quarterly, (1 & 4) azure, a millrind cross argent (Segar); (2 & 3) or, a chevron between 3 mullets azure (Crakenthorpe).[15] Motto Arte et Ingenio ("Art and Science")

• Heraldry
• Artists of the Tudor court

• "Sir William Segar." The Concise Grove Dictionary of Art. Oxford University Press, Inc., 2002. Answers.com, retrieved 8 December 2007. http://www.answers.com/topic/sir-william-segar-2
• Hayward, Maria: Dress at the Court of King Henry VIII, Maney Publishing, 2007, ISBN 1-905981-41-4
• Hearn, Karen, ed. Dynasties: Painting in Tudor and Jacobean England 1530–1630. New York: Rizzoli, 1995. ISBN 0-8478-1940-X.
• Marks, Richard, and Anne Payne, eds.:British Heraldry, from its origins to c. 1800, British Museum Publications, 1978.
• Moule, Thomas, Bibliotheca heraldica Magnæ Britanniæ, 1822, at Google Books, retrieved 7 December 2007
• Noble, Mark, A History of The College of Arms and the Lives of all the Kings, Heralds, and Pursuivants, from the Reign of Richard III Founder of the College until the Present Time, London: T. Egerton, 1805.
• Strong, Roy: The Cult of Elizabeth, 1977, Thames and Hudson, London, ISBN 0-500-23263-6 (Strong 1977)
• Strong, Roy: The English Icon: Elizabethan and Jacobean Portraiture, 1969, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London (Strong 1969)
• Strong, Roy: Gloriana: The Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I, Thames and Hudson, 1987, ISBN 0-500-25098-7 (Strong 1987)
• Wagner, Anthony: Heralds of England: A History of the Office and College of Arms, London: HMSO, 1967.

• Segar, William: The Booke of Honor and Armes (1590) and Honor Military and Civil (1602), Scholars Facsimiles & Reprint (May 1999), ISBN 0-8201-1138-4

• Media related to William Segar at Wikimedia Commons
• 10 artworks by or after William Segar at the Art UK site