Winthrop Pickard Bell

Winthrop Pickard Bell (May 12, 1884 – April 4, 1965) was a Canadian academic who taught philosophy at the University of Toronto and Harvard.[1][2][3] He was best known for his work as a historian of Nova Scotia until his work as a spy for MI6 was uncovered.[4]

Biography

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He was born in Halifax, Nova Scotia and educated at Mount Allison University, McGill University, and Harvard University where he studied under Josiah Royce. Bell wrote his doctoral dissertation about Royce's theory of knowledge.[5][6][7] He traveled to Germany and attended the University of Leipzig and finally the University of Göttingen, which is where he completed his doctoral studies under Edmund Husserl.[8][9]

Engraving by Winthorp P. Bell on a cell-door in the Karzer of Göttingen University

Edith Stein was among his friends during his Göttingen period.[10][11]

During the First World War he was held in the civilian internment camp at Ruhleben, near Berlin, for more than three years.[8][12][13] After the war, he gave talks about his experiences as a prisoner and warned that the terms of peace were too steep for Germans to survive.[14] MI6 recruited, trained, and returned him to Germany as a spy.[15][13]

In 1920, Bell returned to North America to teach at Harvard University. He also taught at University of Toronto. He entered the private sector in 1927.[16][8][17]

In his latter years he focused his energies on historical research, much of which concerned the group of mid-18th-Century immigrants to Nova Scotia known as the "Foreign Protestants".[8] His most notable book was The "Foreign Protestants" and the Settlement of Nova Scotia, which was published by the University of Toronto Press in 1961; his Register of the Foreign Protestants of Nova Scotia was published some years after his death.[18]

Spy Career

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While researching his philosophy dissertation in 2008, Jason Bell consulted Winthrop Bell's archive at Mount Allison University. They were closed to previous researchers.[19] He was shocked to find the archive full of Winthrop's dispatches from his years as a spy. Jason wrote a biography of Winthrop's career called Cracking the Nazi Code.[15][20]: 308–10 

During the interview phase of Winthrop Bell's recruitment, Canadian Prime Minister Robert Borden invited him to dinner at Claridge's on December 3, 1918. Bell gave Borden his view of the German situation.[21] By December 9, he was informally a Canadian agent and briefing intelligence agencies at Whitehall. In late January 1919, Bell met with Mansfield Smith-Cumming and officially became an MI6 agent, with Canada underwriting the cost of his employment. He returned to Germany on February 21, 1919.[20]: 77f, 90, 105 

Winthrop Bell's professional cover was as a Reuters reporter, and he filed many news stories that were syndicated in English media. At the same time, he was filing reports to MI6 and penetrating deeply into post-war Germany's complicated political factions. He witnessed the military fighting between them and noted how dangerous the Freikorps were to stability.

Bell pleaded with his superiors to ameliorate the Treaty of Versailles knowing how volatile the German state was. He was instrumental in helping the Allies of World War I understand how desperate the situation was in Germany in 1919, when he was returned to the country by MI6 as a spy. He personally briefed UK Prime Minister David Lloyd George and Robert Borden on the same day during the Paris Peace Conference.[20]: 147 

In July of 1919, he was sent to Upper Silesia where he reported that tensions were extremely high. Bell warned, "every day incidents occur showing how imminent is the danger of an outburst which would lead to the fiercest and bloodiest kind of civil war."[22] A month later, Bell's prediction took the form of the First Silesian Uprising. When he returned to Berlin, Bell found it "in the throes of a great strike and a sinister political background. It might not take much to overthrow the Government but what would follow only the Gods know."[23]

In the fall of 1919, Bell was able to warn the United Kingdom about the October 1919 attack on Riga. The Freikorps allied with the Russians in the assault. Bell worked to insure that the UK could win the battle and not overreact to the labyrinthian scheme of German reactionaries.[20]: 215ff 

Bell left Germany on November 4, 1919 and returned to London. He spent the rest of the year warning about the rising threat in Germany. Bell had seen how dangerous the radical Germans were and how obsessed they were with Jews. He consolidated his jeremiad into a book, Report on the Condition in Germany, and asked permission to publish it commercially. The Foreign Office refused. He retired as a spy and taught philosophy at Harvard before going into the private sector. [20]: 229, 247 

Holocaust Warning

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When Bell read Mein Kampf in 1939, he realized that Hitler meant exactly what he said in the book. He wrote an essay saying the Nazis were bent on exterminating non-Aryans around the world. He finished the essay by April 6, but no one would publish it. When Hitler invaded Poland, five months after Bell wrote his warning, Saturday Night finally agreed to publish it. Bell revised his essay, and it was published in two installments: "Exterminate Non-Germans, Dogma of 'Mein Kampf'" (November 25) and "Hitler's Extermination Policy is World-Wide" (December 2).[20]: 278, 285 

Bell's warning was prescient. Of the coming Holocaust, he wrote, "In the modern world the 'clever victor' would doubtless also try so to arrange the stages of the 'gradual execution' as to mask its real nature as long as possible not only from the victims but also from the rest of the world." He cites as evidence Hitler's invocation of Carthage and page 759 of Mein Kampf, ""A clever victor will as far as possible impose his requirements upon the vanquished bit by bit."[24]

References

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  1. ^ "Winthrop Bell Archives".
  2. ^ Cairns, Dorion (October 2, 2012). The Philosophy of Edmund Husserl. Springer. p. v. ISBN 9789400750432.
  3. ^ Cairns, Dorion (October 2, 2012). The Philosophy of Edmund Husserl. ISBN 978-94-007-5043-2.
  4. ^ "Search - Directory of Special Collections of Research Value in Canadian Libraries".
  5. ^ Bell, Jason (February 2014). "On Four Originators of Transatlantic Phenomenology". Josiah Royce, Edmund Husserl, William Hocking, Winthrop Bell. pp. 47–68. doi:10.5422/fordham/9780823255283.003.0005. ISBN 978-0-8232-5528-3.
  6. ^ Ward, Roger (January 25, 2015). "Review of The Relevance of Royce".
  7. ^ Bell, Jason M. (2011). "The German Translation of Royce's Epistemology by Husserl's Student Winthrop Bell: A Neglected Bridge of Pragmatic-Phenomenological Interpretation?". The Pluralist. 6 (1): 46–62. doi:10.5406/pluralist.6.1.0046. JSTOR 10.5406/pluralist.6.1.0046. S2CID 144317418.
  8. ^ a b c d "Winthrop Pickard Bell: Man of the Maritimes, Citizen of the World".
  9. ^ "Winthrop Pickard Bell".
  10. ^ MacIntyre, Alasdair (2007). Edith Stein: A Philosophical Prologue. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-7425-5953-0.
  11. ^ Stein, Edith (2014). Letters to Roman Ingarden. Washington, D.C.: ICS Publications. ISBN 978-1-939272-25-6.
  12. ^ Bell, Winthrop Pickard; Angus, Ian (2012). "The Idea of a Nation". Symposium. 16 (2): 34–46. doi:10.5840/symposium201216226. ISSN 1480-2333.
  13. ^ a b Fraser, Elizabeth (June 4, 2019). "Canada's unsung hero: Academic turned spy foresaw WW II, says UNB scholar". CBC News.
  14. ^ "GERMAN UPHEAVAL SHATTERED IDOLS: FORMER WAR PRISONER SAYS PEOPLE WERE DUPED BY LEADERS." The Globe. April 15, 1920. 10.
  15. ^ a b Bell, Jason (April 29, 2023). "The history of espionage shows how spying contributes to a free society". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved April 15, 2024.
  16. ^ Cairns, Dorion (1973). "My Own Life". In Kersten, Frederick; Zaner, Richard M. (eds.). Phenomenology:Continuation and Criticism. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. pp. 5–6. ISBN 978-94-010-2379-5.
  17. ^ Spiegelberg, Herbert (March 9, 2013). The Context of the Phenomenological Movement. p. 229. ISBN 9789401732703.
  18. ^ "Bibliography". preserve.lib.unb.ca. Retrieved May 19, 2022.
  19. ^ MacLeod, Lois Mary. "An unofficial person of history : Winthrop Pickard Bell. J.C. Young, 2005. vi.
  20. ^ a b c d e f Bell, Jason. Cracking the Nazi Code: The Untold Story of Agent A12 and the Solving of the Holocaust Code. Pegasus Books, 2024.
  21. ^ "Sir Robert Borden". The Times. December 5, 1918. 9.
  22. ^ Waite, Katherine (August 7, 2020). "From the Archive: The Paris Peace Conference and Upper Silesia". British Online Archives. Retrieved July 1, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  23. ^ Bell, Winston. "Berlin, July 2." (1919). Paris Peace Conference and Beyond, 1919-1939. British Online Archives.
  24. ^ Bell, Winthrop. "Hitler's Extermination Policy is World-Wide", Saturday Night. December 2, 1939. 2.
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