Zeyrek Mosque

Zeyrek Mosque Greek: Μονή του Παντοκράτορος Χριστού Turkish: Zeyrek Camii
The mosque viewed from north east. From left to right, one can see the apses of the Church of Christ Pantocrator, the Imperial Chapel and the Church of the Theotokos Eleousa.
Religion
Affiliation	Sunni Islam
Year consecrated	Shortly after 1453
Location
Location	Istanbul, Turkey
Location in the Fatih district of Istanbul
Geographic coordinates	41°1′11″N 28°57′26″E / 41.01972°N 28.95722°E / 41.01972; 28.95722
Architecture
Type	Church with cross-in-square plan
Style	Middle Byzantine - Comnenian
Groundbreaking	Between 1118 and 1124
Completed	Before 1136
Materials	Brick
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Part of	Historic Areas of Istanbul
Criteria	Cultural: i, ii, iii, iv
Reference	356
Inscription	1985 (9th Session)

Zeyrek Mosque (Turkish: Zeyrek Camii) or the Monastery of the Pantokrator (Greek: Μονή του Παντοκράτορος Χριστού; Turkish: Pantokrator Manastırı), is a large mosque on the Fazilet Street in the Zeyrek district of Fatih in Istanbul, overlooking the Golden Horn. It is made up of two former Byzantine churches and a chapel joined together and represents the best example of Middle Byzantine architecture in Constantinople. After Hagia Sophia, it is the largest Byzantine religious edifice still standing in Istanbul. ^[1]

It is less than 1 km to the southeast of Eski Imaret Mosque, another Byzantine church that was turned into a mosque.

East of the complex is an Ottoman Konak which has been restored and opened as a restaurant and tea garden called Zeyrekhane.

Between 1118 and 1124 the Byzantine Empress Irene of Hungary built a monastery on this site dedicated to Christ Pantokrator (Christ the Omnipotent).^[2] The monastery consisted of a church (which became the katholikon, or main church, of the monastery^[3]) also dedicated to Christ Pantokrator, a library and a hospital.^[4]

After the death of his wife, shortly after 1134, Emperor John II Komnenos built another church to the north of the first one which was dedicated to the Theotokos Eleousa (Merciful Mother of God). This church was open to the population and served by a lay clergy.^[3] By 1136 at the latest a southern courtyard and an exonarthex were added to the complex,^[3] and the two shrines were connected with a chapel dedicated to Saint Michael,^[5] which became the imperial mausoleum (heroon) of the Komnenos and Palaiologos dynasties.^[2] Besides many other Byzantine dignitaries, the Emperor John II and his wife Eirene, and Empress Bertha of Sulzbach (also known as Eirene), the wife of Manuel I Komnenos, were buried here.^{[4][dubious – discuss]}

During the period of Latin domination after the Fourth Crusade in 1204, the complex fell into the hands of the Venetian clergy, and an icon of the Theotokos Hodegetria was housed here.^[6] The monastery was also used as an imperial palace by the last Latin Emperor, Baldwin.

After the Palaiologan restoration the monastery was once again used by Orthodox monks. The most famous of them was Gennadius II Scholarius, who left the Pantokrator to become the first Patriarch of Constantinople after the Muslim conquest of the city in 1453.^[7]

Shortly after the Fall of Constantinople the main church was converted into a mosque, while the monastery served for a while as a medrese.^[8] The Ottomans named it after Molla Zeyrek, a scholar who taught there.^[8] However, because of its importance to Byzantine history, Zeyrek was one of the few buildings of Constantinople whose old denomination was never forgotten and was written about by foreign visitors including the French traveller Pierre Gilles who described it in his book about Constantinople, written in the sixteenth century. After the completion of the medreses in the Fatih complex in 1471, Muslim students abandoned Zeyrek,^[9] and the rooms once occupied by the school vanished.^[4]

By the early 21st century the edifice had become very rundown and partly ruinous as a result of which it was added to the UNESCO watchlist of endangered monuments. Extensive and sometimes controversial restoration has now been completed and the mosque reopened for prayer.^[10][11]

The masonry has been partly built using the recessed brick technique typical of the Byzantine architecture of the middle period.^[12] In this technique, alternate courses of bricks are mounted behind the line of the wall in a mortar bed. The thickness of the mortar layers is about three times greater than that of the brick layers.^[13]

The south and the north church are both cross-shaped with central domes and polygonal apses with seven sides rather than the five that had been typical in the Byzantine architecture of the previous century. The apses also feature triple lancet windows flanked by niches.^[2]

The southern church is the largest. To the east it has an esonarthex, which was eventually extended right up to the imperial chapel. The church is surmounted by two domes, one over the naos and the other over the matroneum (a separate upper gallery for women) of the narthex. Once very rich, the decoration of the church has disappeared almost completely, bar some marble fragments in the presbyterium. The historical opus sectile floor made from coloured marble worked in a cloisonné technique, with human and animal figures represented, is currently covered by a modern carpet. Fragments of coloured glass found here suggest that the windows were once filled with stained glass with figures of saints.^[14] Mosaics representing the apostles and the life of Christ were still visible - although defaced - in the 18th century.^[15]

The imperial chapel is covered by barrel vaults and surmounted by two domes.

The north church has only one dome, and is notable for the frieze carved with dog's tooth and triangle motifs running along the eaves.

Near the mosque is the Şeyh Süleyman Mescidi, a small Byzantine building that probably belonged to the Pantokrator Monastery. It may have housed a library although that is not certain.

In its entirely, this monastic complex is the best example of Middle Byzantine architecture to survive in Istanbul^[2]

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  Zeyrek Mosque
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  Zeyrek Mosque
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  Zeyrek Mosque
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  Molla Zeyrek Mosque: Part of front
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  Molla Zeyrek Mosque: South church
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  Molla Zeyrek Mosque: Mihrab
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  Molla Zeyrek Mosque: Mihrab
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  Molla Zeyrek Mosque: Hünkar mahfili used by sultan
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  Molla Zeyrek Mosque: Hünkar mahfili underside
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  General view of Molla Zeyrek Mosque
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  Byzantine doorframe of Molla Zeyrek Mosque
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  Molla Zeyrek Mosque: Exterior view

• History of Roman and Byzantine domes

• Van Millingen, Alexander (1912). Byzantine Churches of Constantinople. London: MacMillan & Co.

• Eyice, Semavi (1955). Istanbul. Petite Guide a travers les Monuments Byzantins et Turcs (in French). Istanbul: Istanbul Matbaası.

• Mathews, Thomas F. (1976). The Byzantine Churches of Istanbul: A Photographic Survey. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 0-271-01210-2.

• Gülersoy, Çelik (1976). A Guide to Istanbul. Istanbul: Istanbul Kitaplığı. OCLC 3849706.

• Krautheimer, Richard (1986). Architettura paleocristiana e bizantina (in Italian). Turin: Einaudi. ISBN 88-06-59261-0.

• Ousterhout, Robert (2001). "Architecture, Art and Komnenian Ideology at the Pantokrator Monastery". In Necipoğlu, Nevra (ed.). Byzantine Constantinople: Monuments, Topography and everyday Life. Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill. ISBN 90-04-11625-7.

• Ahunbay, Metim; Ahunbay, Zeynep (2001). "Restoration work at the Zeyrek Camii, 1997-1998". In Necipoğlu, Nevra (ed.). Byzantine Constantinople: Monuments, Topography and everyday Life. Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill. ISBN 90-04-11625-7.

• Ronchey, Silvia; Braccini, Tommaso (2010). Il romanzo di Costantinopoli. Guida letteraria alla Roma d'Oriente (in Italian). Torino: Einaudi. ISBN 978-88-06-18921-1.

• Brill, Robert H. (2005). "Chemical Analyses of the Zeyrek Camii and Kariye Camii Glasses". Dumbarton Oaks Papers. 59: 213–230.

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• Byzantium 1200 | Pantokrator Monastery