ASPM

ASPM
Dostupne strukture
PDB	Pretraga ortologa: PDBe RCSB
Spisak PDB ID kodova
	5LB7
Identifikatori
Aliasi	ASPM
Vanjski ID-jevi	OMIM: 605481 MGI: 1334448 HomoloGene: 7650 GeneCards: ASPM
Lokacija gena (čovjek)
Hrom.	Hromosom 1 (čovjek)
Kraj	197,146,694 bp
Lokacija gena (miš)
Hrom.	Hromosom 1 (miš)
Kraj	139,421,829 bp
Ontologija gena
Molekularna funkcija	• calmodulin binding; • protein kinase binding; • GO:0001948, GO:0016582 vezivanje za proteine;
Ćelijska komponenta	• citoplazma; • mitotic spindle pole; • spindle pole; • meiotic spindle; • Diobeno vreteno; • midbody; • Mikrotubula; • citoskelet; • jedro; • microtubule minus-end; • centrosom; • apical plasma membrane;
Biološki proces	• positive regulation of neuroblast proliferation; • maintenance of centrosome location; • male gonad development; • negative regulation of neuron differentiation; • forebrain neuroblast division; • positive regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway; • regulation of meiotic cell cycle; • neuron migration; • Ovogeneza; • neuronal stem cell population maintenance; • Ćelijska dioba; • brain development; • GO:0043146 spindle organization; • developmental growth; • Spermatogeneza; • negative regulation of asymmetric cell division; • cerebral cortex development; • ćelijski ciklus; • spindle localization; • meiotic spindle assembly;
	Izvori:Amigo / QuickGO
Ortolozi
	259266
	12316
	ENSG00000066279
	ENSMUSG00000033952
	Q8IZT6
	Q8CJ27
	NM_018136; NM_001206846
	NM_009791
	NP_001193775; NP_060606
	NP_033921
	Wikipodaci
Pogledaj/uredi – čovjek	Pogledaj/uredi – miš

Nenormalni vretenoliki mikrocefaliji-pridruženi protein, znan i kao nenormalni homolog vretenskog proteina ili Asp homolog, jest protein koji je kod ljudi kodiran genom sa hromosoma 1, sekvenca q31 (1q31).^[5]^[6] "ASPM" gen sadrži 28 egzona i kodira protein dug 3.477 aminokiselina.^[6] ASPM protein je konzercviran među vrstama uključujući ljude, miša, rod Drosophila i C. elegans.^[6] Defektni oblici ASPM gena povezani su sa autosomno recesivnom primarnom mikrocefalijom.^[5]^[7]

Aminokiselinska sekvenca

Dužina polipeptidnog lanca je 3.477 aminokiselina, a molekulska težina 409.800 Da.^[8]

C: Cistein

D: Asparaginska kiselina

E: Glutaminska kiselina

F: Fenilalanin

G: Glicin

H: Histidin

I: Izoleucin

K: Lizin

L: Leucin

M: Metionin

N: Asparagin

P: Prolin

Q: Glutamin

R: Arginin

S: Serin

T: Treonin

V: Valin

W: Triptofan

Y: Tirozin

10	20	30	40	50
MANRRVGRGC	WEVSPTERRP	PAGLRGPAAE	EEASSPPVLS	LSHFCRSPFL
CFGDVLLGAS	RTLSLALDNP	NEEVAEVKIS	HFPAADLGFS	VSQRCFVLQP
KEKIVISVNW	TPLKEGRVRE	IMTFLVNDVL	KHQAILLGNA	EEQKKKKRSL
WDTIKKKKIS	ASTSHNRRVS	NIQNVNKTFS	VSQKVDRVRS	PLQACENLAM
NEGGPPTENN	SLILEENKIP	ISPISPAFNE	CHGATCLPLS	VRRSTTYSSL
HASENRELLN	VHSANVSKVS	FNEKAVTETS	FNSVNVNGQR	GENSKLSLTP
NCSSTLNITQ	SQIHFLSPDS	FVNNSHGANN	ELELVTCLSS	DMFMKDNSQP
VHLESTIAHE	IYQKILSPDS	FIKDNYGLNQ	DLESESVNPI	LSPNQFLKDN
MAYMCTSQQT	CKVPLSNENS	QVPQSPEDWR	KSEVSPRIPE	CQGSKSPKAI
FEELVEMKSN	YYSFIKQNNP	KFSAVQDISS	HSHNKQPKRR	PILSATVTKR
KATCTRENQT	EINKPKAKRC	LNSAVGEHEK	VINNQKEKED	FHSYLPIIDP
ILSKSKSYKN	EVTPSSTTAS	VARKRKSDGS	MEDANVRVAI	TEHTEVREIK
RIHFSPSEPK	TSAVKKTKNV	TTPISKRISN	REKLNLKKKT	DLSIFRTPIS
KTNKRTKPII	AVAQSSLTFI	KPLKTDIPRH	PMPFAAKNMF	YDERWKEKQE
QGFTWWLNFI	LTPDDFTVKT	NISEVNAATL	LLGIENQHKI	SVPRAPTKEE
MSLRAYTARC	RLNRLRRAAC	RLFTSEKMVK	AIKKLEIEIE	ARRLIVRKDR
HLWKDVGERQ	KVLNWLLSYN	PLWLRIGLET	TYGELISLED	NSDVTGLAMF
ILNRLLWNPD	IAAEYRHPTV	PHLYRDGHEE	ALSKFTLKKL	LLLVCFLDYA
KISRLIDHDP	CLFCKDAEFK	ASKEILLAFS	RDFLSGEGDL	SRHLGLLGLP
VNHVQTPFDE	FDFAVTNLAV	DLQCGVRLVR	TMELLTQNWD	LSKKLRIPAI
SRLQKMHNVD	IVLQVLKSRG	IELSDEHGNT	ILSKDIVDRH	REKTLRLLWK
IAFAFQVDIS	LNLDQLKEEI	AFLKHTKSIK	KTISLLSCHS	DDLINKKKGK
RDSGSFEQYS	ENIKLLMDWV	NAVCAFYNKK	VENFTVSFSD	GRVLCYLIHH
YHPCYVPFDA	ICQRTTQTVE	CTQTGSVVLN	SSSESDDSSL	DMSLKAFDHE
NTSELYKELL	ENEKKNFHLV	RSAVRDLGGI	PAMINHSDMS	NTIPDEKVVI
TYLSFLCARL	LDLRKEIRAA	RLIQTTWRKY	KLKTDLKRHQ	EREKAARIIQ
LAVINFLAKQ	RLRKRVNAAL	VIQKYWRRVL	AQRKLLMLKK	EKLEKVQNKA
ASLIQGYWRR	YSTRQRFLKL	KYYSIILQSR	IRMIIAVTSY	KRYLWATVTI
QRHWRAYLRR	KQDQQRYEML	KSSTLIIQSM	FRKWKQRKMQ	SQVKATVILQ
RAFREWHLRK	QAKEENSAII	IQSWYRMHKE	LRKYIYIRSC	VVIIQKRFRC
FQAQKLYKRR	KESILTIQKY	YKAYLKGKIE	RTNYLQKRAA	AIQLQAAFRR
LKAHNLCRQI	RAACVIQSYW	RMRQDRVRFL	NLKKTIIKFQ	AHVRKHQQRQ
KYKKMKKAAV	IIQTHFRAYI	FAMKVLASYQ	KTRSAVIVLQ	SAYRGMQARK
MYIHILTSVI	KIQSYYRAYV	SKKEFLSLKN	ATIKLQSTVK	MKQTRKQYLH
LRAAALFIQQ	CYRSKKIAAQ	KREEYMQMRE	SCIKLQAFVR	GYLVRKQMRL
QRKAVISLQS	YFRMRKARQY	YLKMYKAIIV	IQNYYHAYKA	QVNQRKNFLQ
VKKAATCLQA	AYRGYKVRQL	IKQQSIAALK	IQSAFRGYNK	RVKYQSVLQS
IIKIQRWYRA	YKTLHDTRTH	FLKTKAAVIS	LQSAYRGWKV	RKQIRREHQA
ALKIQSAFRM	AKAQKQFRLF	KTAALVIQQN	FRAWTAGRKQ	CMEYIELRHA
VLVLQSMWKG	KTLRRQLQRQ	HKCAIIIQSY	YRMHVQQKKW	KIMKKAALLI
QKYYRAYSIG	REQNHLYLKT	KAAVVTLQSA	YRGMKVRKRI	KDCNKAAVTI
QSKYRAYKTK	KKYATYRASA	IIIQRWYRGI	KITNHQHKEY	LNLKKTAIKI
QSVYRGIRVR	RHIQHMHRAA	TFIKAMFKMH	QSRISYHTMR	KAAIVIQVRC
RAYYQGKMQR	EKYLTILKAV	KVLQASFRGV	RVRRTLRKMQ	TAATLIQSNY
RRYRQQTYFN	KLKKITKTVQ	QRYWAMKERN	IQFQRYNKLR	HSVIYIQAIF
RGKKARRHLK	MMHIAATLIQ	RRFRTLMMRR	RFLSLKKTAI	LIQRKYRAHL
CTKHHLQFLQ	VQNAVIKIQS	SYRRWMIRKR	MREMHRAATF	IQSTFRMHRL
HMRYQALKQA	SVVIQQQYQA	NRAAKLQRQH	YLRQRHSAVI	LQAAFRGMKT
RRHLKSMHSS	ATLIQSRFRS	LLVRRRFISL	KKATIFVQRK	YRATICAKHK
LYQFLHLRKA	AITIQSSYRR	LMVKKKLQEM	QRAAVLIQAT	FRMYRTYITF
QTWKHASILI	QQHYRTYRAA	KLQRENYIRQ	WHSAVVIQAA	YKGMKARQLL
REKHKASIVI	QSTYRMYRQY	CFYQKLQWAT	KIIQEKYRAN	KKKQKVFQHN
ELKKETCVQA	GFQDMNIKKQ	IQEQHQAAII	IQKHCKAFKI	RKHYLHLRAT
VVSIQRRYRK	LTAVRTQAVI	CIQSYYRGFK	VRKDIQNMHR	AATLIQSFYR
MHRAKVDYET	KKTAIVVIQN	YYRLYVRVKT	ERKNFLAVQK	SVRTIQAAFR
GMKVRQKLKN	VSEEKMAAIV	NQSALCCYRS	KTQYEAVQSE	GVMIQEWYKA
SGLACSQEAE	YHSQSRAAVT	IQKAFCRMVT	RKLETQKCAA	LRIQFFLQMA
VYRRRFVQQK	RAAITLQHYF	RTWQTRKQFL	LYRKAAVVLQ	NHYRAFLSAK
HQRQVYLQIR	SSVIIIQARS	KGFIQKRKFQ	EIKNSTIKIQ	AMWRRYRAKK
YLCKVKAACK	IQAWYRCWRA	HKEYLAILKA	VKIIQGCFYT	KLERTRFLNV
RASAIIIQRK	WRAILPAKIA	HEHFLMIKRH	RAACLIQAHY	RGYKGRQVFL
RQKSAALIIQ	KYIRAREAGK	HERIKYIEFK	KSTVILQALV	RGWLVRKRFL
EQRAKIRLLH	FTAAAYYHLN	AVRIQRAYKL	YLAVKNANKQ	VNSVICIQRW
FRARLQEKRF	IQKYHSIKKI	EHEGQECLSQ	RNRAASVIQK	AVRHFLLRKK
QEKFTSGIIK	IQALWRGYSW	RKKNDCTKIK	AIRLSLQVVN	REIREENKLY
KRTALALHYL	LTYKHLSAIL	EALKHLEVVT	RLSPLCCENM	AQSGAISKIF
VLIRSCNRSI	PCMEVIRYAV	QVLLNVSKYE	KTTSAVYDVE	NCIDILLELL
QIYREKPGNK	VADKGGSIFT	KTCCLLAILL	KTTNRASDVR	SRSKVVDRIY
SLYKLTAHKH	KMNTERILYK	QKKNSSISIP	FIPETPVRTR	IVSRLKPDWV
LRRDNMEEIT	NPLQAIQMVM	DTLGIPY

Funkcija

"ASPM" je akronim za "Abnormal Spindle-like, Microcephaly-associated" (=nenormalni vretenoliki mikrocefaliji pridruženi protein), što odražava da je ortolog za gen abnormalnog vretena (asp) Drosophila melanogaster. iEksprimirani proteinski proizvod asp gena je neophodan za normalnu funkciju vretenskog aparata u embrionskim neuroblastima i regulaciju neurogeneze.^[6]^[9]

Novi alel ASPM nastao je negdje u posljednjih 14.000 godina (srednja procjena 5.800 godina), tokom holocena, zahvativši veći dio evropske i bliskoistočne populacije. Iako je novi alel očigledno koristan, njegovo djelovanje nije poznato.

Evolucija

Novi alel ima učestalost od oko 50% u populacijama Bliskog istoka i Evrope, rjeđi je u istočnoj Aziji, a ima nisku učestalost među populacijama subsaharske Afrike.^[10] > Također ima neobično visoku učestalost među ljudima Papua Nove Gvineje, sa 59,4%.^[11]

Procijenjena srednja starost alela ASPM od prije 5.800 godina u gruboj je korelaciji sa razvojem pisanog jezika, širenjem poljoprivrede i razvojem gradova.^[12] Za sada postoje dva alela ovog gena: stariji (prije 5.800 godina) i noviji (nakon toga). Oko 10% ljudi ima dvije kopije novog alela ASPM, dok oko 50% ima dvije kopije starog. Ostalih 40% ima po jednu kopiju svakog od njih. Od onih sa kopijom novog alela, 50% njih je sa identičnom kopijom.^[13]^[14] Alel utiče na genotip u velikom (62 kbp) regionu, takozvano selekcijsko ćišćenje, koji signalizira brzo širenje mutacije (kao što je novi ASPM) kroz populaciju; ovo ukazuje da je mutacija na neki način korisna za pojedinca.^[11]^[15]

• Testiranje IQ-a onih sa i bez novog ASPM alela nije pokazalo razliku u prosječnom IQ-u, ne pružajući nikakve dokaze koji podržavaju ideju da gen povećava inteligenciju.^[15]^[16]^[17] Međutim, statistička analiza pokazala je da se stariji oblici gena češće nalaze u populacijama koje govore tonski jezik kao kineski ili mnoge podsaharske afričke jezike.^[18] Ostali geni povezani s razvojem mozga bili su pod selektivnim pritiskom u različitim populacijama. Gen DAB1, uključen u organizovanje ćelijskih slojeva u moždanoj kori, pokazuje dokaze selektivnog zamaha/čišćenja u Kineza. Gen SV2B, koji kodira protein sinapsnih vezikula, također ima dokaze selektivnog čišćenja kod Afroamerikanaca.^[19]^[20]

Također pogledajte

Mikrocefalin

Reference

^ ^a ^b ^c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000066279 - Ensembl, maj 2017
^ ^a ^b ^c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000033952 - Ensembl, maj 2017
^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ ^a ^b Pattison L, Crow YJ, Deeble VJ, Jackson AP, Jafri H, Rashid Y, Roberts E, Woods CG (decembar 2000). "A fifth locus for primary autosomal recessive microcephaly maps to chromosome 1q31". American Journal of Human Genetics. 67 (6): 1578–80. doi:10.1086/316910. PMC 1287934. PMID 11078481.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Bond J, Roberts E, Mochida GH, Hampshire DJ, Scott S, Askham JM, Springell K, Mahadevan M, Crow YJ, Markham AF, Walsh CA, Woods CG (oktobar 2002). "ASPM is a major determinant of cerebral cortical size". Nature Genetics. 32 (2): 316–20. doi:10.1038/ng995. PMID 12355089. S2CID 14855140.
^ Kaindl AM, Passemard S, Kumar P, Kraemer N, Issa L, Zwirner A, Gerard B, Verloes A, Mani S, Gressens P (mart 2010). "Many roads lead to primary autosomal recessive microcephaly". Progress in Neurobiology. 90 (3): 363–83. doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2009.11.002. PMID 19931588. S2CID 35631370.
^ "UniProt, Q8IZT6" (jezik: en.). Pristupljeno 7. 12. 2021.CS1 održavanje: nepoznati jezik (link)
^ Kouprina N, Pavlicek A, Collins NK, Nakano M, Noskov VN, Ohzeki J, Mochida GH, Risinger JI, Goldsmith P, Gunsior M, Solomon G, Gersch W, Kim JH, Barrett JC, Walsh CA, Jurka J, Masumoto H, Larionov V (august 2005). "The microcephaly ASPM gene is expressed in proliferating tissues and encodes for a mitotic spindle protein". Human Molecular Genetics. 14 (15): 2155–65. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddi220. PMID 15972725.
^ Evans PD, Gilbert SL, Mekel-Bobrov N, Vallender EJ, Anderson JR, Vaez-Azizi LM, Tishkoff SA, Hudson RR, Lahn BT (septembar 2005). "Microcephalin, a gene regulating brain size, continues to evolve adaptively in humans". Science. 309 (5741): 1717–1720. Bibcode:2005Sci...309.1717E. doi:10.1126/science.1113722. PMID 16151009. S2CID 85864492. Sažetak – New York Times: Researchers Say Human Brain Is Still Evolving.
^ ^a ^b Mekel-Bobrov N, Gilbert SL, Evans PD, Vallender EJ, Anderson JR, Hudson RR, Tishkoff SA, Lahn BT (septembar 2005). "Ongoing adaptive evolution of ASPM, a brain size determinant in Homo sapiens". Science. 309 (5741): 1720–1722. Bibcode:2005Sci...309.1720M. doi:10.1126/science.1116815. PMID 16151010. S2CID 30403575.
^ Prema dokumentarnoj seriji Discovery Channel/Channel 4 iz 2006. Šta nas čini ljudima?
^ Inman M (2005). "Human brains enjoy ongoing evolution". New Scientist.
^ Evans PD, Gilbert SL, Mekel-Bobrov N, Vallender EJ, Anderson JR, Vaez-Azizi LM, Tishkoff SA, Hudson RR, Lahn BT (septembar 2005). "Microcephalin, a gene regulating brain size, continues to evolve adaptively in humans". Science. 309 (5741): 1717–20. Bibcode:2005Sci...309.1717E. doi:10.1126/science.1113722. PMID 16151009. S2CID 85864492.
^ ^a ^b Currat M, Excoffier L, Maddison W, Otto SP, Ray N, Whitlock MC, Yeaman S (juli 2006). "Comment on 'Ongoing adaptive evolution of ASPM, a brain size determinant in Homo sapiens' and 'Microcephalin, a gene regulating brain size, continues to evolve adaptively in humans'". Science. 313 (5784): 172, author reply 172. doi:10.1126/science.1122712. PMID 16840683.
^ Woods RP, Freimer NB, De Young JA, Fears SC, Sicotte NL, Service SK, Valentino DJ, Toga AW, Mazziotta JC (juni 2006). "Normal variants of Microcephalin and ASPM do not account for brain size variability". Human Molecular Genetics. 15 (12): 2025–2029. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddl126. PMID 16687438.
^ Mekel-Bobrov N, Posthuma D, Gilbert SL, Lind P, Gosso MF, Luciano M, Harris SE, Bates TC, Polderman TJ, Whalley LJ, Fox H, Starr JM, Evans PD, Montgomery GW, Fernandes C, Heutink P, Martin NG, Boomsma DI, Deary IJ, Wright MJ, de Geus EJ, Lahn BT (mart 2007). "The ongoing adaptive evolution of ASPM and Microcephalin is not explained by increased intelligence". Human Molecular Genetics. 16 (6): 600–608. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddl487. PMID 17220170.
^ Dediu D, Ladd DR (juni 2007). "Linguistic tone is related to the population frequency of the adaptive haplogroups of two brain size genes, ASPM and Microcephalin". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 104 (26): 10944–10949. Bibcode:2007PNAS..10410944D. doi:10.1073/pnas.0610848104. PMC 1904158. PMID 17537923. Sažetak – New Scientist: Genes may help people learn Chinese.
^ Williamson SH, Hubisz MJ, Clark AG, Payseur BA, Bustamante CD, Nielsen R (juni 2007). "Localizing recent adaptive evolution in the human genome". PLOS Genetics. 3 (6): e90. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0030090. PMC 1885279. PMID 17542651.
^ Wade N (26. 6. 2007). "Humans Have Spread Globally, and Evolved Locally". New York Times. Pristupljeno 1. 8. 2009.

Vanjski linkovi

GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Primary Autosomal Recessive Microcephaly
Lokacija ljudskog genoma ASPM i stranica sa detaljima o genu ASPM u UCSC Genome Browseru.

[refGRCh38Ensembl-1] GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000066279 - Ensembl, maj 2017

[refGRCm38Ensembl-2] GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000033952 - Ensembl, maj 2017

[3] "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[4] "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[pmid11078481-5] Pattison L, Crow YJ, Deeble VJ, Jackson AP, Jafri H, Rashid Y, Roberts E, Woods CG (decembar 2000). "A fifth locus for primary autosomal recessive microcephaly maps to chromosome 1q31". American Journal of Human Genetics. 67 (6): 1578–80. doi:10.1086/316910. PMC 1287934. PMID 11078481.

[pmid12355089-6] Bond J, Roberts E, Mochida GH, Hampshire DJ, Scott S, Askham JM, Springell K, Mahadevan M, Crow YJ, Markham AF, Walsh CA, Woods CG (oktobar 2002). "ASPM is a major determinant of cerebral cortical size". Nature Genetics. 32 (2): 316–20. doi:10.1038/ng995. PMID 12355089. S2CID 14855140.

[pmid19931588-7] Kaindl AM, Passemard S, Kumar P, Kraemer N, Issa L, Zwirner A, Gerard B, Verloes A, Mani S, Gressens P (mart 2010). "Many roads lead to primary autosomal recessive microcephaly". Progress in Neurobiology. 90 (3): 363–83. doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2009.11.002. PMID 19931588. S2CID 35631370.

[UniProt-8] "UniProt, Q8IZT6" (jezik: en.). Pristupljeno 7. 12. 2021.CS1 održavanje: nepoznati jezik (link)

[pmid15972725-9] Kouprina N, Pavlicek A, Collins NK, Nakano M, Noskov VN, Ohzeki J, Mochida GH, Risinger JI, Goldsmith P, Gunsior M, Solomon G, Gersch W, Kim JH, Barrett JC, Walsh CA, Jurka J, Masumoto H, Larionov V (august 2005). "The microcephaly ASPM gene is expressed in proliferating tissues and encodes for a mitotic spindle protein". Human Molecular Genetics. 14 (15): 2155–65. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddi220. PMID 15972725.

[pmid16151009-10] Evans PD, Gilbert SL, Mekel-Bobrov N, Vallender EJ, Anderson JR, Vaez-Azizi LM, Tishkoff SA, Hudson RR, Lahn BT (septembar 2005). "Microcephalin, a gene regulating brain size, continues to evolve adaptively in humans". Science. 309 (5741): 1717–1720. Bibcode:2005Sci...309.1717E. doi:10.1126/science.1113722. PMID 16151009. S2CID 85864492. Sažetak – New York Times: Researchers Say Human Brain Is Still Evolving.

[pmid16151010-11] Mekel-Bobrov N, Gilbert SL, Evans PD, Vallender EJ, Anderson JR, Hudson RR, Tishkoff SA, Lahn BT (septembar 2005). "Ongoing adaptive evolution of ASPM, a brain size determinant in Homo sapiens". Science. 309 (5741): 1720–1722. Bibcode:2005Sci...309.1720M. doi:10.1126/science.1116815. PMID 16151010. S2CID 30403575.

[12] Prema dokumentarnoj seriji Discovery Channel/Channel 4 iz 2006. Šta nas čini ljudima?

[13] Inman M (2005). "Human brains enjoy ongoing evolution". New Scientist.

[14] Evans PD, Gilbert SL, Mekel-Bobrov N, Vallender EJ, Anderson JR, Vaez-Azizi LM, Tishkoff SA, Hudson RR, Lahn BT (septembar 2005). "Microcephalin, a gene regulating brain size, continues to evolve adaptively in humans". Science. 309 (5741): 1717–20. Bibcode:2005Sci...309.1717E. doi:10.1126/science.1113722. PMID 16151009. S2CID 85864492.

[pmid16840683-15] Currat M, Excoffier L, Maddison W, Otto SP, Ray N, Whitlock MC, Yeaman S (juli 2006). "Comment on 'Ongoing adaptive evolution of ASPM, a brain size determinant in Homo sapiens' and 'Microcephalin, a gene regulating brain size, continues to evolve adaptively in humans'". Science. 313 (5784): 172, author reply 172. doi:10.1126/science.1122712. PMID 16840683.

[pmid16687438-16] Woods RP, Freimer NB, De Young JA, Fears SC, Sicotte NL, Service SK, Valentino DJ, Toga AW, Mazziotta JC (juni 2006). "Normal variants of Microcephalin and ASPM do not account for brain size variability". Human Molecular Genetics. 15 (12): 2025–2029. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddl126. PMID 16687438.

[pmid17220170-17] Mekel-Bobrov N, Posthuma D, Gilbert SL, Lind P, Gosso MF, Luciano M, Harris SE, Bates TC, Polderman TJ, Whalley LJ, Fox H, Starr JM, Evans PD, Montgomery GW, Fernandes C, Heutink P, Martin NG, Boomsma DI, Deary IJ, Wright MJ, de Geus EJ, Lahn BT (mart 2007). "The ongoing adaptive evolution of ASPM and Microcephalin is not explained by increased intelligence". Human Molecular Genetics. 16 (6): 600–608. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddl487. PMID 17220170.

[pmid17537923-18] Dediu D, Ladd DR (juni 2007). "Linguistic tone is related to the population frequency of the adaptive haplogroups of two brain size genes, ASPM and Microcephalin". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 104 (26): 10944–10949. Bibcode:2007PNAS..10410944D. doi:10.1073/pnas.0610848104. PMC 1904158. PMID 17537923. Sažetak – New Scientist: Genes may help people learn Chinese.

[url_PLoS-19] Williamson SH, Hubisz MJ, Clark AG, Payseur BA, Bustamante CD, Nielsen R (juni 2007). "Localizing recent adaptive evolution in the human genome". PLOS Genetics. 3 (6): e90. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0030090. PMC 1885279. PMID 17542651.

[url_NYT-20] Wade N (26. 6. 2007). "Humans Have Spread Globally, and Evolved Locally". New York Times. Pristupljeno 1. 8. 2009.

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