Overview of the events of 1864 in science
The year 1864 in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed here.
Astronomy [ edit ] Chemistry [ edit ] Conservation [ edit ] Mathematics [ edit ] Physics [ edit ] Technology [ edit ] February 17 – In the American Civil War , the tiny Confederate hand-propelled submarine H. L. Hunley sinks the USS Housatonic using a spar torpedo in Charleston Harbor , becoming the first submarine to sink an enemy ship (although the submarine and her crew of eight are also lost).[14] December 8 – The Clifton Suspension Bridge across the Bristol Avon in England , designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel and completed as a memorial to him, opens to traffic.[15] Oriel Chambers , Liverpool , England, the world's first metal-framed glass curtain walled building, designed by Peter Ellis (architect) , is built.[16] Nicolaus Otto and Eugen Langen produce a free piston gas atmospheric engine. Henry Roscoe and Robert Bunsen carry out what is reputed to be the first flashlight photography , using magnesium as a light source.[17] Possible date – Siegfried Marcus builds the first motorized cart, in Vienna. Zoology [ edit ] January (prob. date) – George Washington Carver (died 1943 ), African American agricultural botanist . January 13 – Wilhelm Wien (died 1928 ), German physicist . March 12 – W. H. R. Rivers (died 1922 ), English psychiatrist . March 15 – Carl Edvard Johansson (died 1943 ), Swedish metrologist . April 21 – Max Weber (died 1920 ), German sociologist . June 14 – Alois Alzheimer (died 1915 ), German neuroscientist . June 25 – Walther Nernst (died 1941 ), German chemist . June 22 – Hermann Minkowski (died 1909 ), Lithuanian-German mathematician . September 8 (O.S. August 27) – Jakob Johann von Uexküll (died 1944 ), Baltic German pioneer of biosemiotics .[19] December 1 – Carsten Borchgrevink (died 1934 ), Norwegian Antarctic explorer. References [ edit ] ^ Kwok, Sun (2000). "History and overview". The Origin and Evolution of planetary Nebulae . Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–7. ISBN 0-521-62313-8 . Retrieved 13 January 2012 .[permanent dead link ] ^ Spruce, Richard (1884). "Hepaticae of the Amazon and the Andes of Peru and Ecuador". Transactions and Proceedings of the Botanical Society . 15 (1–2). Edinburgh. ^ Spruce, Richard (1908). Wallace, Alfred Russel (ed.). Notes of a botanist on the Amazon and the Andes... during the years 1849–1864 . London: Macmillan. ^ Pearson, Michael (2004). Richard Spruce: naturalist and explorer . Settle, Yorkshire: Hudson History. ISBN 1-903783-28-3 . ^ Newlands, John A. R. (1864-08-20). "On Relations Among the Equivalents" . Chemical News . 10 : 94–95. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 2011-08-30 . ^ "Julius Lothar Meyer and Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev" . Science History Institute . Retrieved 21 March 2018 . ^ Bowden, Mary Ellen (1997). "Julius Lothar Meyer and Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev". Chemical achievers : the human face of the chemical sciences . Philadelphia, PA: Chemical Heritage Foundation. pp. 59-63 . ISBN 9780941901123 . ^ Guldberg, C. M.; Waage, P. (1864). "Studies Concerning Affinity". Forhandlinger i Videnskabs-Selskabet i Christiana : 35. ^ Waage, P. (1864). "Experiments for Determining the Affinity Law". Forhandlinger i Videnskabs-Selskabet i Christiania : 92. ^ Guldberg, C. M. (1864). "Concerning the Laws of Chemical Affinity". Forhandlinger i Videnskabs-Selskabet i Christiania : 111. ^ Schaffer, Jeffrey P. Yosemite National Park (4th ed.). p. 48. ^ Enneper, A. (1864). "Analytisch-geometrische Untersuchungen". Zeitschrift für mathematische Physik . 9 : 96–125. ^ Maxwell, J. Clerk (1865). "A dynamical theory of the electromagnetic field" (PDF) . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London . 155 : 459–512. doi :10.1098/rstl.1865.0008 . Retrieved 2011-08-30 . ^ Chaffin, Tom (2008). The H. L. Hunley: the Secret Hope of the Confederacy . New York: Hill and Wang. ISBN 978-0-8090-9512-4 . ^ Penguin Pocket On This Day . Penguin Reference Library. 2006. ISBN 0-14-102715-0 . ^ "History" . Oriel Chambers. Retrieved 2009-07-27 . ^ "Henry Roscoe (1833-1915): flashlight photography" . Museum of Science and Industry (Manchester) . 2007. Archived from the original on 2012-03-02. Retrieved 2011-11-17 . ^ "Copley Medal | British scientific award" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 23 July 2020 . ^ Brentari, Carlo (2015). Jakob von Uexküll: The Discovery of the Umwelt between Biosemiotics and Theoretical Biology . Springer.