1991 in paleontology
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Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils.[1] This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1991.
Plants[edit]
Angiosperms[edit]
| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gen et comb nov | valid | A walnut relative. | ||||||
| Gen et sp nov | Valid | Erwin & Stockey | A lilialean genus of uncertain placement |
Arthropods[edit]
Insects[edit]
| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sp nov | Valid | MacKay | A ponerin ant | |||||
| Sp nov | Valid | Nel | A sieblosiid damselfly |  |
Mollusca[edit]
Newly named bivalves[edit]
| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sp nov | Valid | Isakar |
Archosauromorphs[edit]
- Sankar Chatterjee's discovery of a possible Triassic bird, Protoavis, if genuine, would push avian origins back almost 70 million years. The find ignites controversy over the connection between dinosaurs and birds.
Newly named dinosaurs[edit]
Data courtesy of George Olshevsky's dinosaur genera list.[8]
| Name | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Valid taxon | Late Cretaceous (Santonian) | An alvarezsaurid. |  | ||||
| Valid taxon | Salgado and Jose Bonaparte | Early Cretaceous (Barremian) | A dicraeosaurid. with Spines on its Neck |  | |||
| Valid taxon | Bolotsky & Kurzanov | Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) | |||||
| Valid taxon | Calvo and Bonaparte | Late Cretaceous (Santonian) | An alvarezsaurid. | ||||
| Junior synonym | George Olshevsky. | Early Cretaceous (Valanginian) | A junior objective synonym of Altispinax; new genus for "Acrocanthosaurus" altispinax Paul (1988). | ||||
| Valid taxon | Telles-Antunes & Sigogneau-Russell | Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) | A troodontid. | ||||
| Janenschia[15] | Valid taxon | Wild | Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian-Tithonian) | A non-titanosauriform macronarian; new genus for "Gigantosaurus" robustus E. Fraas (1908). | |||
| Valid taxon | George Olshevsky | Middle Jurassic (Bajocian) | A sauropod of uncertain affinities. | ||||
| Junior synonym | Hunt & S.G. Lucas | A junior synonym of Coelophysis. | |||||
| Gillette | |||||||
| Valid taxon | Le Loeuff and Buffetaut | ||||||
| Valid taxon | Telles-Antunes & Sigogneau-Russell | Late Cretaceous | An ornithischian of unknown affinities. | ||||
| Tochisaurus[19] | Valid taxon | Kurzanov and Osmolska | Cretaceous | ||||
| Junior synonym | George Olshevsky | Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian) | Junior synonym of Supersaurus; replacement name for Ultrasaurus Jensen 1985 (preoccupied). | ||||
| Valid taxon | George Olshevsky | Early Cretaceous (late Valanginian) | An ornithomimosaur; new genus for "Megalosaurus" oweni Lydekker (1889). | ||||
| Valid taxon | A Noasaur. |  |
Newly named birds[edit]
| Name | Status | Novelty | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Valid | Sp. nov. | |||||||
| Valid | Gen. nov. et Sp. nov. | A Fringillidae, Carduelinae, this is the type species of the new genus. | ||||||
| Valid | Sp. nov. | |||||||
| Valid | Sp. nov. | |||||||
| Valid | Gen. nov. et Sp. nov. | Late Campanian-Early Maastrichtian, | A Hesperornithiformes Fürbringer, 1888, Hesperornithidae Marsh, 1872. | |||||
| Valid | Gen. nov. et Sp. nov. | An Anatidae. | ||||||
| Valid | Gen. nov. et Sp. nov. | An Anatidae, a moa-nalo, this is the type species of the genus. | ||||||
| Valid | Sp. nov. | |||||||
| Valid | Sp. nov. | |||||||
| Valid | Sp. nov. | An Accipitridae. | ||||||
| Valid | Sp. nov. | |||||||
| Valid | Sp. nov. | A Corvidae. | ||||||
| Valid | Sp. nov. | A Corvidae. | ||||||
| Valid | Gen. nov et Sp. nov. | An Acanthisittidae. | ||||||
| Valid | Sp. nov. | A Strigidae. | ||||||
| Valid | Sp. nov. | A Strigidae. | ||||||
| Valid | Gen. nov. et Sp. nov. | A Strigidae, the type species of the new genus. | ||||||
| Valid | Sp. nov. | A Strigidae. | ||||||
| Valid | Sp. nov. | A Fringillidae, Carduelinae, transferred to the genus Akialoa Olson et James, 1995 by Olson et James, 1995.[24] | ||||||
| Valid | Gen. nov et Sp. nov. | An Accipitriformes, Horusornithidae Mourer-Chauviré, 1991, this is the type species of the new genus. | ||||||
| Valid | Gen. nov et Sp. nov. | A Fringillidae, Carduelinae, this is the type species of the new genus. | ||||||
| Valid | Sp. nov. | A Phasianidae, transferred to the genus Plioperdix Kretzoi, 1955 as Plioperdix hungarica Comb. nov. by Nikita V. Zelenkov & Andrey V. Panteleyev.[27] | ||||||
| Valid | Subsp. nov. | A member of the family Phasianidae. Originally described as a subspecies of Pavo aesculapi; Zelenkov (2016) transferred it to the genus Syrmaticus and raised it to the rank of a separate species Syrmaticus phasianoides.[28] | ||||||
| Valid | Sp. nov. | |||||||
| Valid | Sp. nov. | Late Early Miocene | ||||||
| Valid | Subsp. nov. | A member of the family Rallidae. Originally described as a subspecies of Porzana estramosi; Zelenkov (2017) transferred it to the genus Zapornia and raised it to the rank of a separate species Zapornia veterior.[31] | ||||||
| Valid | Sp. nov. | A Rallidae. | ||||||
| Valid | Sp. nov. | A Rallidae. | ||||||
| Valid | Sp. nov. | A Rallidae. | ||||||
| Valid | Sp. nov. | A Rallidae. | ||||||
| Valid | Sp. nov. | A Rallidae. | ||||||
| Valid | Gen. nov. et Sp. nov. | A Protoaviformes Chatterjee, 1991, Protoaviformes Chatterjee, 1991, the type and only species of the genus, no longer considered a bird. | ||||||
| Valid | Sp. nov. | A Pseudodontornithidae Lambrecht, 1933. | ||||||
| Valid | Gen. nov. et Sp. nov. | A Furnariidae, Philydorinae, this is the type species of the new genus. | ||||||
| Valid | Gen. nov. et Sp. nov. | An Anatidae, a moa-nalo, this is the type species of the genus. | ||||||
| Valid | Sp. nov. | |||||||
| Valid | Sp. nov. | A member of the family Rallidae. Originally described as a species of Rallicrex; Zelenkov (2017) transferred this species to the genus Rallus.[31] | ||||||
| Valid | Sp. nov. | |||||||
| Valid | Sp. nov. | |||||||
| Valid | Sp. nov. | |||||||
| Valid | Sp. nov. | A Tytonidae. | ||||||
| Valid | Gen. nov. et Sp. nov. | |||||||
| Valid | Sp. nov. | |||||||
| Valid | Gen. nov. et Sp. nov. | |||||||
| Valid | Gen. nov. et Sp. nov. | A Fringillidae, Carduelinae, the type species of the new genus. |
Genera no longer considered to be birds[edit]
- Protoavis. The avian status of Protoavis has since been almost universally rejected by paleontologists.
Pseudosuchians[edit]
| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Type locality | Country | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gen. et sp. nov | Valid | Willis & Molnar | Late Oligocene - Early Miocene | A mekosuchine crocodilian described from a multitude of skeletons. |  |
Pterosaurs[edit]
New taxa[edit]
| | |||||||||||||||
Synapsids[edit]
Non-mammalian[edit]
| Name | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Valid |
| Lower Permian | Formerly assigned as an eosuchian diapsid, was restudied and classified as a varanopid synapsid.[37] |  | |||
| Valid |
| Upper Permian | A sphenacodontid synapsid. |  |
References[edit]
- ^ Gini-Newman, Garfield; Graham, Elizabeth (2001). Echoes from the past: world history to the 16th century. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. ISBN 9780070887398. OCLC 46769716.
- ^ Manchester, S.R. (1994). "Fruits and Seeds of the Middle Eocene Nut Beds Flora, Clarno Formation, Oregon". Palaeontographica Americana. 58: 30–31.
- ^ Brown, R. W. (1940). "New species and changes of name in some American fossil floras. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences". 30 (8): 344–356. JSTOR 24529454.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Erwin, D. M.; Stockey, R. A. (1991). "Soleredera rhizomorpha gen. et sp. nov., a permineralized monocotyledon from the Middle Eocene Princeton chert of British Columbia, Canada". Botanical Gazette. 152 (2): 231–247. doi:10.1086/337885. S2CID 85180086.
- ^ MacKay, W. P. (1991). "Anochetus brevidentatus, new species, a second fossil Odontomachiti ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)". Journal of the New York Entomological Society. 99: 138–140.
- ^ Nel, Nel (1991). "Description de quelques Sieblosiidae fossiles nouveaux (Odonata, Zygoptera, Lestoidea). Nouvelle Revue d'Entomologie (N.S.)". 8: 367–375.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Hints, L.; Oraspõld, A.; Kaljo, D. (2000). "Stratotype of the Porkuni Stage with comments on the Röa Member (Uppermost Ordovician, Estonia)". Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences, Geology. 49 (3): 177–199. doi:10.3176/geol.2000.3.02. S2CID 240195751.
- ^ Olshevsky, George. "Dinogeorge's Dinosaur Genera List". Archived from the original on 2011-07-15. Retrieved 2008-08-07.
- ^ a b Bonaparte, J.F. 1991. Los vertebrados fosiles de la Formacion Rio Colorado de Neuquen y cercanias, Cretacico Superior, Argentina. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Revidadia" Paleontologia 4 (3): pp. 17-23.
- ^ Salgado, L. and J.F. Bonaparte. 1991. Un Nuevo sauropodo Dicraeosauridae, Amargasaurus gen. et sp. nov., de la Formacion La Amarga, Neocomiano de la Provincia del Nuequen, Argentina. Ameghiniana 28: pp. 333-346.
- ^ Bolotsky, Yu. L. and S.K. Kurzanov. 1991. The hadrosaurs of the Amur region. In: Geology of the Pacific Border: pp.94-103.
- ^ Calvo, J.O. and J.F. Bonaparte, J.F. 1991. Andesaurus delgadoi gen. et sp. nov. (Saurischia-Sauropoda), dinosaurio Titanosauridae de la Formación Río Limay (Albiano-Cenomaniano), Neuquén, Argentina. Ameghiniana 28: pp. 303-310.
- ^ a b c d Olshevsky, G. 1991. A Revision of the Parainfraclass Archosauria Cope, 1869, Excluding the Advanced Crocodylia. Mesozoic Meanderings 2 (1st printing): iv + 196 pages.
- ^ a b Telles-Antunes, M. and D. Sigogneau-Russell, 1991. Nouvelles donnees sur les Dinosaures du Cretae superieur du Portugal. Compte rendu hebdomadaire des séances de l’Académie des Sciences Paris, tomo 313, seire 2: pp. 113-119.
- ^ Wild, R. 1991. Janenschia n. g. robusta (E.Frass 1908) pro Tornieria robusta (E. Fraas 1908) (Reptilia, Saurischia, Sauropodomorpha). Stuttgarteer Beiträge zur Naturkude Serie B (Geologie und Paleontologie) 173: pp. 1-4.
- ^ Hunt, A.P. and S.G. Lucas. 1991. Rioarribasaurus, a new name for a Late Triassic dinosaur from New Mexico (USA). Paläontologische Zeitschrift 6 (3/4): pp. 191-198.
- ^ Gillette. D.D. 1991. Seismosaurus halli, gen. et sp. nov., a new sauropod dinosaur from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic/Lower Cretaceous) of New Mexico, USA. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 11 (4): pp. 417-433.
- ^ Le Loeuff, J. and E. Buffetaut. 1991. Tarascosaurus salluvicus, new genus new species, a theropod dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of southern France. Geobios 24 (5): pp. 585-594.
- ^ Kurzanov, S.M. and H. Osmolska. 1991. Tochisaurus nemegtensis gen. et sp. n., a new troodontid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from Mongolia. Acta Palaeont. Polonica. 36 (1): pp. 69-76.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Helen F. James; Storrs L. Olson (1991). "Descriptions of Thirty-Two New Species of Birds From the Hawaiian Islands: Part II. Passeriformes" (PDF). Ornithological Monographs. 46 (46): 1–88. doi:10.2307/40166713. JSTOR 40166713.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Storrs L. Olson; Helen F. James (1991). "Descriptions of Thirty-Two New Species of Birds From the Hawaiian Islands: Part I. Non-Passeriformes" (PDF). Ornithological Monographs. 45 (45): 1–88. doi:10.2307/40166794. JSTOR 40166794.
- ^ Lev A. Nessov; B. V. Prizemlin (1991). "Krupnyye evolyutsionno prodvinutyye neletayushchiye morskiye ptitsy odryada gesperornisoobraznykh pozdnego senona Turgayskogo proliva: pervyye nakhodki gruppy v SSSR [Large, Evolutionarily Advanced, Flightless Marine Birds of the Order Hesperornithiformes from the Late Senonian of the Turgai Strait: The first Finds of this Group in the USSR.] [in Russian, with English summary]". Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta, Akademiya Nauk SSSR. 239: 85–107.
- ^ Philip R. Millener; Trevor H. Worthy (1991). "Contribution to New Zealand's Late Quaternary Avifauna. II: Dendroscansor decurvirostris, a New Genus and Species of Wren (Aves: Acantisittidae)". Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 21 (2): 179–200. doi:10.1080/03036758.1991.10431406.
- ^ Storrs L. Olson; Helen R. James (1995). "Nomenclature of the Hawaiian Akialoas and Nukupuus (Aves: Drepanidini)" (PDF). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 108 (3): 373–387.
- ^ Cécile Mourer-Chauviré (1991). "Les Horusornithidae Nov. Fam., Accipitriformes (Aves) A Articulation Intertarsienne Hyperflexible de l'Éocène du Quercy". Géobios, Mémoire Spécial. 24 (supplement 1): 183–192. Bibcode:1991Geobi..24Q.183M. doi:10.1016/s0016-6995(66)80023-2.
- ^ a b c d e Dénes Jánossy (1991). "Late Miocene Bird Remains from Polgárdi (W-Hungary)". Aquila. 98: 13–35.
- ^ Nikita V. Zelenkov; Andrey V. Panteleyev (2015). "Three bird taxa (Aves: Anatidae, Phasianidae, Scolopacidae) from the Late Miocene of the Sea of Azov (Southwestern Russia)". Paläontologische Zeitschrift. 89 (3): 515–527. doi:10.1007/s12542-014-0238-0. S2CID 85276099.
- ^ Nikita V. Zelenkov (2016). "Revision of non-passeriform birds from Polgárdi (Hungary, Late Miocene): 2. Galliformes". Paleontological Journal. 50 (6): 623–634. doi:10.1134/S0031030116060162. S2CID 90727042.
- ^ Thomas Schlüter (1991). "Systematik, Palökologie und Biostratonomie von Phalacrocorax kuehneanus nov. spec., einem Fossilen Kormoran (Aves: Phalacrocoracidae) aus Mutmasslich Oberpliozänen Phosporiten N-Tansanias". Berliner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, Reihe A: Geologie und Paläontologie. 134: 279–309.
- ^ Jacques Cheneval; Léonard Ginsburg; Cécile Mourer-Chauviré; Benjavun Ratanasthien (1991). "The Miocene Avifauna of the Li Mae Long Locality, Thailand: Systematics and Palaeoecology". Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences. 6 (2): 117–126. Bibcode:1991JAESc...6..117C. doi:10.1016/0743-9547(91)90103-5.
- ^ a b N. V. Zelenkov (2017). "Revision of non-passeriform birds from Polgárdi (Hungary, Upper Miocene): 3. Neoaves". Paleontological Journal. 51 (2): 203–213. doi:10.1134/S0031030117020162. S2CID 90314539.
- ^ Sankar Chatterjee (1991). "Cranial Anatomy and Relationships of A New Triassic Bird from Texas". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B. 332 (1265): 277–342. Bibcode:1991RSPTB.332..277C. doi:10.1098/rstb.1991.0056.
- ^ Aleksandr O. Averianov; Andrei V. Panteleyev; Olga R. Potapova; Lev A. Nessov (1991). "Lozhnozubyye ptitsy (Aves: Pelecaniformes: Odontopterygia) pozdnego paleotsena i eotsena zapadnoy okrainy drevney Azii. [Bony-toothed Birds (Aves: Pelecaniformes: Odontopterygia) of the Late Paleocene and Eocene of the Western Margin of Ancient Asia.] [in Russian, with English summ.]". Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta, Akademiya Nauk SSSR. 239: 3–12.
- ^ Jorge I. Noriega (1991). "Un Nuevo Género de Furnariidae (Aves: Passeriformes) del Pleistoceno Inferior-Medio de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina". Ameghiniana. 28: 317–323.
- ^ Willis, P.M.A. & Molnar, R.E. (1991). "A new middle Tertiary crocodile from Lake Palankarinna, South Australia". Records of the South Australian Museum. 25 (1): 39–55.
- ^ Laurin, M. (1991). "The osteology of a Lower Permian eosuchian from Texas and a review of diapsid phylogeny". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 101: 59–95. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1991.tb00886.x.
- ^ Reisz, R.R.; Laurin, M.; Marjanovic, D. (2010). "Apsisaurus witteri from the Lower Permian of Texas: yet another small varanopid synapsis, not a diapsid". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 30 (5): 1628–1631. Bibcode:2010JVPal..30.1628R. doi:10.1080/02724634.2010.501441. S2CID 129835335.
- ^ Hook, R.W.; Hotton, N. (1991). "A New Sphenacodontid Pelycosaur (Synapsida) from the Wichita Group, Lower Permian of North-Central Texas". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 11 (1): 37–44. Bibcode:1991JVPal..11...37H. doi:10.1080/02724634.1991.10011374.