2019 Cotabato earthquakes

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2019 Cotabato earthquakes
2019 Cotabato earthquakes is located in Mindanao
Bacolod
Bacolod
Cebu City
Cebu City
Davao
Davao
Kidapawan
Kidapawan
General Santos
General Santos
Zamboanga
Zamboanga
Cagayan De Oro
Cagayan De Oro
Butuan City
Butuan City
Lamitan
Lamitan
Bislig
Bislig
Mambajao
Mambajao
Tagbilaran
Tagbilaran
Puerto Princesa
Puerto Princesa
Tulunan, Cotabato
2019 Cotabato earthquakes (Mindanao)
2019 Cotabato earthquakes is located in Philippines
Bacolod
Bacolod
Cebu City
Cebu City
Davao
Davao
Kidapawan
Kidapawan
General Santos
General Santos
Puerto Princesa
Puerto Princesa
Tulunan, Cotabato
2019 Cotabato earthquakes (Philippines)
UTC time 
 A: 2019-10-16 11:37:06
 B: 2019-10-29 01:04:44
 C: 2019-10-31 01:11:19
ISC event 
 A: 616636559
 B: 616739626
 C: 616742152
USGS-ANSS 
 A: ComCat
 B: ComCat
 C: ComCat
Local date 
 A: October 16, 2019 (2019-10-16)[1]
 B: October 29, 2019 (2019-10-29)[2]
 C: October 31, 2019 (2019-10-31)[3]
Local time 
 A: 7:37 pm (PST)[1]
 B: 9:04 am (PST)[2]
 C: 9:11 am (PST)[3]
Magnitude 
 A: 6.4 Mww
 B: 6.6 Mww
 C: 6.5 Mww
Depth 
 A: 16.1 km (10 mi)
 B: 15.0 km (9 mi)
 C: 10.0 km (6 mi)
Epicenter6°45′N 125°00′E / 6.75°N 125.00°E / 6.75; 125.00
22 km southeast of Tulunan, Cotabato
TypeStrike-slip
Areas affectedSoccsksargen, Davao Region, Bangsamoro, Caraga
Max. intensityMMI VIII (Severe)

PEIS VII (Destructive)[4]
TsunamiNone
LandslidesYes[5]
ForeshocksA. 5.0 Makilala - V (October 11, 2019), 4.7 Tulunan - IV (October 15, 2019)
Casualties
  • October 16: 7 dead, 215 injured
  • October 29 and 31: 24 dead, 11 missing, 563 injured

The 2019 Cotabato earthquakes were an earthquake swarm which struck the province of Cotabato on the island of Mindanao in the Philippines in October 2019.[6] Three of these earthquakes were above 6.0 on the moment magnitude scale with a Mercalli intensity of VIII. More than 40 people have been reported dead or missing and nearly 800 were injured as a result of these events.

Tectonic setting[edit]

Mindanao lies across the complex convergent boundary between the Sunda Plate and the Philippine Sea Plate.[7] Part of the oblique convergence between these plates is taken up by subduction along the Cotabato Trench. The strike-slip component of the convergence is accommodated partly by the Philippine Fault System and partly by the Cotabato Fault System, a network of mainly NW-SE trending sinistral (left-lateral) strike-slip faults that form the boundary between the Cotabato Arc and the Central Mindanao Volcanic Belt.[8] In the area of the October 2019 earthquakes series, the individual faults include the NW-SE trending South Columbio Fault, North Columbio Fault, M'Lang Fault, Makilala–Malungon Fault and Tangbulan Fault, and the SW-NE trending Makilala Fault and Balabag Fault.[9]

Earthquakes M≥5.0[edit]

Events at or above Mw  5.0 associated with the 2019 Cotabato earthquakes
Date Time (UTC) Magnitude Mw  Intensity Depth Location Ref.
October 16 11:37:06 6.4 VIII 16.1 km (10.0 mi) 7 km (4.3 mi) ENE of Columbio [10]
October 16 12:09:31 5.5 VI 9.9 km (6.2 mi) 10 km (6.2 mi) ENE of Columbio [11]
October 18 22:52:18 5.0 V 28.1 km (17.5 mi) 7 km (4.3 mi) W of Magsaysay [12]
October 19 11:44:28 5.2 III 10.0 km (6.2 mi) 4 km (2.5 mi) S of Magsaysay [13]
October 20 08:55:32 5.2 V 10.0 km (6.2 mi) 7 km (4.3 mi) N of Lambayong [14]
October 20 11:50:35 5.0 V 10.0 km (6.2 mi) 8 km (5.0 mi) WNW of Kiblawan [15]
October 21 11:59:43 5.1 V 10.0 km (6.2 mi) 6 km (3.7 mi) NW of Kiblawan [16]
October 29 01:04:44 6.6 VIII 15.0 km (9.3 mi) 14 km (8.7 mi) E of Bual [17]
October 29 02:22:35 5.1 V 10.0 km (6.2 mi) 1 km (0.62 mi) SE of Saguing [18]
October 29 02:42:39 6.1 VII 10.0 km (6.2 mi) 10 km (6.2 mi) E of Bagontapay [19]
October 29 08:33:12 5.4 V 10.0 km (6.2 mi) 11 km (6.8 mi) E of Bagontapay [20]
October 29 08:46:03 5.2 V 10.0 km (6.2 mi) 2 km (1.2 mi) SW of Dolo [21]
October 29 21:22:07 5.0 V 12.9 km (8.0 mi) 7 km (4.3 mi) W of Magsaysay [22]
October 31 01:11:19 6.5 VIII 10.0 km (6.2 mi) 0 km (0 mi) NW of Bulatukan [23]

Major earthquakes[edit]

Map of the M≥5 earthquakes from the October 2019 sequence, highlighting the three largest. The location of the main active faults are also shown

October 16[edit]

The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) reported that an earthquake of 6.3 magnitude was recorded at 19:37 PST (UTC+8) with a depth of 10.0 km kilometers (recorded as 6.4 Mw  at a depth of 12.8 km by the USGS). The epicenter was 7 kilometers ENE of Columbio,[10] 22 kilometers southeast of Tulunan, Cotabato where the earthquake was felt at Intensity VII.[1] VII was also reached at M'lang and Kidapawan. Intensity VI was reached at Tacurong, Santo Niño in South Cotabato, and Digos in Davao del Sur. The earthquake was a result of sinistral movement on a NW-SE trending strike-slip fault.[24][25][26]

Magnitude 6.3[27]
PEIS REPORTED INTENSITIES
Intensity Location
PEIS VII (Destructive) Tulunan, M'lang, Makilala and Kidapawan, Cotabato
PEIS VI (Very strong) Digos, Davao del Sur; Santo Nino, South Cotabato; Tacurong, Sultan Kudarat
PEIS V (Strong) President Roxas and Pikit, Cotabato; Koronadal, Lake Sebu, Polomolok, Tampakan and Tupi, South Cotabato; General Santos; Alabel and Malungon, Sarangani; Davao City; Kalamansig, Lebak and Palimbang, Sultan Kudarat
PEIS IV (Moderately strong) Kiamba, Sarangani; Esperanza and Rosario, Agusan del Sur; Kalilangan, Quezon, Kadingilan and Damulog, Bukidnon; Mawab, Compostela Valley; Cotabato City; Matanog, Barira, and Sultan Kudarat, Maguindanao
PEIS III (Weak) Santa Josefa, Agusan del Sur; Iligan; Dipolog; Cagayan de Oro; Gingoog, Misamis Oriental;
PEIS II (Slightly felt) Butuan; Zamboanga City
PEIS I (Scarcely perceptible) Hinatuan, Surigao del Sur

Philippine government seismologist Renato Solidum described the quake as "moderately powerful". The National Tsunami Center issues a statement saying no present tsunami threat from the earthquake.[28][29][30]

Three malls in Davao City reported damage following the earthquake.[31] In General Santos, the Gaisano Mall was mostly gutted following a fire triggered by the earthquake.[32] 143 buildings were damaged and one was destroyed. The damaged buildings included 40 houses, 70 schools, 7 health facilities, 10 commercial buildings, and 2 places of worship.[33]

October 29[edit]

On October 29, a 6.6-magnitude earthquake struck Mindanao at a depth of 14.0 km, according to the USGS, and 7 km according to PHIVOLCS. The maximum perceived shaking was VII on both the PEIS and MMS scales. This intensity was reached in Tulunan, Makilala, Kidapawan City, Digos, and Malungon. This earthquake was caused by movement on a different, but related, strike-slip fault to the October 16 event.[34][35]

Magnitude 6.6[36]

PEIS REPORTED INTENSITIES
Intensity Location
PEIS VII (Destructive) Tulunan and Makilala, Cotabato; Kidapawan City; Digos, Bansalan,

Magsaysay, Davao del Sur and Malungon, Sarangani

PEIS VI (Very strong) Koronadal City and Davao City
PEIS V (Strong) Cotabato City; Tampakan, Surallah, Banga and Tupi, South Cotabato;

General Santos; Magpet, Cotabato; Tacurong City, Kalamansig, Bagumbayan, Sultan Kudarat; Alabel, Sarangani; Kalilangan and Damulog, Bukidnon; Tagum City, Davao del Norte

PEIS IV (Moderately strong) Cagayan De Oro City; Talakag, Manolo Fortich and Libona, Bukidnon;

Glan, Maitum, Maasim and Kiamba, Sarangani; Butuan City; Iligan City; Tubod and Bacolod, Lanao del Norte

PEIS III (Weak) Molave, Zamboanga del Sur; Dipolog City, Sergio Osmeņa Sr. and Polanco,

Zamboanga del Norte; Zamboanga City; Gingoog City, Misamis Oriental and Bislig City

PEIS II (Slightly felt) Kabasalan, Zamboanga Sibugay, Mambajao, Camiguin and Isabela City, Basilan
PEIS I (Scarcely perceptible) Palo, Leyte; Dipolog City and Bislig City

A major fire broke out in General Santos. There were power outages in many parts of Cotabato and locally in South Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat, and Sarangani.[37] At least ten deaths were reported, with a minimum of another four hundred injured.[38] The fatalities were reported in Arakan, Carmen, Tulunan, Makilala, Digos, and Magsaysay. School classes were suspended in parts of North Cotabato, South Cotabato, and Sultan Kudarat.[39]

October 31[edit]

On October 31, a 6.5 magnitude earthquake struck Mindanao at a depth of 10 km according to the USGS, with the epicenter located 1 km south of Kisante. A maximum perceived shaking of VII (PEIS) was reported from Tulunan, Makilala, Kidapawan City, Santa Cruz, Matanao, Magsaysay, Bansalan and Digos. Some buildings in Davao and Soccksargen were seriously damaged and some collapsed. The death toll of these two quakes (October 29 and 31) was raised to 24, with 563 people injured, and 11 still missing.[40] More than 300 aftershocks were recorded after the earthquake.

Magnitude 6.5[41]

PEIS REPORTED INTENSITIES
Intensity Location
PEIS VII (Destructive) Tulunan and Makilala, Cotabato; Kidapawan; Matanao, Bansalan, Magsaysay and Santa Cruz, Davao del Sur; Digos
PEIS VI (Very strong) Davao City; Hagonoy, Davao del Sur
PEIS V (Strong) Polomolok, Tampakan, Tupi, Surallah and Sto Nino, South Cotabato; Isulan, Sultan Kudarat; Malungon, Sarangani; Koronadal; General Santos
PEIS IV (Moderately strong) Lake Sebu, South Cotabato; Lebak, Kalamansig, Pigcawayan and Esperanza, Sultan Kudarat; Kalilangan, Damulog, Kadingilan and Talakag, Bukidnon; Alabel, Malampatan and Kiamba, Sarangani; Tacurong
PEIS III (Weak) Banga, South Cotabato; Lambayon, Sultan Kudarat; Baungon, Manolo Fortich, Don Carlos, Maramag, Quezon, Libona, Valencia and Malaybalay, Bukidnon; Tubod and Kauswagan, Lanao Del Norte; Naawan, Misamis Oriental; El Salvador; Gingoog; Cagayan de Oro; Butuan; Bislig
PEIS II (Slightly felt) Sindangan and Polanco, Zamboanga del Norte; Las Nieves, Agusan del Sur; Dapitan; Dipolog
PEIS I (Scarcely perceptible) Zamboanga City

A hotel in Kidapawan City collapsed following the earthquake; according to the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC), no one was inside when the earthquake struck.[42] The Davao City government suspended the classes on all levels.[43] Affected residents in Makilala, Cotabato were seen begging on the highway for basic needs such as rice and tents.[44][45] According to the NDRRMC, about 30,000 families or 150,000 individuals were affected by the earthquake.[44]

December 15[edit]

Main article: 2019 Davao del Sur earthquake

The Cotabato sequence was followed by an earthquake, with a magnitude of Mw  6.8 (ANSS) or Ms  6.9 (PHIVOLCS), on December 15 at 14:11 PST with an epicenter in the neighboring province of Davao del Sur. It had a hypocentral depth of between 22.4 km (ANSS) and 3.0 km (PHIVOLCS) and a maximum felt intensity of VII MMI or VII PEIS.[46] The greatest damage was reported from the towns of Matanao, Magsaysay, Hagonoy and Padada. The earthquake caused 13 deaths and a further 210 people were injured.[47]

Analysis using InSAR data[edit]

The sequence of four earthquakes has examined using Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR). One study used information only from Sentinel-1,[26] while the other also included information from ALOS-2.[25] InSAR interferograms can be used to detect and quantify ground deformation associated with an earthquake, allowing the location and orientation of fault ruptures, epicenters and slip distributions to be estimated. For the second and third earthquakes in the sequence no information was recorded by either of the satellites between the events, so these events had to be analysed together. Sufficient data were available to allow the other two earthquakes to be analysed separately.[26][25]

The two studies give similar results, confirming that the first and last major earthquakes in the sequence were caused by rupture along NW-SE trending left-lateral strike-slip faults, while the second and third resulted from rupture along SW-NE trending right-lateral strike-slip faults nearly orthogonal to the other two. One of the studies matched the four interpreted ruptures to known faults. The first event is interpreted to have ruptured the M'lang Fault, the second the Makilala Fault, the third the Balabag Fault and the last the Makilala-Malungon Fault. The observed sequence of earthquakes rupturing orthogonal strike-slip fault sets has been compared to the 2019 Ridgecrest earthquake sequence.[26]

Landslides[edit]

The earthquake sequence triggered a large number of landslides and rockslides. Municipalities affected by landslides include Kidapawan City, Antipas, Arakan, Makilala, M'Lang and Tulunan in Cotabato province; Magsaysay, Bansalan, Malalag, Matanao and Kiblawan in Davao Del Sur.[9] Three fatalities were caused by landslides triggered by the October 29 shock with a further six people reported missing. Two fatalities were caused by landslides triggered by the October 31 shock, with a further five people reported missing.[40]

Effects on infrastructure[edit]

Damage to infrastructure in the eight most badly affected areas from the earthquakes on October 29 and October 31[40]
Province Houses Schools Health facilities Other public structures Places of worship Commercial buildings Roads & Bridges
Destroyed Damaged Destroyed Damaged Destroyed Damaged Destroyed Damaged Destroyed Damaged Destroyed Damaged Destroyed Damaged
North Cotabato 21,120 7,915 20 505 21 76 25 41 5 14 9 24 0 15
Davao del Sur 2,185 7,505 2 260 27 129 3 2 0 0 1 12 0 9
Sultan Kudarat 14 24 0 132 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0
Davao Occidental 1 20 1 3 1 4 0 4 0 0 0 4 0 0
Maguindanao 0 20 0 29 0 0 0 2 0 4 0 0 0 0
South Cotabato 1 17 0 223 0 2 0 3 0 0 0 5 0 2
Davao del Norte 0 0 0 113 0 2 0 15 0 1 0 1 0 1
Sarangani 0 0 13 98 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0

Reactions[edit]

International[edit]

The US Ambassador to the Philippines, Sung Kim, and the EU delegation to the Philippines both offered their condolences to the Filipino people. Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi also sent his message of sympathy to Philippine Foreign Secretary Teodoro Locsin Jr. The Chinese government has donated ¥3 million yuan (roughly equivalent to ₱22 million pesos) to support the disaster relief efforts in Mindanao.[48] Meanwhile, the Spanish Consulate in the Philippines pledged to donate up to 35,000 euros to the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies and 70,000 euros to assist people in water, hygiene and sanitation.[49]

Domestic[edit]

The Provincial Government of South Cotabato, Sarangani and the City of General Santos was one of the first to initiate to help the citizens with blankets, trapal, food and water near the epicenter of the earthquake swarm, most especially in the Municipalities of Makilala, Tulunan, M'lang and City of Kidapawan.[50] Local citizens in Soccsksargen acted in both giving donations in the government processes and privately giving donations across the highway in Makilala, Tulunan and Kidapawan. The Davao City Government also helped the affected areas. The Island Garden City of Samal Government also went to Cotabato Province to give relief goods and drinking water. The Bangsamoro Government also went to the affected areas to give relief goods. The municipal government of Datu Saudi Ampatuan also went to the area to share donations to help the affected people. Among other institutions that immediately helped where banks, malls, universities and schools in Soccsksargen and Davao Region to assist their fellow Mindanaoans in crisis.[50]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c "Earthquake Information – 16 Oct 2019 – 07:37:04 PM". PHIVOLCS. Archived from the original on December 2, 2019. Retrieved October 16, 2019.
  2. ^ a b "Earthquake Information – 29 Oct 2019 – 09:04:43 AM". PHIVOLCS. Archived from the original on October 31, 2019. Retrieved October 29, 2019.
  3. ^ a b "Earthquake Information – 31 Oct 2019 – 09:11:18 AM". PHIVOLCS. Archived from the original on October 31, 2019. Retrieved October 31, 2019.
  4. ^ Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (2018). "PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale (PEIS)". Retrieved November 13, 2019.
  5. ^ "6.6-magnitude na lindol nag-iwan ng pinsala sa Davao Region | Bandila" (in Tagalog). ABS-CBN News – via YouTube.
  6. ^ "Quake 'swarm' hits Mindanao". The Manila Times. October 31, 2019. Retrieved November 5, 2019.
  7. ^ "Philippine Sea Plate". Tectonics of Asia. Retrieved November 3, 2019.
  8. ^ United States Geological Survey (2010). "Porphyry Copper Assessment of East and Southeast Asia— Philippines, Taiwan (Republic of China), Republic of Korea (South Korea), and Japan" (PDF). Global Mineral Resource Assessment. p. 3032.
  9. ^ a b Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (November 8, 2019). "Update on the October 2019 Cotabato Fault System Earthquake Series". Retrieved November 10, 2019.
  10. ^ a b "M 6.4 – 7km ENE of Columbio, Philippines". United States Geological Survey. October 16, 2019. Retrieved October 16, 2019.
  11. ^ "M 5.3 – 10km NE of Columbio, Philippines". United States Geological Survey. October 16, 2019. Retrieved October 16, 2019.
  12. ^ "M 5.0 – 7km W of Magsaysay, Philippines". United States Geological Survey. October 18, 2019. Retrieved October 18, 2019.
  13. ^ "M 5.2 – 4km S of Magsaysay, Philippines". United States Geological Survey. October 19, 2019. Retrieved October 19, 2019.
  14. ^ "M 5.2 – 7km N of Lambayong, Philippines". United States Geological Survey. October 20, 2019. Retrieved October 20, 2019.
  15. ^ "M 5.0 - 8km WNW of Kiblawan, Philippines". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved November 11, 2019.
  16. ^ "M 5.1 – 6km NW of Kiblawan, Philippines". United States Geological Survey. October 21, 2019. Retrieved October 21, 2019.
  17. ^ "M 6.6 – 14km E of Bual, Philippines". United States Geological Survey. October 29, 2019. Retrieved October 29, 2019.
  18. ^ "M 5.0 – 1km SE of Saguing, Philippines". United States Geological Survey. October 29, 2019. Retrieved October 29, 2019.
  19. ^ "M 5.8 – 10km E of Bagontapay, Philippines". United States Geological Survey. October 29, 2019. Retrieved October 29, 2019.
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  22. ^ "M 5.0 - 7km W of Magsaysay, Philippines". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved November 11, 2019.
  23. ^ "M 6.5 – 0km NW of Bulatukane, Philippines". United States Geological Survey. October 31, 2019. Retrieved October 31, 2019.
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  25. ^ a b c Zhao, L.; Qu, C.; Shan, X.; Zhao, D.; Gong, W.; Li, Y. (2021). "Coseismic deformation and multi-fault slip model of the 2019 Mindanao earthquake sequence derived from Sentinel-1 and ALOS-2 data". Tectonophysics. 799. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2020.228707.
  26. ^ a b c d Li, B.; Li, Y.; Jiang, W.; Su, Z.; Shen, W. (2020). "Conjugate ruptures and seismotectonic implications of the 2019 Mindanao earthquake sequence inferred from Sentinel-1 InSAR data". International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation. 90. doi:10.1016/j.jag.2020.102127.
  27. ^ 1.  "Earthquake Information – 16 Oct 2019 – 07:37:04 PM". PHIVOLCS. Archived from the original on December 2, 2019. Retrieved October 16, 2019.
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  32. ^ Fernandez, Edwin O. "Firemen still battling Gaisano fire in General Santos". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved October 17, 2019.
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  40. ^ a b c National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (November 20, 2019). "NDRRMC Update: SitRep No. 30 regarding Magnitude 6.6 and 6.5 Earthquakes in Tulunan, North Cotabato" (PDF). Retrieved November 20, 2019.
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  44. ^ a b "Mga naapektuhan ng lindol sa Cotabato nagmakaawa ng ayuda sa kalsada | TV Patrol" [Earthquake victims in Cotabato beg for help on the road TV Patrol] (in Tagalog). ABS-CBN News. Retrieved November 4, 2019 – via YouTube.
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  46. ^ ANSS. "Davao del Sur 2019: M 6.8 - 6km S of Magsaysay, Philippines". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved December 15, 2019.
  47. ^ Disaster Response Operations Monitoring and Information Center (December 29, 2019). "DSWD DROMIC Report #11 on the Ms 6.9 Earthquake Incident in Matanao, Davao del Sur" (PDF). Retrieved December 31, 2019.
  48. ^ Tomacruz, Sofia (November 3, 2019). "Foreign leaders send sympathies to Philippines after Cotabato earthquakes". Rappler. Retrieved November 3, 2019.
  49. ^ "Consulate General of Spain in Manila". Facebook. November 6, 2019. Retrieved November 10, 2019.
  50. ^ a b Bombo Koronadal News Team (November 1, 2019). "Food assistance, stress debriefers kag iban pa nga bulig ginpalab-ot sang South Cotabato para sa North Cotabato quake victims". Bombo Radyo Korondal (in Cebuano). Retrieved November 10, 2019.

External links[edit]

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