Animus (law)

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Animus (Latin for "mind" or "soul") is a Law Latin term used in a variety of contexts to designate the motivations of a legal person.

Criminal law[edit]

Main article: Animus nocendi

In criminal law, animus nocendi ("intention to harm"[1]) refers to an accused's guilty state of mind with respect to the actus reus of the crime. It is thus analogous to mens rea, a more commonly used term in common law countries. The term dates back to Roman understandings of censorship, where it referred to an author's impermissible intention in writing a literary work.[2]

In Scots law, the term animus malus ("evil intention"[1]) is sometimes used.[3]

Family law[edit]

In family law, animus deserendi refers to one spouse's firm intention to leave the matrimonial home—and hence the marriage.[4] When combined with the "factum of separation," it "constitute[s]" desertion.[5] Proof of desertion, in turn, has been grounds for divorce in some legal systems.[6][7]

Property law[edit]

Main articles: Possession (law) and animus revertendi

In property law, animus possidendi ("intent to possess") refers to a person's manifest intention to control an object, and is one of the two elements—along with factum possidendi (the "fact of possession")—required to establish property in an object by first possession.[8]

In both civil and common law, animus revertendi ("intent to return") distinguishes an animal in which a person may have a property right from a wild animal (which one cannot own) by reference to the animal's habitual return to a person who cares for it.[9] For example, if a housecat regularly goes outdoors, but returns home each day, the cat's owner does not stop owning the cat during the time the cat is in a neighbor's garden. Blackstone describes the doctrine as follows:

The law therefore extends … possession farther than the mere manual occupation; for my tame hawk that is pursuing his quarry in my presence, though he is at liberty to go where he pleases, is nevertheless my property; for he hath animum revertendi. So are my pigeons, that are flying at a distance from their home … and likewise the deer that is chafed out of my park or forest, and is instantly pursued by the keeper or forester: all which remain still in my possession, and I still preserve my qualified property in them. But if they stray without my knowledge, and do not return in the usual manne[r], it is then lawful for any stranger to take them.[10]

United States constitutional law[edit]

See also: Rational basis review, intermediate scrutiny, and strict scrutiny

In the jurisprudence of the Equal Protection Clause of the United States Constitution, animus ("intent") designates an improper government purpose in passing legislation. According to Dale Carpenter, the animus doctrine involves "scrutinizing the reasons for government action."[11] If the legislature exhibits bias toward a protected class, the law is unconstitutional regardless whether the law might be justifiable on other grounds.[11] The Supreme Court of the United States defined the concept for the first time in Department of Agriculture v. Moreno (1973),[12] holding that (italics in original):

… if the constitutional conception of "equal protection of the laws" means anything, it must at the very least mean that a bare congressional desire to harm a politically unpopular group cannot constitute a legitimate governmental interest.[13]

Referring to the concept of animus explicitly later in the same passage, the Supreme Court formulated the doctrine thus in United States v. Windsor (2013):

[The Defense of Marriage Act] seeks to injure the very class New York seeks to protect. By doing so it violates basic due process and equal protection principles applicable to the Federal Government.[14]

Further reading[edit]

  • Adams, Brooks (1907). "The Modern Conception of Animus". The Green Bag. 19 (1): 12–33 – via HeinOnline.
  • Araiza, William D. (2017). Animus: A Short Introduction to Bias in the Law. New York: New York University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctt1ggjjwq. ISBN 978-1-4798-4093-9. JSTOR j.ctt1ggjjwq. OCLC 972734001.
  • Garner, Bryan, ed. (2019). "Animus". Black's Law Dictionary (11th ed.). Thomson Reuters. ISBN 9781539229766.
  • Lueck, Dean (2003). "First Possession as the Basis of Property". In Anderson, Terry L.; McChesney, Fred S. (eds.). Property Rights: Cooperation, Conflict, and Law. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 200–226. doi:10.2307/j.ctv301f7w.17. ISBN 978-0-691-19036-5.

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Fellmeth, Aaron Xavier; Horwitz, Maurice (2009). Guide to Latin in International Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-19-970889-5. OCLC 656286394.
  2. ^ Rudich, Vasily (2013). Dissidence and Literature under Nero: The Price of Rhetoricization. London: Routledge. 12ff. ISBN 978-1-134-68089-4. OCLC 919307544.
  3. ^ Garner, Bryan, ed. (2019). "Malus animus". Black's Law Dictionary (11th ed.). Thomson Reuters. ISBN 9781539229766.
  4. ^ Bates, Frank (1970). "Animus Deserendi in Constructive Desertion". The Modern Law Review. 33 (2): 144–153. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2230.1970.tb01261.x. ISSN 0026-7961. JSTOR 1093676.
  5. ^ Virdi, P. K. (2009). The Grounds for Divorce in Hindu and English Law: (A Study in Comparative Law). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 80–81. ISBN 978-81-208-2453-9.
  6. ^ Forrest, G. A. (1939). "Desertion as a Matrimonial Offence". The Modern Law Review. 3 (3): 195–201. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2230.1939.tb00758.x.
  7. ^ Duncan, William (1972). "Desertion and Cruelty in Irish Matrimonial Law". Irish Jurist. 7 (2): 218. JSTOR 44026580. Desertion for two years was made a ground for a judicial separation (the equivalent of a divorce a mensa et thoro) in England by the Matrimonial Causes Act, 1857.
  8. ^ Hirokawa, Keith H. (2008). "Property Pieces in Compensation Statutes: Law's Eulogy for Oregon's Measure 37". Environmental Law. 38 (4): 1124. ISSN 0046-2276. JSTOR 43267600.
  9. ^ Ingham, John H. (1900). The Law of Animals: A Treatise on Property in Animals, Wild and Domestic, and the Rights and Responsibilities Arising Therefrom. Philadelphia: T. & J. W. Johnson. Title I, chapter 1, § 4 (pp. 6–7).
  10. ^ Blackstone, William. Commentaries on the Laws of England. Book II, Chapter 25.
  11. ^ a b Carpenter, Dale (2013). "Windsor Products: Equal Protection from Animus". The Supreme Court Review. 2013: 186. doi:10.1086/676640. ISSN 0081-9557. S2CID 145738666.
  12. ^ Pollvogt, Susannah W. (2012). "Unconstitutional Animus". Fordham Law Review. 81 (2): 888.
  13. ^ Department of Agriculture v. Moreno, 413 U.S. 528, 534 (1973).
  14. ^ United States v. Windsor, 570 U.S. 744, 769 (2013).
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