Architecture of Liverpool

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The architecture of Liverpool is rooted in the city's development into a major port of the British Empire.^[1] It encompasses a variety of architectural styles of the past 300 years, while next to nothing remains of its medieval structures which would have dated back as far as the 13th century.^[2] Erected 1716–18, Bluecoat Chambers is supposed to be the oldest surviving building in central Liverpool.^[3]

There are over 2500 listed buildings in Liverpool of which 27 are Grade I and 105 Grade II* listed.^[4] It has been described by English Heritage as England's finest Victorian city.^[5] However, due to neglect, some of Liverpool's finest listed buildings are on English Heritage's Heritage at Risk register.^[6] Though listed buildings are concentrated in the centre, Liverpool has many buildings of interest throughout its suburbs.

In accordance with Liverpool's role as a trading port, many of its best buildings were erected as headquarters for shipping firms and insurance companies. The wealth thus generated led to the construction of grand civic buildings, designed to allow the local administrators to "run the city with pride".^[7]

The historical significance and value of Liverpool's architecture and port layout were recognised when, in 2004, UNESCO declared large parts of the city a World Heritage Site. Known as the Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City, the nomination papers stress the city's role in the development of international trade and docking technology,^[8] summed up in this way under Selection Criterion iv: "Liverpool is an outstanding example of a world mercantile port city, which represents the early development of global trading and cultural connections throughout the British Empire."^[9] Following developments such as Liverpool Waters and Everton Stadium, the World Heritage Committee removed Liverpool's World Heritage Site status in July 2021.^[10]

As Liverpool grew in population, it absorbed certain surrounding areas which now act as its various inner districts (Clubmoor, Edge Hill, Everton, Fairfield, Garston, Kensington, Kirkdale, Knotty Ash, Norris Green, Old Swan, Toxteth, Vauxhall, Walton, Wavertree) or outlying suburbs (Aigburth, Allerton, Anfield, Childwall, Croxteth, Fazakerley, Gateacre, Grassendale, Hunt's Cross, Mossley Hill, St Michael's Hamlet, West Derby, Woolton), with varying architecture in each.

Chronology and styles[edit]

Medieval (11th century – 1485)[edit]

Liverpool's origins date back to at least c. 1192 when it was first mentioned and was made a borough in 1207 by King John,^[11] although today nothing remains of the city's medieval architecture. Probably the earliest building of note within Liverpool would have been Liverpool Castle, which was constructed between 1232 and 1235 by William de Ferrers.^[1] In 1257 mention of the chapel of St Mary del Key near the water's edge, gave its name to Chapel Street. The church of Our Lady and St Nicholas was originally built c.1360, though none of the fabric of the medieval church survives, Sir John Stanley was granted permission in 1406 to fortify his house at the bottom of Water Street, but again this doesn't survive.^[11] The oldest surviving building within the city is likely to be Stanlawe Grange in Aigburth, a Monastic grange dating from the 13th century. Frequent modifications throughout its history mean that little of the original building remains, although sections of it are believed to date from 1291.^[12] The only medieval church within the current bounds of Liverpool is All Saints' Church, Childwall, The chancel dates from the 14th century, and the south aisle and porch are probably from the 15th century, the tower and spire date from 1810 to 1811. The north aisle dates from 1833 and it was partly rebuilt between 1900 and 1905.^[13] Despite the lack of many physical remnants of this period, the city's medieval history is still evident in the street patterns around Liverpool Town Hall, with all seven of the city's original streets remaining in approximately the same position today. These are Chapel Street, Tithebarn Street, Dale Street, Water Street, Old Hall Street, High Street & Castle Street.^[11] In this early period of Liverpool's history trade was confined to coastal trade, trade with Ireland and other European nations.^[14]

• 
  Full size replica of Liverpool Castle at Rivington, never completed
  (1912–25)
• 
  Stanlawe Grange, Aigburth Hall Avenue, Aigburth
  (13th century and later; Grade II*)
• 
  All Saints' Church, Childwall
  (14th, 15th & 19th centuries; Grade I)
• 
  Interior, All Saints' Church, Childwall
  (14th, 15th & 19th centuries; Grade I)

Tudor and Elizabethan (1485–1603)[edit]

Liverpool's first Town Hall—the town council used to meet in the common hall from 1350—was built in 1515 at the bequest of Rev. John Crosse,^[15] and was located in the block bounded by High Street, Dale Street and Exchange Street East. The building was replaced in 1673 by a new Town Hall, partly built on the site occupied by the current building. Speke Hall, which is located in the south of the city, is a manor house from the 16th century, completed in 1598: much of the building is earlier.^[16] It is one of the few remaining timber framed Tudor houses in the North of England and it is noted for its Victorian interior.^[17]

Another large manor house from this period is Croxteth Hall, the ancestral home of the Molyneux family, started in 1575. Just one wing of the building dates from this period, and most of the house was completed during the 18th and 19th centuries.^[18] It mixes styles including Elizabethan, Queen Anne Style and Georgian.^[19]

The Old Grammar school near St Mary's Church, Walton-on-the-Hill is dated c.1600.

• 
  Speke Hall
  (1530–98; Grade I)
• 
  The Great Parlour, Speke Hall
  (c.1531; Grade I)
• 
  Croxteth Hall
  (1575; Grade II*)

Stuart (1603–1714)[edit]

The development of the port began in the mid 17th century, with trade being established with the American colonies and the British West Indies, the first recorded cargo from America being tobacco that arrived in 1648.^[11] In 1672 The Corporation of Liverpool took a thousand-year lease of the lordship from Caryll Molyneux, 3rd Viscount Molyneux in order to obtain control of the land to the east of the medieval core. Liverpool's first Custom house was built in 1680 at the bottom of Water Street.^[20] Imports of tobacco went from virtually nothing in 1665 to 1.75 million pounds weight by the end of the 17th century, and over the same period sugar imports went from 700cwt to 11,600cwt and salt from 6,000 bushels to 300,000 bushels.^[21] In 1698 Celia Fiennes described Liverpool as having twenty-four streets, with "mostly new built houses of brick and stone after the London fashion.....built high and even".^[22] In this period the first recorded slave ship sailed from Liverpool. Named the Liverpool Merchant, it sailed on 3 October 1699 and arrived in Barbados on 18 September 1700 with a cargo of 220 enslaved Africans. Liverpool's strategic location on the estuary of the River Mersey and in 1710 the start of construction of the world's first commercial wet dock known as Old Dock, designed by Thomas Steers Dock Engineer (1710–50) and opened in 1715,^[23] saw the beginning of Liverpool's rise as a major port city.

In the aftermath of the English Civil War Liverpool Castle was partially dismantled and left a ruin; it was finally demolished in the 1720s.^[24] Liverpool's second town hall of 1673 was raised on stone pillars that formed an arcade that acted as the exchange.^[25] Several buildings from the Stuart era remain in Liverpool today, with one of the oldest of them, Tuebrook House a former farmhouse, dating from 1615.^[16] The Ancient Chapel of Toxteth also dates from this period and was likely started around 1618. The building is today grade I listed and still serves its original purpose as a Unitarian Chapel.^[26] In 1702 the south front of Croxteth Hall was created as the main facade of the building. The architect is not known for certain though master mason Henry Sephton has been suggested.^[27] The Unitarian Chapel in Gateacre was built in 1700, and altered 1719.^[28]

One of the period's most notable remaining buildings is Woolton Hall, a grade I listed manor house located in the south of the city. Also built for the Molyneux family, the hall is conceived as a Palladian villa and constructed from red sandstone from the local quarry in Woolton.^[18] The main facade is a remodelling of c.1774-80 by Robert Adam.^[29]

Mainly built in 1716–17, but with additions nearly immediately necessary, Bluecoat Chambers is the oldest surviving building in Liverpool city centre. Designed in the Queen Anne style, following in the tradition of Christopher Wren, it housed the Liverpool Blue Coat School. After the school moved to new premises in 1906, Bluecoat Chamber faced the possibility of being demolished several times. Following war damage in 1941, the reconstructed building was grade I listed in 1952.^[30]

• 
  Much Woolton Old School, School Lane, Woolton
  (c.1610; Grade II*)
• 
  Tue Brook House, West Derby Road, West Derby
  (1615; Grade II*)
• 
  Toxteth Unitarian Chapel, Park Road, Toxteth
  (1618; Grade I)
• 
  Interior, Toxteth Unitarian Chapel
  (1618 altered 1774; Grade I)
• 
  Schoolhouse next to Toxteth Unitarian Chapel, Park Road, Toxteth
  (17th Century)
• 
  Old Wapentake Court, Almonds Green, West Derby
  (1662; Grade II*)
• 
  Springwood Cottages, Brocklebank Lane, Allerton
  (1684; Grade II)
• 
  Home Farm, Croxteth Hall
  (1687; Grade II)
• 
  Unitarian Chapel, Gateacre Brow, Gateacre
  (1700 altered 1719; Grade II)
• 
  Croxteth Hall, south front
  (1702; Grade II*)
• 
  Woolton Hall, showing facade of c.1780 (1704; Grade I)
  (engraving of 1819)
• 
  Surviving section of Old Dock
  (c.1710)
• 
  Bluecoat Chambers, School Lane
  (1717; Grade I)
• 
  Bluecoat Chambers
  garden elevation

Georgian (1714–1837)[edit]

The city expanded into an international seaport from the 17th century onward. The resulting transatlantic trade, particularly in slaves specifically the Triangular trade, was ended by the Slave Trade Act 1807. Liverpool's leading abolitionist was William Roscoe. Yet the predicted collapse in trade on the abolition of the slave trade failed to materialise, and dues from the docks rose from £28,365 in 1801 to £130,911 in 1824.^[31] The growth of the cotton industry in Lancashire had a major impact on the growth of Liverpool. In 1715 imports of tobacco were 2 million pounds (weight) and by 1750 6.1 million pounds,^[32] For sugar the figure are in 1715 30,000cwt and by 1750 100,000cwt.^[32] The growth in trade meant a new larger custom house was needed. This was designed by Thomas Ripley in 1717 and opened in 1722.^[20] The population of Liverpool rose from about 5,700 in 1700 to 165,000 by 1831.^[33] Revolutions in transport, including dock technology, first the growth of canals especially Mersey and Irwell Navigation (1721–34), Douglas Navigation (1720–42), Sankey Canal (1755–57) and the Leeds and Liverpool Canal built (1770–1816) surveyed by James Brindley, the Bridgewater Canal (1761–62) reached via the Leeds and Liverpool and then the railways starting with the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, chief engineer George Stephenson, built (1826–30), would contribute to the growth of the city. When Old Dock was completed in 1715 the tonnage of shipping into the port was 18,800. This grew to 29,100 in 1752 just before Salthouse Dock opened, and by the time George's Dock opened in 1771 it was 59,700.^[21] By 1800 the figure for shipping using the docks was around 400,000 tons.^[34] By 1825 1.2 million tons of goods were passing through the port.^[35] This ensured a continuing demand for new docks.

The docks created during the Georgian period were: under Thomas Steers Dock Engineer (1710–50): Canning Dock in 1737 as a dry dock open to the river. Built under Henry Berry during his tenure as Dock Engineer (1750–89), some were designed by other engineers: Salthouse Dock opened 1753; George's Dock opened 1771; Duke's Dock opened 1773 probably designed by James Brindley; Manchester Dock designer unknown, opened 1785 as a tidal basin open to the river; King's Dock, opened 1785, this catered to the tobacco trade;^[36] Queen's Dock, opened 1785, used for the timber trade.^[36] Thomas Morris Dock Engineer (1789–99) during his tenure: Chester Basin opened 1795. John Foster Sr. Dock Engineer (1799–1824) consultation involved in 1800 William Jessop and 1809 John Rennie the Elder,^[37] dock's built under him were: locks added to the Manchester Dock between 1810 and 1815 to make it a wet dock; Prince's Half-Tide Dock, opened 1810; Prince's Dock, opened 1821. Jesse Hartley dock engineer (1824–60) designed the following docks: Clarence Dock, opened 1830 specifically for the use of steamers;^[36] Canning Dock, originally opened 1737 as a dry dock and only became a full wet dock opened 1832 (at the same time Old Dock was filled-in in 1826 and the third custom house built on the site (1828–39) to the design of John Foster Jr. it was bombed in 1941 and the ruins demolished in 1946); Brunswick Half Tide Dock, opened 1832; Brunswick Dock opened 1832 used for the timber trade;^[36] Waterloo Dock, opened 1834; Victoria Dock, opened 1836; Trafalgar Dock, opened 1836. The dominant force in Liverpool Architecture from the late 18th century to the 1830s was John Foster Sr. and John Foster Jr. many of their buildings have been demolished, see Demolished Georgian Buildings below for details.

• 
  Leeds and Liverpool Canal, looking south from Barmouth Way Bridge, Vauxhall
  (1770–74)
• 
  Boundary Bridge over Leeds and Liverpool Canal, Boundary Lane, Vauxhall
  (1835 widened 1861; Grade II)

Georgian domestic buildings[edit]

Over time, the growing wealth of the city manifested itself in a number of elegant townhouses, many of which are still preserved today. The main concentration of Georgian houses in the city is the Canning and adjacent areas, near the Anglican cathedral. Percy Street & Huskisson Street being two of the main streets. But Rodney Street, Duke Street, Mount Pleasant and Abercromby Square are nearby, and Great George Square is the other side of the cathedral to the west are largely lined with Georgian houses. The west side of Abercromby Square, the first built was designed by John Foster Sr. in 1819.^[38]

• 
  Georgian housing, from the Tower of the Anglican Cathedral
• 
  62 Mount Pleasant
  (1767; Grade II)
• 
  Georgian townhouses
  Rodney Street
• 
  Rodney Street
  (1784; Grade II)
  Number 62, the birthplace of Gladstone, is Grade II*
• 
  Former Liverpool Institute High School for Girls, Hope Street, (Built as a private home)
  (1785–90; Grade II)
• 
  66 Mount Pleasant
  (1788; Grade II)
• 
  120, 122 and 124, Duke Street
  (late 18th century; Grade II)
• 
  15-21 Great George Square
  (1800–36; Grade II)
• 
  Seymour Terrace
  (1810–23; Grade II)
• 
  Abercromby Square
  (1819–36; Grade II)
• 
  1-6 Blackburne Terrace, Blackburne Place
  (1826; Grade II)
• 
  Catherine House, 96 Upper Parliament Street
  (c.1830; Grade II)
• 
  Falkner Terrace, Upper Parliament Street
  (c.1830; Grade II)
• 
  26 & 28 Huskisson Street
  (1830s; Grade II)
• 
  4-16 Canning Street
  (1830s; Grade II)
• 
  3-17 Percy Street
  (1830s; Grade II*)
• 
  8-18 Percy Street
  (1830s; Grade II*)
• 
  20-32 Percy Street
  (1830s; Grade II*)
• 
  167 & 169 Bedford Street South
  (1830s; Grade II)
• 
  Huskisson Street
  (1830s; Grade II*)

Georgian housing is found throughout the city, both Georgian terraces and individual house, Shaw street Everton and Hope Terrace Wavertree being examples. There are several Georgian houses around St Mary's church Edge Hill and around the centre of Woolton.

• 
  135-139 Dale Street
  (c.1788; Grade II)
• 
  1 Trueman Street
  (1788; Grade II)
• 
  Clarke's Basin cottages, Old Hall Street
  (1800; Grade II)
• 
  Hope Terrace, Prince Alfred Road, Wavertree
  (1819; Grade II)
• 
  19-33 Lord Nelson Street
  (c.1820; Grade II)
• 
  Shaw Street, Everton, several of the houses individually listed
  (c.1826; Grade II)
• 
  Clare Terrace, Marmaduke Street, Kensington
  (c.1830; Grade II)
• 
  3 Islington Square, Everton
  (1830s; Grade II)

There are also larger detached Georgian mansions and villas, such as Allerton Hall built c.1736 for slave traders John Hardman and his brother James, is a rare example in Liverpool of Palladian architecture. A rare example of an 18th-century merchant's villa is May Place, Broad Green Road, Old Swan, know to be in existence by 1768.^[39] The former Rectory of St Mary's Walton (c.1800), built in a Gothic style, the porte-cochère was added in 1830.^[40] A fine detached late eighteenth-century house is Olive Mount, Wavertree, built for James Swan grocer and tea dealer.^[41] Sudley House built 1824 for corn merchant Nicholas Robinson and extended in the 1880s that is run as an Historic house museum, although the architect is not known for certain John Whiteside has been suggested as the designer.^[42] The burnt out ground floor of Allerton House (1815) by Thomas Harrison, for Jacob Fletcher whose father made a fortune privateering, survives on Allerton Golf Course, the Lodge also survives and is probably Harrison's work.^[43] A large mansion of 1828 is Calderstones House, built for Joseph Need Walker, a lead shot manufacturer.^[44] Bark Hill, Mossley Hill, is an 1830s villa with a Doric porch, close by is Holmefield, also 1830s with an Ionic Porch.^[45] Beaconsfield House, Beaconsfield (1830s) was built for solicitor Ambrose Lace, but only the Coachman's House and Stables survive as 84 Beaconsfield Road in a Jacobethan style.^[46] Childwall hall (1806) a castellated Gothic mansion by John Nash, built for Bamber Gascoyne and was demolished in 1949, but the gate lodge survives and maybe the work of Nash.^[47] Leyfield House, Honeys Green Lane, West Derby is a fine stuccoed villa with a Doric porch.^[48] Another fine stuccoed villa is Beechley, Harthill Road Allerton.^[49]

• 
  Allerton Hall, Clarke's Gardens, Woolton Road, Allerton
  (c.1736; Grade II*)
• 
  May Place, Broad Green Road, Old Swan, Tue Brook
  (existing by 1768; Grade II)
• 
  Olive Mount House, Mill Lane, Wavertree
  (1790s; Grade II)
• 
  Old Rectory, St Mary's, Queen's Drive, Walton
  (c.1800; Grade II)
• 
  Sandheys, Mill Lane, West Derby
  (early 19th century; Grade II)
• 
  Lodge to Allerton or Obelisk House, Allerton Road, Allerton
  (c.1815; Grade II)
• 
  Ruins of Allerton or Obelisk House, Allerton Golf Club
  (1815; (burnt 1944) Grade II)
• 
  Sudley House, Mossley Hill Road, Mossley Hill
  (1824; Grade II)
• 
  Calderstones House, Allerton
  (c.1828; Grade II)
• 
  Bark Hill, Mossley Hill Road, Mossley Hill
  (c.1830; unlisted)
• 
  Holmefield, Mossley Hill Road, Mossley Hill
  (c.1830; Grade II)
• 
  Leyfield House, Honeys Green Lane, West Derby
  (1830s; Grade II)
• 
  84 Beaconsfield Road, Woolton
  (1830s; Grade II)
• 
  Lodge of the demolished Childwall Hall, 48 Childwall Abbey Road
  (c.1835; Grade II)
• 
  Beechley, Harthill Road, Allerton
  (c.1835; Grade II)

Georgian public buildings and memorials[edit]

Liverpool Town Hall was built in the Palladian style between 1749 and 1754 to a design by John Wood the Elder replacing an earlier town hall nearby. It was significantly extended and altered by James Wyatt from 1785. Its sumptuous interiors also by Wyatt, are highly regarded examples of late Georgian architecture, in refined neoclassical style, the actual building work was overseen by John Foster Sr. who was the Surveyor to the Corporation of Liverpool from 1790 to 1824. The city's stock exchange and financial district are set immediately behind this building, showing the close ties between local government and commerce. Other public buildings in the city of this era are the Liverpool Royal Institution that was constructed in c.1799 as a house and business premises for a merchant called Thomas Parr and was adapted by Edmund Aikin in 1815, who added the Doric order porch^[50] and Edge Hill railway station is a rare pre-Victorian (1836) railway station, it was between 1830 & 1836 the original terminus of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway.^[51] The Wapping Tunnel by George Stephenson was created (1826–29) to link Edge Hill and the new railway to the southern docks, it initially operated with a static steam engine hauling wagons through it. John Foster Jr, succeeded his father as Surveyor to the Corporation of Liverpool 1824–35 and was responsible for the design of St James Cemetery laid out (1827–29), he designed several buildings for the cemetery including the Lodge, entrance arch, the Oratory and Huskisson Monument (see the neo-classical section below for these last two) and is a Grade I Historic Park. Wavertree Botanic Gardens, originally started in the 1830s and a Grade II*, the park has a late Georgian entrance lodge. The facade of the former Grecian (1829) survives in Dale street.^[52] An unusual relic is the Hearse House (1811) in the churchyard of All Saints' Childwall.^[47] Another unusual building is the lockup (1787), Shaw Street, Everton,^[53] used to imprison drunks overnight to sober up or someone awaiting magistrates, there is a second such building in the city Wavertree Lock-up (1796).

• 
  South front, Liverpool Town Hall
  (1749–54; Grade I), the portico is dated 1811 and the dome 1802.
• 
  High St, front, Liverpool Town Hall, showing 1780s extension on right
  (1749–54 & c.1785; Grade I)
• 
  Liverpool Town Hall
  Dome
  (1802; Grade I)
• 
  Corner of the Large Ballroom, Liverpool Town Hall
  (completed 1820; Grade I)
• 
  Main staircase, Liverpool Town Hall
  (completed 1820; Grade I)
• 
  Corner of Dining Room, Liverpool Town Hall
  (completed 1820; Grade I)
• 
  Small Ballroom, Liverpool Town Hall
  (completed 1820; Grade I)
• 
  North front, Liverpool Town Hall
  (c.1785; Grade I)
• 
  Former lock-up, Shaw Street, Everton
  (1787; Grade II)
• 
  Wavetree lock-up, Childwall road
  (1796; Grade II)
• 
  Hearse House, All Saints Childwall
  (1811; Grade II)
• 
  Royal Institution, Colquitt Street
  (c.1799 remodelled 1814–17; Grade II)
• 
  Gateway, St. James Cemetery
  (1827; Grade II)
• 
  Lodge, St. James Cemetery
  (c.1828; Grade II)
• 
  The cutting behind Edge Hill Station with the entrance to Wapping Tunnel
  (1826–29; unlisted)
• 
  Gateway to Deane Road Jewish Cemetery, Edge Hill
  (1836 Grade II)
• 
  North building, Edge Hill railway station
  (1836 Grade II*)
• 
  The Lodge to Wavertree Botanic Gardens
  (1836–37 Grade II*)

Behind the Town Hall is the Nelson Monument, it was designed by Matthew Cotes Wyatt and sculpted by Richard Westmacott as a memorial to Horation Nelson and unveiled in 1813.^[54] Westmacott also sculpted the bronze equestrian statue of George III on London Road.^[55] In the grounds of Allerton Manor, a now ruinous house in Allerton Road, lies an 18th-century obelisk.^[43]

• 
  Obelisk, Allerton Manor, Allerton Road
  (18th century; Grade II)
• 
  Nelson Monument, Exchange Flags
  (1813; Grade II*)
• 
  Equestrian monument to George III, London Road, by Richard Westmacott
  (1818–22; Grade II)

Georgian commercial buildings[edit]

In 1786 the Liverpool Improvement Act was passed stipulating that £175,000 would be available over three years. One of the consequences was the widening of Castle Street overseen by John Foster Sr., which meant the west side of the street had to be completely rebuilt. only nos 46, 52 & 54 survive from this period.^[56] The Thomas Parr House in Colquitt Street with warehouse behind, is a rare surviving 18th-century warehouse.^[57] In Brunswick Street is the former Bank of Arthur Heywood and Sons (1798–1800), possibly the design of John Foster Sr.^[58] There is an interesting example of a late Georgian Gothic inn building in the Childwell Abbey Hotel.^[47] The Union News Room (1800) in Duke Street was designed by John Foster Sr.^[59] The facade of the former Grecian Hotel, 51-55 Dale Street survives as part of a modern office block. Harrington Chambers (c.1830) is a rare survival of Georgian shops with office floors above.^[60] No 75-79 Bold Street (c.1833), by Joseph Franklin, is an example of Greek Revival architecture.^[61]

Some of Liverpool's landmarks are mainly known for their oddness, such as the Williamson Tunnels which are architecturally unique as the largest underground folly in the world.

• 
  46 Castle Street
  (late 18th century; Grade II)
• 
  52-54 Castle Street
  (late 18th century; Grade II)
• 
  Thomas Parr House with warehouse behind, 26 Colquitt Street
  1799; Grade II)
• 
  Heywood's Bank, 5 Brunswick Street
  (1798–1800; Grade II) one of the earliest purpose-built banks
• 
  Union News Room, Duke Street
  (1800; Grade II)
• 
  Childwell Abbey Hotel, Childwell Lane
  (1820s; Grade II)
• 
  Surviving facade of former Grecian Hotel, 51-55 Dale Street
  (1829; Grade II)
• 
  Harrington Chambers, North John Street
  (c.1830; Grade II)
• 
  2 Islington Square, warehouse later used as a music academy
  (c.1830; Grade II)
• 
  75-79 Bold Street
  (1833; Grade II)

Georgian churches[edit]

Liverpool has several churches built in the Georgian era, these are: The Church of England Church of St James, built-in 1774–75 by Cuthbert Bisbrown, it has a later chancel and other alterations have been made. The oldest surviving Roman Catholic church in the city (now a restaurant) is St. Peter's Roman Catholic Church, Liverpool (1788) built three years before the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1791.^[62] Holy Trinity Church, Wavertree (1794) was designed by John Hope, as an Anglican chapel and a new chancel was added (1911) by Charles Reilly. The Anglican Church of Our Lady and St Nicholas is Liverpool's parish church. Colloquially known as "the sailors' church", it has existed near the waterfront since 1257. The current building, designed by Thomas Harrison, was begun in 1811 following the catastrophic collapse of the old tower. While Harrison's tower is still original, the main body of the church has been rebuilt following Second World War damage. Another example of Georgian Gothic architecture is the Church of St Luke, Liverpool designed in 1802 by John Foster Sr. & John Foster Jr. (both men were born in Liverpool), it was built in 1811–32. St Mary's Edge Hill was built (1812–13) and extended (1825–25) architect unknown.^[63] Thomas Rickman who began his career as an architect in Liverpool designed two churches in the city, both for the Church of England St George's Church, Everton in 1813–1815 with its unusual cast iron interior and St Michael's Church, Aigburth in 1814–1815 altered in 1900 by W. & G. Audsley, both are examples of late Georgian Gothic Revival architecture. John Slater designed the Roman Catholic St Patrick's Church, Liverpool in 1821–27 in a simple classical style, also for the same denomination is the gothic St Anthony's Church, Scotland Road 1832–33 by John Broadbent a pupil of Rickman's. Built for the Presbyterian's, St Andrew's Church, Liverpool by Daniel Stewart with the facade by John Foster Jr. was long derelict,^[64][65] but was restored in 2015 as student accommodation. The tower of St Mary's Church, Walton-on-the-Hill dates from 1828 to 1832 and was designed by John Broadbent. St John the Evangelist, Knotty Ash (1834–36) is an example of Georgian Gothic. Several Georgian parish churches and chapels have been demolished in the centre of Liverpool, see the demolished Georgian buildings section below for details.

• 
  St James, St James Place, Toxteth
  (1774–75; Grade II*)
• 
  Former St Peter's, Seel Street
  (1788; Grade II)
• 
  Interior, St Peter's, Seel Street
  (1788; Grade II)
• 
  Holy Trinity, Church Road, Wavertree
  (1794 altered 1911; Grade II*)
• 
  The tower of Our Lady and Saint Nicholas
  (1811–15; Grade II)
• 
  St. Luke's Church, corner of Berry Street and Leece Street,
  (1811–32; Grade II*)
• 
  St Mary's, Edge Hill
  (1812–13 & 1824–25; Grade II)
• 
  St. George's, Heyworth Street, Everton
  (1812–14; Grade I)
• 
  St Michael's, Church Road, Aigburth
  (1814–15; Grade I)
• 
  St Michael's, Church Road, Aigburth interior
  (1814–15; Grade I)
• 
  St. Patrick's Church, Park Place
  (1821–27; Grade II*)
• 
  Interior, St. Patrick's Church, Park Place, Painting by Nicaise de Keyser c.1834
  (1821–27; Grade II*)
• 
  St. Andrew's Church, Rodney Street
  (1823–24; Grade II*)
• 
  The tower of St Mary's Church, Walton-on-the-Hill
  (1828–32; Grade II)
• 
  St Anthony's, Scotland Road
  (1832–33; Grade II)
• 
  High Altar, St Anthony's, Scotland Road
  (1832–33; Grade II)
• 
  St John the Evangelist, Knotty Ash
  (1834–36; Grade II)
• 
  The Nave, St John the Evangelist, Knotty Ash
  (1834–36; Grade II)

19th century neo-classical buildings[edit]

Liverpool has a rich tradition of neo-classical architecture running through the late Georgian right to the end of the Victorian period. Some prime early examples are the Lyceum by Thomas Harrison (1802), the Wellington Rooms by Edmund Aikin (1815–16; a grade II* listed building, now at risk in a "very bad" condition^[66]). The Oratory using a Greek Doric style, by John Foster Jr. (1829) who based the building on the Temple of Hephaestus in Athens, also by Foster is the Huskisson Monument (1834) in St. James Cemetery based on the Choragic Monument of Lysicrates, these are pure examples of Greek Revival architecture.^[67] Also impressive is the grade I listed Bank of England Building built by Charles Robert Cockerell between 1845 and 1848^[68](Cockerell spent the years 1810–1815 studying ancient buildings in Greece with John Foster Jr.^[69]) and the North and South Wales Bank in Derby Square by Edward Corbett and is now known as Castle Moat House.^[70] Liverpool Institute High School for Boys (1835–37) was designed by Arthur Hill Holme.^[71] Liverpool Medical Institution (1836-7) was designed by Clark Rampling.^[72]

The unique ensemble of High Victorian neo-classical buildings around William Brown Street has been labelled the city's "Cultural Quarter". Located here are the William Brown Library and Museum (1857–60), paid for by William Brown, based on a design by Thomas Allom the building was modified in execution by John Weightman the corporation surveyor to save money; it now houses the World Museum Liverpool and Liverpool Central Library, the Picton Library by Cornelius Sherlock (1875–79), and the Walker Art Gallery, paid for by Andrew Barclay Walker, designed by Sherlock and H. H. Vale (1874–77) and was extended by Sherlock (1882–84) with additional galleries at the back. Not strictly a neo-classical design and much closer to Beaux-Arts architecture, the County Sessions House (1882–84) by Liverpool architects F & G Holme.^[73] next to the Walker fits in with its more playful classical vocabulary. Dominating the area, the magnificent St George's Hall was built 1841–54 to a design by Harvey Lonsdale Elmes and after Elmes's early death C.R. Cockerell designed the interiors, most notably the great hall and small concert room, this last was entirely Cockerell's design. It served a variety of civic functions, including that of a concert hall and as the city's law courts. Alluding to the ancient Roman SPQR, its doors are inscribed with the letters S.P.Q.L. (initials for the Latin phrase Senatus PopulusQue Liverpudliensis—"the senate and people of Liverpool"). Together with its grand architecture, this proclaims the municipal pride and ambition of the city in the mid-19th century. Also nearby are Wellington's Column designed by Andrew Lawson with a sculpture by George Anderson Lawson and the Steble Fountain.

"St George's Hall is much more prominent than the Royal Exchange. From its high position in Lime Street, opposite Liverpool's main railway station, the enormous edifice dominated the city from the first. Later the clearing of the area behind it and the erection of a range of more or less harmonious public structures to the north made it the center of one of the most impressive open spaces created in Victorian England" Henry-Russell Hitchcock^[74]

There are a few places of worship in the neo-classical style in Liverpool, St Bride's Church, Liverpool (1829–30) by Samuel Rowland^[75] and Great George Street Congregational Church (1840–41) by Joseph Franklin surveyor to Liverpool Corporation.^[75]

The Dock Office at the Albert Dock was constructed in (1848) to a design by Philip Hardwick, the portico and its Tuscan columns are of cast iron.^[76]

• 
  The Lyceum, Bold Street
  (1802; Grade II*)
  Europe's first lending library
• 
  Wellington Rooms, Mount Pleasant
  (1816; Grade II*)
• 
  The Oratory, St James Cemetery
  (1829; Grade I)
• 
  The Oratory interior
  (1829; Grade I)
• 
  The Oratory interior
  (1829; Grade I)
• 
  Monument to William Huskisson
  (1834; Grade II)
  at St James Cemetery
  (1829; Grade I)
• 
  St. Bride's Church, Percy Street
  Georgian Quarter
  (1830; Grade II*)
• 
  Interior, St. Bride's Church
  (1830; Grade II*)
• 
  Liverpool Institute High School for Boys, Mount Street
  (1835–37; Grade II)
• 
  Liverpool Medical Institution, Mount Pleasant
  (1836–37; Grade II*)
• 
  Former North and South Wales Bank, Derby Square
  (1838–40; Grade II)
• 
  Great George Street Congregational Church
  (1841; Grade II), nicknamed The Blackie, by City Architect Joseph Franklin,^[77]
  and Chinese Arch (2000) – the largest outside of China
• 
  Bank of England, Castle Street
  (1846–48; Grade I)
• 
  Dock Traffic Office, Albert Dock
  (1848; Grade I)
• 
  St. George's Hall, Lime Street
  (1841–54; Grade I)
  one of the finest neo-classical buildings in the world
• 
  St. George's Hall
  (1841–54; Grade I)
• 
  St. George's Hall, the northern facade
  (1841–54; Grade I)
• 
  Main hall, St. George's Hall
  (1841–54; Grade I)
• 
  Crown Court, St. George's Hall
  (1841–54; Grade I)
• 
  William Brown Library and Museum, William Brown Street
  (1857–60; Grade II*)
• 
  Wellington's Column, William Brown Street (1861–65; Grade II*)
• 
  Walker Art Gallery, William Brown Street
  (1874–77; Grade II*)
• 
  The Sculpture Gallery, Walker Art Gallery
  (1874–77; Grade II*)
• 
  Picture gallery, Walker Art Gallery
  (1874–77; Grade II*)
• 
  Picton Library, William Brown Street
  (1875–79;Grade II*)
  first electrically lit library in the UK
• 
  Reading Room, Picton Library
  (1875–79;Grade II*)
• 
  County Sessions House, William Brown Street
  (1882–84; Grade II*)

Victorian (1837–1901)[edit]

Liverpool continued to grow throughout the Victorian period from a population of 165,000 in 1831 to 685,000 by 1901.^[33] This meant a growing demand for housing and other buildings. After the opening of the Liverpool to Manchester Railway, other railway links to Liverpool were made, the Grand Junction Railway gave access to Birmingham and London in 1837; Chester and Birkenhead Railway (1840) then to Liverpool via Steam Ferry operational since 1815; Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway (1847) and Cheshire Lines Committee (1873).^[35] In 1880 Liverpool was granted city status.

"Among the great cities of the world.... there is no other so exclusively devoted to commerce. Every house in Liverpool is either a counting-house, a warehouse, a shop, or a house that in one way or another is either an instrument or the result of trade.....and the inhabitants are nearly all to a man traders or the servants of traders" Johann Georg Kohl 1844, in The British Isles and Their Inhabitants^[14]

Victorian docks and warehouses[edit]

The docks are central to Liverpool's history, eventually, they would stretch seven miles along the Mersey and at their widest be 0.5 miles deep.^[78] Traffic into the docks went from 4.7 million tons in 1865 to 12.4 million by 1900.^[79] The docks created during this period are: under Jesse Hartley Dock Engineer (1824–60): Coburg Dock, completed 1840; Toxteth Dock, opened 1841, extensively extended and reopened 1888; Canning Half Tide Dock, opened 1844; Harrington Dock, opened 1844; The Albert Dock, completed 1847; Collingwood Dock, opened 1848; Salisbury Dock, opened 1848; Stanley Dock opened 1848; Nelson Dock, opened 1848; Bramley-Moore Dock, opened 1848 linked to the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway and used for coal export;^[36] Wellington Dock, opened 1851; Sandon Half Tide Dock, opened 1851; Sandon Dock, opened 1851; Wapping Dock, completed 1852; Huskisson Dock, opened 1852; Canada Dock, opened 1859; under George Fosbery Lyster Dock Engineer (1861–97): Carriers' Dock, opened 1862; Brocklebank Dock, opened 1862; Herculaneum Dock, opened 1866; Langton Dock, opened 1881; Alexandra Dock, opened 1881; Hornby Dock, opened 1884.

William Allingham writing in 1870 described Liverpool's trade:^[80]

"Hither converge in ceaseless streams the cotton of America, India, Egypt, the wool of Australian plains, the elephants' tusks and palm oil of African forests, the spermaceti of Arctic seas, the grain from the shores of the Mississippi, St Lawrence, Elbe, Loire, Danube, Vistula and many another stream, the hides of South America, the sugar, copper, tobacco, rice, timber, guano & c., of every land the sun's eye look upon. Hence radiate to all quarters of the globe, bales of cotton goods, linen, wollen, bulks of machinery. inexhaustible leather and hardware, salt and soap, coals and iron, copper and tin"

Despite being the main target of the Liverpool Blitz several Victorian dock buildings survived. With the best-known being the Albert Dock (1841–47). Designed by Jesse Hartley^[81] and constructed in cast iron, brick and stone, it provides the first enclosed, non-combustible dock warehouse system in the world. Restored in the 1980s, the Albert Dock has the largest collection of Grade I listed buildings in Britain. Part of the old dock complex is now the home to the Merseyside Maritime Museum (an Anchor Point of ERIH, The European Route of Industrial Heritage), the International Slavery Museum and the Tate Liverpool. Other relics of the dock system include Victoria Tower and the warehouse at the north side of Stanley Dock, and the warehouse at Wapping Dock all three by Hartley. The Waterloo Grain Warehouse (1867) by George Fosbery Lyster at Waterloo Dock, who also designed the casemates (1881–82) at Herculaneum Dock, used to store Petroleum^[82] and the Stanley Dock Tobacco Warehouse designed by Anthony George Lyster, which at the time of its construction in 1901, was the world's largest building in terms of floor area, and is still the world's largest brick-work building. Other remains of the Victorian dock system are the tower (1889–90) that worked hydraulic machinery for Toxteth Dock survives, now known as Bradbury House, The Pilotage Building (1883) next to Canning Half Tide Dock was probably designed by John Arthur Berrington.^[83] The Warehouse at 45-51 Greenland Street (late 19th century) is a survivor of a warehouse not part of the docks,^[84] another warehouse just outside the docks is the large Clarence Warehouse probably designed by A.H. Holme.^[85]

• 
  Waterloo Dock Gate Piers, by Hartley
  (1830s; Grade II)
• 
  The southern of the two gatekeeper's huts, Brunswick Half Tide Dock
  (c.1832; Grade II)
• 
  Clarence Warehouse, (Bonded Tea Warehouse), Great Howard Street
  (1840s; Grade II)
• 
  Last lock on Leeds and Liverpool Canal, links canal to Stanley Dock
  (1840s; Grade II)
• 
  Victoria Tower, Collingwood Dock
  (1848; Grade II)
• 
  North warehouse, Stanley Dock
  (1852–54; Grade II*)
• 
  Piermaster's House, Albert Dock
  (1852–53; Grade II)
• 
  Gatekeeper's lodge, Wapping Dock (with the hydraulic tower in the background)
  (both 1856; Grade II)
• 
  Warehouse, Wapping Dock
  (1856; Grade II*)
• 
  The grain warehouse Waterloo Dock
  (1867; Grade II)
• 
  Pump house, Albert Dock
  (1870s; Grade II)
• 
  Pump House, Langton Dock
  (1879; Grade II)
• 
  Casemates, Herculaneum Dock
  (1881–82; Grade II)
• 
  Hydraulic Engine House, Bramley-Moore Dock
  (1883; Grade II)
• 
  Pilotage Building, Canning Island
  (1883; unlisted)
• 
  Transit Shed, Toxteth Dock, converted to offices c.1994
  (1883–89; unlisted)
• 
  Bradbury House former Hydraulic Station for Toxteth Dock
  (1889–90; Grade II)
• 
  The former Customs Depot for Toxteth Docks, Sefton Street
  (1890; Grade II)
• 
  Warehouse, 45 - 51 Greenland Street
  (late 19th century; Grade II)
• 
  Tobacco Warehouse Stanley Dock
  (1900–01; Grade II)

Victorian bank & office buildings[edit]

At the heart of 19th century, Liverpool was Commerce, the docks being second only to the Port of London, and provision was needed for housing Banks to finance enterprises, Insurance companies and businesses involved in trade and shipping, these activities were based in the centre of the city and were housed in grand buildings.^[86] Victorian banks and office buildings are particularly concentrated in Dale Street and Castle Street. Lawyers and Accountants favoured Cook Street, Harrington Street, North and South John Street for their offices.^[87] An improvement act in 1826 by the Corporation of Liverpool,^[88] oversaw the creation of a new street, St George's Crescent in central Liverpool and the widening Lord Street and North and South John Streets. Victoria Street was created in 1868, and most of its fine Victorian buildings survive.^[89] Exchange Flags behind the Town Hall was the centre of the cotton trade, cotton traders were based in the surrounding streets, surviving offices used by cotton traders include the Albany Building in Old Hall Street, Berey's Buildings, Bixteth Street and Mason's Building in Exchange Street East, in 1896 cotton trading moved indoors to Brown's Buildings were the former Martin Bank Headquarters is now.^[90] Liverpool's first Corn exchange opened in 1808 in Brunswick Street, designed by John Foster Sr., it was rebuilt on the same site in 1853–64 to designs by J.A. Picton but was destroyed in World War II bombing, Corn Merchants' offices were in the immediate area, but have largely been demolished.^[90] Shipping companies were generally located near the waterfront and the docks,^[91] the major surviving shipping company buildings are Mersey House and Albion House. Starting in the 1840s Palazzo style architecture became popular for Banking and Office Buildings. The trading cities of Renaissance Italy having appeal to Liverpool's merchants, especially Venice the once-great maritime trading city.^[92]

Victorian banks[edit]

The bank buildings of most architectural interest are: The Royal Bank, 18 Queen Avenue, off Dale Street, by Samuel Rowland;^[93] North & South Wales Bank (1838–40) (Now Castle Moat House), Derby Square, by Edward Corbett (See Neoclassical above for Illustration); Bank of England (1846–48), Castle Street, by Charles Robert Cockerell;^[94] The former headquarters of the Liverpool Savings Bank (1861) by William Culshaw;^[95] The Alliance Bank (1868), 62 Castle Street, by Lucy & Littler;^[96] Liverpool Union Bank (c.1870), now Halifax House, Brunswick Street, probably by John Cunningham, extended by George Enoch Grayson;^[97] Former Bank of Liverpool (1882), Victoria Street by George Enoch Grayson;^[98] Former Union Bank of Liverpool (1885), 43 to 47 Bold Street, by George Enoch Grayson; Adelphi Bank (c.1891-92), Castle Street, by W. D. Caröe;^[94] Leyland & Bullin's Bank; 36 Castle Street, former Leyland and Bullens Bank (1895), by Grayson and Ould;^[94] Parr's Bank (Now Nat West Bank) (1898–1901), Castle Street, by Richard Norman Shaw, execution overseen by Willink & Thicknesse.^[99]

• 
  Former The Royal Bank, 18 Queen Avenue, off Dale Street
  (c.1837-38; Grade II*)
• 
  Former Manchester and Liverpool District Bank, 3 Water Street
  (1860s; altered 1883 Grade II)
• 
  Former Liverpool Savings Bank, Bold Street
  (1861; unlisted)
• 
  Former Mercantile and Exchange Bank, 48-50 Castle Street
  (1864; Grade II)
• 
  Former Alliance Bank, 60-62 Castle Street
  (1868; Grade II)
• 
  Interior, former Alliance Bank
  (1868; Grade II)
• 
  Former Liverpool Union Bank, now Halifax House, 6 Brunswick Street
  (c.1870; Grade II)
• 
  Former Bank of Liverpool, Victoria Street
  (1882; Grade II)
• 
  Former Union Bank of Liverpool, 43 to 47 Bold Street
  (1885; Grade II)
• 
  Former Adelphi Bank, by W. D. Caröe
  Castle Street
  (1892; Grade II*)
• 
  National Westminster Overseas Bank, 32-34 Castle Street
  (1890s; Grade II)
• 
  Former Leyland & Bullin's Bank; 36 Castle Street
  (1895 extended 1900; Grade II)
• 
  Former Parr's Bank, now National Westminster Bank, Castle Street
  (1901; Grade II*)
• 
  Banking Hall, former Parr's Bank
  Castle Street
  (1901; Grade II*)

Victorian purpose built offices for insurance & other enterprises[edit]

Buildings erected by insurance companies include: the Headquarters of the Liverpool, London and Globe Building (1856–58) by Charles Robert Cockerell;^[100] The Queen Insurance Building (1859) also for the Queen Insurance Company 13 Castle Street; 19 Castle Street was the Scottish Equitable Chambers by George Enoch Grayson; former Scottish Provident Building (1874), 25 Castle Street;^[101] 3-5 Castle Street was the British & Foreign Marine Insurance by Grayson & Ould; former Guardian Assurance Building (1893), Dale Street, probably by Grayson & Ould;^[102] Albion House (1895–98), former headquarters of the White Star Line, designed by Richard Norman Shaw & James Francis Doyle. For both the Prudential Assurance Building and Pearl Assurance Building see the section on Alfred Waterhouse. Mersey Chambers (c.1878) was designed by G.E. Grayson as the headquarters of the shipping company Thomas and James Harrison. 27 Castle Street (1846), built for the lawyer Ambrose Lace by Arthur Hill Holme. The growth in trade with America resulted in the building of Fowler's Buildings (1865–69), Victoria Street, by James Picton,^[103] Fowler's were an American company who imported produce from America.^[104]

• 
  27 Castle Street
  (1846; Grade II)
• 
  Liverpool, London and Globe Building, 1 Dale Street
  (1858; Grade II)
• 
  Queen Insurance Company, 11 Dale Street
  (1859; Grade II)
• 
  Fowler's Building, Victoria Street
  (1865–69; Grade II*)
• 
  Former Scottish Provident Building, 25 Castle Street
  (1874; Grade II)
• 
  Mersey Chambers, Old Church Yard
  (c.1878; Grade II)
• 
  Former Scottish Equitable Chambers, 19 Castle Street
  (1878; Grade II)
• 
  Former Queen Insurance Building and arcade, 13 Castle Street
  (1887–88; Grade II)
• 
  Former British & Foreign Marine Insurance Co, 3 & 5 Castle Street
  (1888–90; Grade II)
• 
  Former Guardian Assurance Buildings, Dale Street
  (1893; Grade II)
• 
  Albion House, James Street
  (1895–98; Grade II*)

Victorian speculative office buildings[edit]

Office buildings erected speculatively include: The Royal Bank Building (c.1837-38), Dale Street, by Samuel Rowland, the bank (see above) occupied the building in the court to the rear and let the building; The Temple (1864–65), Dale Street by James Picton;^[102] The Albany (1856–58) by James Kellaway Colling and let to cotton traders;^[105] Hargreaves Building (1859), 5 Chapel Street by James Picton;^[92] Berey's Buildings (1864), Bixteth Street, designed by William Culshaw and let to cotton traders; Rigby's Buildings (1865) Dale Street, stuccoed office building with older warehouse behind;^[102] Mason's Building (c.1866), Exchange Street East, by John Cunningham, let to cotton traders;^[106] Imperial Chambers (c.1870), Dale Street, architect unknown, in a Gothic style and with a glazed roof courtyard;^[107] Built as an office with warehouse behind, for the brewer Peter Walker, 64 to 66 Duke Street, designed by John Elliot Reeve;^[70] Central Buildings, North John Street, large office building for the period, by Thomas C. Clarke;^[108] Princes Buildings (1882), Dale Street, by Henry Shelmerdine;^[109] 12 Hanover Street (1889–90), office building with adjoining warehouse, by Edmund Kirby;^[110] Victoria Chambers (1893); 40-42 Castle Street, by Grayson & Ould.^[96] Century Buildings (1901), Victoria Street is by Henry Hartley.^[103] Boldly Gothic is Musker's Buildings (1881–82) in Dale Street by Thomas E. Murray.^[107] 25 & 27 Victoria Street (1881), by W.H. Picton.^[103] New Zealand House (1893), 18 Water Street is by Walter Aubrey Thomas. Imperial Buildings (1879), Victoria Street are by E. & H. Shelmerdine.^[111]

• 
  Former Royal Bank Buildings, Dale Street
  (1839; Grade II)
• 
  Clarence Buildings & Marldon Chambers, North John Street
  (1841; Grade II)
• 
  6-10 Rumford Place, "the Confederate Embassy"
  (1840s; Grade II)
• 
  Melbourne Buildings, North John Street
  (1854; Grade II)
• 
  The Albany, Old Hall Street
  (1856–58; Grade II*)
• 
  Hargreaves Building, 5 Chapel Street
  (1859; Grade II)
• 
  Berey's Buildings, left, Bixteth Street
  (1864; Grade II)
• 
  The Temple, Dale Street
  (1864–65; Grade II)
• 
  Rigby's Buildings, 21-25 Dale Street
  (1865; Grade II)
• 
  Mason's Building, Exchange Street East
  (c.1866; Grade II)
• 
  Imperial Chambers, Dale Street
  (c.1870; Grade II)
• 
  Victoria Buildings, Victoria Street (1870s; unlisted)
• 
  64 & 66 Duke Street
  (1876; Grade II)
• 
  Imperial Buildings, Victoria Street
  (1879; Grade II)
• 
  Buckley's Buildings, Dale Street
  (1880; Grade II)
• 
  Westminster Chambers, 90-98 Dale Street
  (1880; Grade II)
• 
  25 & 27 Victoria Street
  (1881; Grade II)
• 
  Musker's Buildings, Dale Street
  (1881–82; Grade II)
• 
  Lisbon Buildings, 35 Victoria Street
  (1882; unlisted)
• 
  Princes Building, Dale Street
  (1882; Grade II)
• 
  Union House, Victoria Street
  (1882; Grade II)
• 
  The Carlisle and Jerome Buildings, Victoria Street
  (1883–85; Grade II)
• 
  Central Buildings, North John Street
  (1884; Grade II)
• 
  Minerva Chambers, Sir Thomas Street
  (c.1885; Grade II)
• 
  Abbey Buildings, Victoria Street
  (1885; Grade II)
• 
  Crown Buildings, Victoria Street
  (1886; Grade II)
• 
  12 Hanover Street
  (1889–90; Grade II)
• 
  10-18 Castle Street
  (1890s; Grade II)
• 
  44 Castle Street
  (1890s; Grade II)
• 
  Regina House, 1 Victoria Street
  (1890s; Grade II)
• 
  New Zealand House, 18 Water Street
  (1893; unlisted)
• 
  Victoria Chambers, 40-42 Castle Street
  (1893; Grade II)
• 
  Office building, 6-8 Castle Street
  (1897; Grade II)
• 
  The Century Building, Victoria Street
  (1901; unlisted)

Office buildings by Peter Ellis[edit]

Peter Ellis was an obscure architect and civil engineer who, nevertheless, designed the pioneering Oriel Chambers (1864)^[112] in Water Street as "one of the first office buildings to be clad in glazed curtain-walling"^[9] in its rear courtyard. Well ahead of its time, the building was severely criticised in The Builder of 16 June 1866 as a "large agglomeration of protruding plate-glass bubbles", a "vast abortion" without any aesthetic qualities.^[113] In all likelihood, however, it was studied by young John Wellborn Root who spent some time in Liverpool to escape the American Civil War just when Ellis' building had been finished. Root took some of Ellis' ideas back to America where he later became an important architect of the Chicago School of Architecture. Oriel Chambers, therefore, played an important role in the development of the skyscraper. Ellis' only other known building, 16 Cook Street, Liverpool, dates from 1866^[114] and also features a curtain wall in its rear courtyard.

• 
  Oriel Chambers, Water Street
  (1864; Grade I)
• 
  Detail of windows, Oriel Chambers
  (1864; Grade I)
• 
  16 Cook Street
  (1866; Grade II*)

Victorian retail and wholesale buildings[edit]

As Liverpool expanded so retail buildings grew in grandeur to meet the rising demand in an increasingly prosperous city. Victorian retail buildings are found amongst others on Church Street, Victoria Street, Lord Street & Bold Street and include: 14-16 Bold Street, built (1848) for John Cripps, Shawl Merchant and manufacturer;^[115] 25 Church Street (1858) was built for Elkington's art metalworkers and Electroplating business by Lewis Hornblower;^[116] Compton House (1866–67), Church Street, built for J.R. Jeffrey by Thomas Haigh & Company, it one of the first purpose-built Department stores in the world;^[110] Former Agnew's art dealers (1877), 1 Castle Street;^[117] Former Robert & Jones jewellery shop at 2 Castle Street (1882), in an early 16th century French style;^[94] The Fruit Exchange (c.1888), Victoria Street, built as a goods depot, converted to exchange in 1923;^[118] 92 Bold Street (1890s), is a late example of Greek Revival architecture, attributed to W. & G. Audsley;^[95] 58 Bold Street (c.1900), is an unusual example of an Arts and Crafts movement shop, ascribed to T. Myddleton Shallcross.^[119] Wholesale is represented by the Commercial Saleroom Buildings (1879), Victoria Street, by James F. Doyle, used for wholesale auctions of imported fruit.^[87] The bold arches, the Italian Gothic 81-89 Lord Street by Walter Aubrey Thomas is a grand building, also in Lord Street is Venice Chambers, by Edmund Kirkby.^[120]

• 
  14 & 16 Bold Street
  (1848; Grade II)
• 
  25 Church Street, built for Elkington's Electroplate business
  (c.1858; Grade II)
• 
  Compton House, Church Street
  (1866–67; Grade II)
  First purpose-built department store in the UK
• 
  Former Agnew's art dealers, 1 Castle Street
  (1877; Grade II)
• 
  Commercial Saleroom Buildings, Victoria Street
  (1879; Grade II)
• 
  Former Robert & Jones jewellery shop, 2 Castle Street
  (1882; Grade II)
• 
  Venice Chambers, Lord Street
  (1882; Grade II)
• 
  Fruit Exchange, Victoria Street
  (c.1888; Grade II)
• 
  92 Bold Street
  (1890s; Grade II)
• 
  69 Church Street
  (1890s; Grade II)
• 
  58 Bold Street
  (c.1900; Grade II)
• 
  81-89 Lord Street
  (1901; Grade II)

Victorian buildings for health, education & social care[edit]

In an age before social security or the National Health Service, any provision of medical or social care depended on charity or had to be privately paid for, even education prior to the Elementary Education Act 1870 was so dependent. Liverpool's wealthy elite and the comfortable class below them created institutions and supported them through donations. For example, Andrew Barclay Walker not only paid for the Walker Art Gallery with a £50,000 (over £5,000,000 in 2019) donation but gave towards the founding of the university, as did Henry Tate and George Holt. Both William Pickles Hartley and William Rathbone gave away a third of their income to charity.^[121] See the Alfred Waterhouse section below for buildings designed by him, including Royal Infirmary, University of Liverpool, the Turner Memorial Home and the Seaman's Orphanage. Liverpool had many examples of Victorian buildings created to provide health, social care and education.

Victorian schools, colleges and libraries[edit]

Notable educational buildings of the era are Liverpool Collegiate School, (1840–43) in a Tudor Gothic style by Harvey Lonsdale Elmes. Other institutional buildings include Blackburne House built 1788 and extensively remodelled (1874–76) by W.I. Mason in French Second Empire style, became the Blackburne House Girls' School (1844). The former Royal School for the Blind, Hardman Street, (1849–51) in classical style by A.H. Holme (Now a Trades Union Building), a new building for the school opened in 1899 in Wavertree. An example of a board school, formerly Arnot Street School, Walton, is a post-1870 education school and was designed by Edmund Kirby (1884 extended 1894), other surviving board schools are, Chatsworth School (1874), Edge Hill, designed by Thomas Mellard Reade,^[122] who also designed Granby Street School (1880), Toxteth.^[123] Liverpool College of Art designed by Thomas Cook and opened in 1883 in the Queen Anne style architecture.^[124] At the end of the period the College of Technology and Museum Extension was built to the designs of Edward William Mountford, completed (1901). The first branch library in the city was Kensington Library 1890 extended 1897, Edge Hill by the City of Liverpool Surveyor Thomas Shelmerdine,^[125] who also designed Everton Library, built in 1896, also the designed by Shelmerdine is the Technical Institute, Picton Road, Wavertree.^[126] The former St Austin's school (1860), Aigburth Road provided elementary education for the local Roman Catholic population of Aigburth.^[127] Henry Clutton designed a major extension (1877) to St Francis Xavier's College, Liverpool for the Roman Catholic Church to provide education for adherents of the Church. The former Gordon Working Lads' Institute (1886) by David Walker, in a northern Renaissance style, it provided technical education for the working class and contained classrooms, gymnasium and concert hall, it was paid for by merchant and ship owner William Cliff.^[128] The equivalent for girls was the Bankhall Girls' Institute (1889), Stanley Road, Kirkdale, this was funded by Thomas Worthington Cookson, merchant and shipowner.^[129] The Catholic church built St Vincent's School for the Blind (1899), Yew Tree Lane, West Derby.^[130]

• 
  Former Liverpool Collegiate School, Shaw Street, Everton
  (1840–43; Grade II*)
• 
  Former Royal School for the Blind, Liverpool, Hardman Street
  (1849–51; Grade II)
• 
  Former St Austin's Roman Catholic school, Aigburth Road, Aigburth
  (1860; Grade II)
• 
  Former Blackburne House Girls' School, Hope Street
  (remodelled 1874–76; Grade II)
• 
  Main staircase, Blackburne House Girls' School, Hope Street
  (remodelled 1874–76; Grade II)
• 
  Former Chatsworth School, now Smithdown Primary School, Chatsworth Drive, Edge Hill
  (1874; unlisted)
• 
  Former St Francis Xaviers College now part of Liverpool Hope University, Salisbury Road
  (1877 Grade II)
• 
  Granby Street Schools, Toxteth
  (1880; unlisted)
• 
  Liverpool College of Art, Hope Street
  (1883; Grade II)
• 
  Arnot Street Primary School, Walton
  (1884 extended 1894; Grade II)
• 
  Former Gordan Working Lads' Institute, Stanley Road, Kirkdale
  (1886; Grade II)
• 
  Former Bankhall Girls' Institute, Stanley Road, Kirkdale
  (1889; unlisted)
• 
  Kensington Library, Edge Hill
  (1890 extended 1897; Grade II)
• 
  Everton Library, Beacon Lane
  (1896; Grade II)
• 
  The Royal School for the Blind, Church Road, Wavertree
  (1898–99; unlisted)
• 
  Technical Institute, Picton Road, Wavertree
  (1898–99; Grade II)
• 
  St Vincent's School for the Blind, Yew Tree Lane, West Derby
  (1899; unlisted)
• 
  Museum Extension and Central Technical School, William Brown Street
  (1901; Grade II*)

Victorian hospitals and buildings for social care[edit]

Buildings for health care and social provisions include the Adult Deaf and Dumb Institute now, Merseyside Centre for the Deaf by E.H. Banner in a red brick gothic; the now-demolished Liverpool Sailors' Home provide hospitality and a bed for the night for sailors visiting the city. Hospitals founded in the period include Liverpool Maternity Hospital; founded in 1741 the Liverpool Royal Infirmary underwent vast expansion in the late 1880s. Lunatics were catered for at the now-demolished Lunatic asylum, Rainhill Hospital (1846–51) designed by Harvey Lonsdale Elmes, just outside the city. Workshop for the Outdoor Blind (1870), Cornwallis Street, designed by G.T. Redmayne, provided employment for the blind, who made baskets, matting and brushes.^[131] The YMCA building, Mount Pleasant was built (1874–77), l designed in a gothic style by H.H. Vale, it contained a gymnasium, reading room, library, lecture hall and classrooms. Church House (1885), Hanover Street by Walter Aubrey Thomas built to house the Central Institute of the Mersey Mission to Seaman and a temperance public house;^[132] The former Eye and Ear Hospital (1878–80), Myrtle Street by C.O. Ellison, in an old English style,^[124] also in Myrtle Street and by C.O. Ellison is the former Sheltering Home for Destitute Children (1888–89).^[133] The former Liverpool Homeopathic Hospital (1887) was designed by F & G Holme in the French Renaissance architecture style.^[134] The Florence Institute (1889) is the oldest surviving purpose-built boys' club in Britain, probably designed by H.W. Keef, paid for by merchant Bernard Hall.^[135] The Gordon Smith Institute for Seaman (1899) by James Strong of Walker & Strong, in Paradise Street, was created to provide seamen with a library, reading room and assembly hall.^[136] Former Eye and Ear Hospital, 3-5 Myrtle Street, was designed by C.O. Ellsion. The former Walton Workhouse (1864–68) was designed by William Culshaw.^[40] The New Hall complex (1887–89), Longmoor Lane, Fazakerley, designed by Charles H. Lancaster, was built as cottages to house deprived children, the group of cottages is terminated by a monumental hall with a clock tower.^[137]

• 
  Former Walton Workhouse, Rice Lane, Walton
  (remodelled 1864–68; Grade II)
• 
  Workshop for the Outdoor Blind, Cornwallis Street
  (1870; unlisted)
• 
  YMCA, Mount Pleasant
  (1874–77; Grade II)
• 
  Former Eye and Ear Hospital, 3-5 Myrtle Street
  (1878–80; Grade II)
• 
  Church House, Hanover Street
  (1885; Grade II)
• 
  The Adult Deaf and Dumb Institute, Park Way
  (1886–87; Grade II)
• 
  Former Hahnemann Homoeopathic Hospital, Hope Street
  (1887; Grade II)
• 
  New Hall, Longmoor Lane, Fazakerley
  (1887–89; Grade II)
• 
  Former Sheltering Home for Destitute Children, Myrtle Street
  (1888–89; Grade II)
• 
  The Florence Institute, Mill Street, Toxteth
  (1889; Grade II)
  (1889; Grade II)
• 
  Chancery House, former Gordon Smith Institute for Seaman, Paradise Street
  (1899; Grade II)

Victorian public buildings[edit]

Many public buildings of the era survive in central Liverpool. The major public building of the mid-Victorian age was Municipal Buildings (now a hotel) started in 1860 by Liverpool Corporation surveyor John Weightman (not to be confused with his near-contemporary John Grey Weightman), and finished in 1866 by his successor as surveyor E.R. Robson, who amended the design. The style is a mixture of Italianate architecture and French Renaissance, the latter style is evident in the elaborate roofs of the building. The building function as municipal offices to house the growing council workforce. Most of the grand public buildings in the centre of Liverpool were in the Neoclassical style, so are dealt with in the dedicated section above. Weightman also designed the Main Bridewell and the Magistrates' Courts. The partially surviving old General Post Office (1894–97), in Victoria Street, was designed by Henry Tanner.^[98] The former offices for the city's Education Department (1897–98), Sir Thomas Street by Charles E. Deacon survives. The Old Bridewell police station, Campbell Square, was built (1861).^[138] Thomas Shelmerdine designed the Central Fire Station that was opened in 1897, also at the end of the 19th century he remodelled the council chamber in the Town Hall.

• 
  Main Bridewell, Cheapside
  (1857–59; Grade II*)
• 
  Former Magistrates' Courts, Dale Street
  (1857–59; Grade II)
• 
  Municipal Buildings, Dale Street
  (1860–66; Grade II*)
• 
  Hallway, Municipal Buildings, Dale Street
  (1860–66; Grade II*)
• 
  Old Bridewell Police Station, Campbell Square
  (1861; Grade II)
• 
  Old General Post Office Building, Victoria St (upper floors bombed in blitz)
  (1894–97; unlisted)
• 
  Former Central Fire Station, Hatton Garden
  (1897; Grade II)
• 
  Former City Education Offices, Sir Thomas Street
  (1897–98; Grade II)
• 
  The Council Chamber, Liverpool Town Hall
  (1899–1900; Grade I)

Several Victorian public buildings survive in the suburbs. John Weightman designed Walton Gaol that was constructed between 1848 and 1855, the gatehouse and chapel are in Neo-Norman style. Also in Walton are the former School Board Offices (c.1890) by Edmund Kirkby. The Public Offices in Toxteth (1865–66) are in Italianate style by Thomas Layland.^[139] The Cross, West Derby Village, was designed by William Eden Nesfield and carved by James Forsyth.^[140] The Picton Clock Tower of 1884 was designed and paid for by James Picton as a memorial to his wife.^[141] There are several former Victorian Police Stations around the city, including the one in Lark Lane (1885) by F.U. Holme;^[142] Rice Lane, Walton; Old Swan, Derby Road, Tue Brook now flats; in Durning Road, Edge Hill is a combined police and fire station, mid 19th century, in a Tudor Gothic style;^[122] The former Police and Fire Station, Westminster Road, Kirkdale, by city surveyor Thomas Shelmerdine.^[128] The Gregson Memorial Institute, Garmoyle Road, Wavertree, was a privately funded library and museum designed by A.P. Fry, the collections have been dispersed.^[126]

• 
  Former Fire and Police Station, Durning Road, Edge Hill
  (mid 19th century; unlisted)
• 
  The Cross, West Derby Village
  (c.1861-70; Grade II)
• 
  Public Offices Toxteth, High Park Street
  (1865–66; Grade II)
• 
  Former Wavertree Town Hall, High Street (Wavertree became part of Liverpool in 1895)
  (1872; Grade II)
• 
  Picton Clock Tower, High Street, Wavertree
  (1884; Grade II)
• 
  Old Police Station, Lark Lane, Sefton Park
  (1885; unlisted)
• 
  Former Police and Fire Station, Westminster Road, Kirkdale
  (1885; Grade II)
• 
  Former Old Swan Police Station, Derby Road, Tue Brook
  (late 19th century; unlisted)
• 
  Former Rice Lane Police Station, Rice Lane, Walton
  (late 19th century; unlisted)
• 
  Former School Board Offices, Arnot Street, Walton
  (c.1890; Grade II)
• 
  Gregson Memorial Institute, Garmoyle Road, Wavertree
  (c.1895; Grade II)

Alfred Waterhouse[edit]

Born Stone Hill, Liverpool 19 July 1830, but grew up in Aigburth, architect Alfred Waterhouse established his architectural practice first in Manchester in 1854 and from 1865 in London. He achieved national fame for a large number of mostly institutional, commercial and educational buildings throughout England, his best-known buildings being Manchester Town Hall and the Natural History Museum, London. He also designed several structures for his home city.^[143] Including the University of Liverpool's Victoria Building, completed in (1889–92). Waterhouse's use of striking red brick and Burmantofts terracotta as building materials for its exterior and tiles inside inspired Edgar Allison Peers, a Spanish professor at Liverpool, to coin the term "Red Brick University" and to then apply it collectively to six recently founded institutions of higher education in some of the major industrial cities of England.^[144] Waterhouse designed other buildings for the university including the Chemical Laboratories (1884–87); the Walker Engineering Block (1887–91), the Gossage Chemical Laboratories (1895–97), the Medical School (1895–97), the Thompson Yates Laboratories (1895–98) and one final work for the university was a joint work with his son Paul Waterhouse for the Medical School, the Whelan Building (1899–1904) that housed the Anatomy Department. Other important Waterhouse complexes are the Liverpool Royal Infirmary (1886–92) and Newsham Park Hospital (1870–75) built as The Liverpool Seamen's Orphan Institution. Waterhouse also designed the Great North Western Hotel (1871) in French renaissance style, that served Liverpool Lime Street railway station. He also designed Prudential Assurance Building, Liverpool (1885–86), he designed several office buildings for The Prudential Assurance company throughout Britain in the same style. He also designed the Pearl Assurance building, now known as St John's House. A smaller commission was the Turner Home, Liverpool. Waterhouse also designed three large Gothic houses in the city: the first is New Heys (1861–65) for lawyer W.G. Bateson, Allerton Road; then Allerton Priory (1866–75) and its entrance Lodge for colliery owner John Grant Morris and Mossley Hill House (1869–72), Park Avenue, for general broker Lloyd Rayner, it is now part of Mossley Hill Hospital.

• 
  New Heys, New Heys Drive, Allerton
  (1861–65; Grade II)
• 
  Allerton Priory
  (1866–75; Grade II*)
• 
  Lodge to Allerton Priory, Allerton Road, Allerton
  (1867–70; Grade II)
• 
  Mossley Hill House, Park Avenue
  (1868–69; Grade II)
• 
  Great North Western Hotel
  Lime Street
  (1868–71; Grade II)
• 
  The Liverpool Seamen's Orphan Institution, Orphan Drive, Fairfield
  (1870–75; Grade II)
• 
  Turner Memorial Home, Dingle Lane, Toxteth
  (1881–83; Grade II)
• 
  Garden front, Turner Memorial Home, Dingle Lane, Toxteth
  (1881–83; Grade II)
• 
  Lodge, Turner Memorial Home, Dingle Lane, Toxteth
  (1884; Grade II)
• 
  Prudential Building, Dale Street
  (1885–86; Grade II)
• 
  Main Building, Royal Infirmary, Pembroke Place
  (1886–92; Grade II)
• 
  Royal Infirmary, Pembroke Place
  (1886–92; Grade II)
• 
  Former Chapel, Royal Infirmary, Pembroke Place
  (1886–92; Grade II)
• 
  Walker Engineering Laboratory, University of Liverpool
  (1887–91; unlisted)
• 
  Plinth to the statue of Alexander Balfour sculpture by Albert Bruce-Joy, St John's Gardens
  (1889; Grade II)
• 
  Victoria Building
  University of Liverpool
  (1889–92; Grade II)
• 
  Entrance hall, Victoria Building
  University of Liverpool
  (1889–92; Grade II)
• 
  Entrance hall, Victoria Building
  University of Liverpool
  (1889–92; Grade II)
• 
  Corridor, Victoria Building
  University of Liverpool
  (1889–92; Grade II)
• 
  Main staircase, Victoria Building
  University of Liverpool
  (1889–92; Grade II)
• 
  Lecture theatre, Victoria Building
  University of Liverpool
  (1889–92; Grade II)
• 
  Former Thompson Yates Laboratories, University of Liverpool
  (1895–1898; unlisted)
• 
  Stairwell, Thompson Yates Building, University of Liverpool
  (1895–1898; unlisted)
• 
  Former Pearl Assurance Building, St. John's Lane
  (1896–1898; Grade II)
• 
  Whelan Building, University of Liverpool, joint work with Paul Waterhouse
  (1899–1904; unlisted)
• 
  1904 Anatomy Lecture Theatre, Whelan Building, joint work with Paul Waterhouse
  (1899–1904; unlisted)

Victorian places of worship[edit]

As Liverpool grew so the need grew for new places of worship, the Georgian churches were largely concentrated in the centre of the city. The new suburbs spreading further from that centre, this resulted in a major building programme of places of worship.^[145] Princes Park & Sefton Park areas saw the construction of some of the finest places of worship in Liverpool. In Prince's Road at the north end: Greek Orthodox Church of St Nicholas built for the city's small but wealthy Greek community whose wealth largely derived from shipping;^[146] Welsh Presbyterian Church (1865–67), the Welsh born population of the city was 20,000 in 1870 rising to 80,000 in 1891, much of their wealth came from property speculation;^[147] the Princes Road Synagogue was built for Orthodox Jewish community; and the Church of St Margaret of Antioch has one of the most elaborate interiors of any of the city's churches.^[148] Near Sefton Park the Anglican church of Saint Agnes and Saint Pancras, Ullet Road; the Roman Catholic St Clare's Church, Arundel Avenue;^[149] Ullet Road Unitarian Church; the Anglican Christ Church, Linnet Lane.

Certain churches were built to cater for the poorest areas of the city, St Clement, Beaumont Street, Toxteth, that was Low church Anglican;^[150] and for Roman Catholic congregations St Alban's, Athol Street, Vauxhall (1849), now used as a climbing centre, Our Lady of Reconciliation (1859–60), Eldon Street, Vauxhall; St Sylvester's (1889), Silvester Street, Vauxhall; All Souls' (1870 demolished 1967), Collingwood Street, Kirkdale, St Briget's Bevington Hill, Vauxhall (1870 demolished 1967). These catered to a largely Irish Catholic working-class population, who had migrated to the city and congregated in the northern suburb of Vauxhall in the wake of the Great Famine.^[151]

By the late 19th century Liverpool was a cosmopolitan city, there were many immigrant communities, many seamen passing through the port including natives of West Africa and the Far East, Chinatown dates from the 1860s, not many have left traces of their often temporary places of worship.^[152] A notable exception is Gustav Adolf Church (1883), Park Lane, by the mid-1850s over 50,000 Swedish seamen were visiting the city annually, the church was built for them.^[153] This era saw the establishment in 1889 of what is believed to be Britain's first Mosque, the Liverpool Muslim Institute in No. 8 Brougham Terrace, West Derby Road.^[146]

Victorian non-conformists churches, chapels, synagogues and Greek Orthodox church[edit]

Victorian Liverpool's notable places of worship include the Greek Orthodox Church of St Nicholas built in the Neo-Byzantine architecture style 1864–1870 original design William Hardie Hay (1813–1901) & James Murdoch Hay (1823–1915), built by Henry Sumners of Culshaw and Sumners; Former Victoria Chapel (1878–80), for the Welsh Calvinists, Crosshall Street by W.H. Picton, now used as the Juvenile Court;^[154] W. D. Caröe's Gustav Adolf Church (the Swedish Seamen's Church, reminiscent of Nordic styles). Fine examples of nonconformist churches in a Gothic style are the Welsh Presbyterian Church by Liverpool-based architects W. & G. Audsley; Ullet Road Unitarian Church and library of (1896–99) and the cloister and Church Hall (c.1901), both by Thomas Worthington & Percy Worthington, the stained glass is mostly by William Morris and Edward Burne-Jones, the mural paintings in the vestry and adjacent library are by Gerald Moira, in the cloister, there are memorials from an older church including a bust of William Roscoe by John Gibson,^[155] many of Liverpool's richest families were members of the congregation and included the Holts, the Tates, the Roscoes, the Rathbones and the Brunners.^[156] Having a Jewish community since the mid-18th century, Liverpool has several synagogues. The grade I listed Princes Road Synagogue, by W. & G. Audsley in the Moorish Revival style is architecturally the most important.^[157] and cost nearly £15,000^[147] Two further orthodox synagogues are in the Allerton and the Childwall district, where a significant Jewish community resides.^[158] There are several classical style chapels in Liverpool including the small Particular Baptist Chapel, Everton (1847) architect unknown, converted to flats 2005^[159] and the Old Welsh Chapel, by Oliver and Lamb of Newcastle, now the Chatham Building University of Liverpool.^[160]

• 
  The former Particular Baptist Chapel, Shaw Street, Everton
  (1847; Grade II)
• 
  Former Old Welsh Chapel, now Chatham Building, Chatham Street
  University of Liverpool
  (1861; Grade II)
• 
  Greek Orthodox Church of St Nicholas, Princes Road
  (1864–1870; Grade II)
• 
  Interior, Greek Orthodox Church of St Nicholas
  (1864–70; Grade II)
• 
  Welsh Presbyterian Church, Princes Road
  (1865–67; Grade II)
• 
  Princes Road synagogue
  (1872–74; Grade I)
• 
  Princes Road synagogue interior
  (1872–74; Grade I)
• 
  Former Victoria Chapel, Crosshall Street
  (1878–80; Grade II)
• 
  Gustav Adolf Church, Park Lane
  (1883; Grade II*)
  Oldest Swedish church outside of Sweden
• 
  Interior, Gustav Adolf Church
  (1883; Grade II*)
• 
  Ullet Road Unitarian Church
  (1896–99; Grade I)
• 
  Interior, Ullet Road Unitarian Church
  (1896–99; Grade I)
• 
  Church Hall, Ullet Road Unitarian Church
  (c.1901; Grade I)

Anglican parish churches[edit]

During the 19th century, three generations of the Horsfall family had a major influence on Anglican church building in Liverpool. Charles Horsfall a merchant and stockbroker was a founder of St George's Everton, his sons built Christ Church (1848) (destroyed by bombing 1941), Great Homer Street, Everton, in his memory. His son Robert and grandson Douglas became strong advocates of the Oxford Movement.^[161] Robert Horsfall paid for St Margaret's of Antioch,^[148] Douglas Horsfall paid for Church of St Agnes and St Pancras, cost £28,000.^[162]

Many Liverpool suburbs have Gothic Revival churches, those belonging to the Church of England include: Church of St Clement, Liverpool by Arthur and George Yates Williams;^[163] Holy Trinity, Walton Breck, Anfiled by John Hay;^[164] St Mary's Church, West Derby by George Gilbert Scott; Church of Saint John the Baptist by George Frederick Bodley; Christ Church, Toxteth Park by Culshaw and Sumners; Church of St Margaret of Antioch by George Edmund Street; Church of St Matthew and St James, Mossley Hill by Paley and Austin; All Saints Church, Speke by John Loughborough Pearson; Church of All Hallows, Allerton by George Enoch Grayson, most of the stained glass is by William Morris's firm some to the designs of Edward Burne-Jones;^[165] St Michael's Church, Garston by Thomas D. Barry & Son;^[166] Church of St Agnes and St Pancras, Toxteth Park by John Loughborough Pearson; St Cyprian's Durning Road, Edge Hill is by Henry Sumners;^[167] St Peter's Church, Woolton, Liverpool by Grayson and Ould; Church of St. Dunstan's by Charles Aldridge and Charles Deacon.

An example of Romanesque Revival architecture is the parish church of St Anne, Aigburth architects Cunningham and Holme. The now redundant Christ Church (1870), Kensington, Edge Hill by W & G Audsley is red brick in an Italian Romanesque style.^[167]

• 
  St Anne's Church, Aigburth Road, Aigburth
  (1836–37; Grade II*)
• 
  The chancel interior, St Anne's Church, Aigburth
  (1834–37; Grade II*)
• 
  St Clement, Beaumont Street, Toxteth
  (1840–41; Grade II*)
• 
  Interior, St Clement, Beaumont Street, Toxteth
  (1840–41; Grade II*)
• 
  Holy Trinity Church, Walton Breck, Anfield
  (1845–47; Grade II)
• 
  St Mary's Church, West Derby
  (1853–56; Grade II*)
• 
  Church of Saint John the Baptist, Tuebrook
  (1867–70; Grade I)
• 
  Interior, Church of Saint John the Baptist, West Derby Road, Tuebrook
  (1867–70; Grade I)
• 
  Christ Church, Linnet Lane, Toxteth Park
  (1867–71; Grade II)
• 
  Church of St Margaret of Antioch, Prince's Road, Toxteth
  (1868–69; Grade II*)
• 
  Interior, Church of St Margaret of Antioch, Princes Road
  (1868–69; Grade II*)
• 
  Christ Church, Kensington, Edge Hill
  (1870; Grade II)
• 
  Church of St Matthew and St James, Rose Lane, Mossley Hill
  (1870–80; Grade II*)
• 
  All Saints Church, Speke
  (1872–75; Grade II)
• 
  All Hallows, Allerton
  (1872–76; Grade I)
• 
  Interior, All Hallows, Allerton
  (1872–76; Grade I)
• 
  St Michael's, Earp Street, Garston
  (1875–77; Grade II)
• 
  St Cyprian's church, Durning Road, Edge Hill
  (1879–81; Grade II)
• 
  Church of St Agnes and St Pancras, Ullet Road, Toxteth Park
  (1883–85; Grade I)
• 
  Church of St Agnes and St Pancras, Toxteth Park, interior
  (1883–85; Grade I)
• 
  St Peter's Church, Church Road, Woolton
  (1886–87; Grade II*)
• 
  St Dunstan's church, Earle Road, Edge Hill
  (1886–89; Grade II*)

Roman Catholic churches[edit]

Gothic style parish churches that are Roman Catholic include: St Oswald's Church, Old Swan (1840–42) by Augustus Pugin, the interior rebuilt (1951–57) by Adrian Gilbert Scott in a modern idiom, the tower and spire by Pugin survive, the associated Convent of Mercy is almost certainly also by Pugin;^[168] St Francis Xavier Church, Everton, by Joseph John Scoles is one of the grandest Catholic churches in the city; St Anne's Church, Edge Hill by Charles Francis Hansom later altered by Pugin & Pugin; Church of St Vincent de Paul, Liverpool, by E. W. Pugin; Our Lady of Reconciliation by E. W. Pugin; St Sylvester's Church, Vauxhall by Pugin & Pugin; Our Lady of Mount Carmel RC Church (1876–78), Toxteth was designed by Liverpool architect James O'Byrne;^[169] Sacred Heart Church (1885–86), Hall Lane, Everton, by George Goldie, Charles Edwin Child & Edward Goldie, with a high altar by Pugin & Pugin;