Communicative competence
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The concept of communicative competence, as developed in linguistics, originated in response to perceived inadequacy of the notion of linguistic competence. That is, communicative competence encompasses a language user's grammatical knowledge of syntax, morphology, phonology and the like, but reconceives this knowledge as a functional, social understanding of how and when to use utterances appropriately.
Communicative language teaching is a pedagogical application of communicative competence.[1]
The understanding of communicative competence has been influenced by the field of pragmatics and the philosophy of language, including work on speech acts.[2]
Origin[edit]
The term was coined by Dell Hymes in 1966,[3] reacting against the perceived inadequacy of Noam Chomsky's (1965) distinction between linguistic competence and performance.[4] To address Chomsky's abstract notion of competence, Hymes undertook ethnographic exploration of communicative competence that included "communicative form and function in integral relation to each other".[5] The approach pioneered by Hymes is now known as the ethnography of communication.
Applications[edit]
The notion of communicative competence is one of the theories that underlies the communicative approach to foreign language teaching.[5] At least three core models exist. The first and most widely used is Canale and Swain's model[6] and the later iteration by Canale.[7] In a second model, sociocultural content is more precisely specified by Celce-Murcia, Dornyei, and Thurrell in 1995. For their part, they saw communicative competence as including linguistic competence, strategic competence, sociocultural competence, actional competence, and discourse competence.[8] A third model widely in use in federal language training in Canada is Bachman and Palmer's model.[9]
References[edit]
- ^ Savignon, Sandra J. (2017). "Communicative Competence". In Hossein, Nassasji (ed.). The TESOL Encyclopedia of English Language Teaching. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 1–7. doi:10.1002/9781118784235.eelt0047. ISBN 9781118784228.
- ^ Hymes 1964.
- ^ Hymes 1966.
- ^ Chomsky 1965.
- ^ a b Leung 2005.
- ^ Canale & Swain 1980.
- ^ Canale 1983.
- ^ Celce-Murcia, Dornyei & Thurrell 1995.
- ^ Bachman & Palmer 2010.
Bibliography[edit]
- Bachman, Lyle; Palmer, Adrian (2010). Language Assessment in Practice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Canale, Michael; Swain, Merrill (1980). "Theoretical bases of communicative approaches to second language teaching and testing". Applied Linguistics. 1 (1): 1–47. doi:10.1093/applin/1.1.1. hdl:11059/14798.
- Canale, Michael (1983). "From communicative competence to communicative language pedagogy". Language and Communication. 1 (1): 1–47.
- Celce-Murcia, Marianne; Dornyei, Zoltán; Thurrell, Sarah (1995). "Communicative competence: A pedagogically motivated model with content specifications". Issues in Applied Linguistics. 6 (2): 5–35. doi:10.5070/L462005216.
- Chomsky, Noam (1965). Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Cambridge: M.I.T. Press. ISBN 9780262530071.
- Hymes, Dell (1964), "Toward ethnographies of communication", American Anthropologist, 66 (6 part 2): 1–34, doi:10.1525/aa.1964.66.suppl_3.02a00010, ISSN 0002-7294
- Hymes, Dell (1966). "Two types of linguistic relativity". In Bright, W. (ed.). Sociolinguistics. The Hague: Mouton. pp. 114–158. OCLC 2164408.
- Leung, Constant (2005). "Convivial communication: recontextualizing communicative competence". International Journal of Applied Linguistics. 15 (2): 119–144. doi:10.1111/j.1473-4192.2005.00084.x. ISSN 0802-6106.
Further reading[edit]
- Hymes, Dell (1972). "On communicative competence". In Pride, J.B.; Holmes, J. (eds.). Sociolinguistics: Selected Readings. Harmondsworth: Penguin. pp. 269–293. ISBN 978-014080665-6.
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