Foreign relations of Senegal

From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Politics of Senegal
Constitution
Government
Parliament
Judiciary
Administrative divisions
Elections
Foreign relations
flag Senegal portal

Senegal's first President, Léopold Senghor, advocated close relations with France and negotiation and compromise as the best means of resolving international differences after Senegal's independence from its status as a French colony. To a large extent, the two succeeding presidents, Abdou Diouf and Abdoulaye Wade, have carried on Senghor's policies and philosophies. Senegal has long supported functional integration among French-speaking West African states through the West African Economic and Monetary Union.[1]

Senegal has a high profile in many international organizations and was a member of the UN Security Council in 1988–89. It was elected to the UN Commission on Human Rights in 1997. Friendly to the West, especially to France and to the United States, Senegal also is a vigorous proponent of more assistance from developed countries to the Third World. Additionally, Senegal has been a member state of the African Union since 1963.[2] The present-day Senegalese president, Macky Sall, is currently serving as the African Union's chairperson as of February 5, 2022.

Senegal borders The Gambia, Mauritania, Mali, Guinea, and Guinea-Bissau. Senegal enjoys mostly cordial relations with its neighbors. In spite of clear progress on other fronts with Mauritania (border security, resource management, economic integration, etc.), there remains the problem of an estimated 30,000 Black Mauritanian refugees living in Senegal.

Senegal is also a member of the International Criminal Court with a Bilateral Immunity Agreement of protection for the US-military (as covered under Article 98).

Pre-colonial foreign policy

[edit]

Senegal was regarded as Senegambia before the arrival of Europeans (Jaiteh),[3] where a number of independent kingdoms settled. By the 15th century, when the first Europeans arrived, Senegambia was linked to intra and inter-regional (Decourse, 8)[4] trade networks that extended throughout the coast. During the 17th and 18th centuries, the African slave trade took advantage of autonomous kingdoms such as, the Wolof and Jolof kingdoms (Tang, 3).[5] The establishment of French colonies coupled with the competing hegemonic power between local ethnic groups within the Wolof kingdom led to a power void after traditional rulers could not prevent the French from impeding the establishments already in place by politicians and elites (Venema, 4) . The change from slave trade to the trade of cash crops set the precedent for the collapse of states within both empires (Gray, 3).[6] The French used Senegal's advantageous geographic location, on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, to safeguard their interest in the trade of groundnuts (Schraeder and Gaye, 488).[7] The foreign policy of Senegal is also characterized by the religious values and beliefs of Islam. The spiritual traditions and foundations of Senegal represent another facet of foreign policy in and outside of the region. Political and diplomatic actors are ultimately determined by marabouts that intercede on behalf of the people to Allah (Schraeder and Gaye, 489).[7] Some marabouts establish loyalist relationships of patron with political leaders. Marabouts do not make policy, but their support is essential to the stability of government (Behrman Creevey, 262).[8]

Independence (1960-1989)

[edit]

Senegalese independence began in 1960 with Léopold Sedar Sénghor as the first president and was succeeded by Abdou Diouf in 1980. Senegalese diplomats in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs believe that West Africa must unite in order to not only remain competitive in an international economy dominated by superpowers like China and the United States, but also promote and consolidate economic development within West Africa.[7] Senegalese policy officials prioritize and use the individual strengths of surrounding African countries in order to strengthen regional economies and weaken regional dependency on foreign actors. This combative approach for western influence is underscored in the Senegalese constitution in clause four of the preamble: "must spare no effort in the fulfillment of African Unity".[7] These efforts have been actively pursued through formal diplomatic agreements with neighboring countries, such as the Mali Foundation in 1960, the Federation with Gambia from 1982 to 1989, as well as informal forms of cooperation such as the Inter-State Authority in the Fight Against Drought in the Sahel (CILSS), The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), The Joint African and Malagasy Organization (OCAM), the Organization for the Development of the Gambia River Valley (OMVG), and the Organization for the Development of the Senegal River Valley (OMVS).[7]

Cold War Foreign Policy

[edit]

During the Cold War, Senegal was part of the non-aligned world and remained neutral throughout the conflict. In 1965, the first Foreign Minister of Senegal, Doudou Thiam, published a book titled "The Foreign Policy of African States."[9] Thiam implored Africa to move beyond the ideological divisions of the Cold War to form a third neutral ideology on which African states could build their own path.[9] This concept of non-alignment became a central theme in Senegalese politics. Senegal's first President Léopold Sedar Sénghor privileged the country's relationship with France and sided with French President Charles de Gaulle against "superpower" domination between the U.S. and the Soviet Union.[7] France accounted for 95% of all investments in Senegal and 80% of Senegal's foreign trade in the 1960s.[10] Due to the close economic relationship between France and Senegal, Senegal appealed to French protectionism over West Africa, declining to move too closely to any superpower. Nonetheless, Senegal's ties with Western countries like France tilted its alignment westward.

"La Francophonie"

[edit]

One of the important strategic goals of Senegalese leaders was the integration and cooperation of Francophone Africa; a policy known as "la Francophonie" coined by President Senghor.[7] The promotion of this concept played a key role in the formation of worldwide summits, such as the Franco-African Summit, that allowed Senegal to emerge as a leader within the francophone movement in Africa, African consolidation, unification and cooperation are at the center of Senegalese foreign policy.[7] Senegal was also one of the founding members of several organizations designed to integrate Francophone Africa, including the African and Malagasy Common Organization in 1961 and the Malian Federation in 1960.[11][12]

"Négritude"

[edit]

Another cornerstone of Senegalese foreign policy during the Cold War was the exemplification of African Art and international cultural ties. This was connected to President Senghor's ideology of "Negritude" which emphasized Pan-Africanism and the exceptionalism of African culture.[7] In 1966, the First World Festival of Negro Arts was hosted in Dakar, Senegal.[13] The event was a tribute the art and excellence of the African Diaspora across the world. In the development of the event, Senegal strengthened relations with the UN, African states like Ethiopia, and nations on both sides of the Cold War.[13] The United States was one of the key supporters of the event, sending the largest delegation of performers, artists, and technician of any of the 43 participating nations.[14] Despite an official policy of non-alignment, Senegal used African Art and Culture as a negotiation tool with international partners and build a "soft" foreign policy with a variety of nations. At the same time, the First World Festival of Negro Arts was seen by many post-colonial states as neocolonial due to its connection to French concept of Negritude and cooperation with Western powers.[13] The event strained relationships with Algeria and Guinea who would host their own festival in the years following in Algiers.[13]

Iran-Senegal Relations

[edit]

Senegal's non-alignment policy also contributed to the building of significant relationships with other nations. President Sénghor developed strong political and economic ties with the Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. In 1971, formal diplomatic relations were established, and, by 1973, the Shah was providing $2.4 million in developmental loans for Senegal (Steele 180–1).[10] Iran continued to provide development investment and loans from 1974 to 1979 that focused on the trade of Iranian oil for Senegalese phosphate, including the creation of an oil refinery and a new adjacent city in Senegal (Steele 183–4).[10] The project was never completed due to funding gaps and the Iranian Revolution, despite strong intentions to move forward.

Current Partnerships

[edit]

U.S.-Senegal Relations

[edit]

Diplomatic relations between the United States and Senegal began in 1960, following independence and the dissolution of the Mali Federation.[15] Early after independence, a relationship was formed between President Senghor and U.S. President John F. Kennedy as part of the latter's "African Policy."[14] As part of Senegal's policy of non-alignment and African Socialism, bilateral relations between the two were limited but meaningful. The United States contributed aid to Senegal, including for the First World Festival of Negro Arts, and maintained consistent contact with the country throughout the Cold War via its US Agency for International Development (USAID).[14]

Today, U.S.-Senegal Relations are defined by foreign aid, military cooperation, and the protection of democracy in the region. The United States provides a growing amount of economic aid to the country. Senegal has received aid for democracy promotion, food security, and development projects like $1.5 million in aid for solar energy and nano-loan financing systems.[16] Health diplomacy is another sector of aid that the United States and Senegal collaborate on. These include programs for child health, the prevention of Malaria, and family planning funded by USAID.[17] Recently, the US sent $10.7 million of emergency aid and 99,450 vaccine does to Senegal to combat the COVID-19 pandemic.[15][18] Defense has also been a major area of partnership as Senegal has remained a stable nation in a region consistently fraught with violence. In 2016, both nations also signed a Defense Cooperation Agreement that would ensure joint-military training and missions in West African states affected by Islamic extremism and alleviate the need for more troops to be stationed in Senegal.[19] Senegal has also supported U.S. military missions in Iraq (1991), Niger (2016), and even its own territory during the Ebola outbreak of 2014, through the auspices of the United States African Command (AFRICOM).[14] Another major priority of the United States in Senegal is the promotion and protection of democracy. Senegal's democratic system has persisted for decades and has become more democratic following the Cold War, garnering the attention of the U.S. as a model state for West Africa.[15] The United States manages several programs or aid packets meant to increase democratic diplomacy. One of these programs is conducted by the United States Information Agency which help hold workshops and training with Senegalese news federation and reporters to increase the independence and power of the press in the country.[20]

The relationship between the United States and Senegal is often limited by the country's strong ties with France, preventing deep connections from forming without diplomatic conflict.[21] The French have been critical of recent "hard" diplomacy actions by the U.S., including AFRICOM and limited the nation's African Crisis Response Initiative (ACRI) to the training of African forces in West Africa.[22]

Intergovernmental Organizations

[edit]

ECOWAS

[edit]

Senegal is a Zone A member of ECOWAS since its formation in 1975 with the signing of the Treaty of Lagos and the largest contributor of troops in the Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group (ECOMOG).[23] According to the ECOWAS official website, Senegal's affairs in ECOWAS are currently overseen by Madame Aissata Tall Sall, Senegal's Foreign Minister.[24] Senegal holds 6 seats in ECOWAS's Community Parliament, which assigns seats based on member states' populations.

The Trans-West African Coastal Highway was an ECOWAS project which made significant infrastructure developments that connected Senegals' Capital, Dakar, to other major cities in the surrounding region, such as Lagos in Nigeria and Nouakchott in Mauritania. Additionally, ECOWAS oversaw the construction of a 1.9 km bridge connecting Senegal to its interior neighbor, the Gambia, and has begun plans to construct a bridge connecting Mauritania and Senegal.[25][26] Not only did these projects expand Senegal's physical infrastructure and access to its neighbors, but they are projected by officials to be prosperous for economic development through trade expansion.[26]

On July 10, 2014, ECOWAS member states agreed to begin an economic partnership agreement (EPA) with the EU. The implementation of the EPA, along with the adoption of a common external tariff (CET) for ECOWAS members, impacted the Senegalese economy's ability to levy custom tariffs on EU imports, thus reducing revenue collected by the Senegalese government, but increasing remuneration in the formal Senegalese labor market.[27]

Guinea-Bissau Civil War (1998)

[edit]

Senegal contributed about 2,000 troops upon the request of President Joao Bernardo Vieira of Guinea-Bissau for support during the Guinea-Bissau Civil War. The contribution of Senegalese troops to the Civil War also served to benefit Senegalese national interests because Vieira's government was at risk of being replaced in a coup attempt by Ansumane Mane. Mane was believed to be sending weapons to Casamance separatists, who are a secessionist group in the southwestern region of Senegal.[28] In November 1998, Senegal abided by the conclusion of the ECOWAS authority to withdraw Senegalese and Guinean troops from the intervention and instead allow the other ECOWAS nations to contribute armed forces in Guinea-Bissau.[29]

The Gambia (2017)

[edit]

ECOWAS militarily intervened in The Gambia in 2017 when Former Gambian President Yahya Jammeh refused to concede after losing the election that year, abbreviated as ECOMIG and code-named "Operation Restore Democracy". The Senegalese Foreign Minister first brought this concern to the U.N. Security Council in an emergency meeting (UNSC Resolution 2337). The resolution called for a peaceful resolution to the Gambian presidential crisis and passed unanimously; ECOWAS military forces, led by a Senegalese commander, entered the Gambia following the resolution's passage.[30] Senegal's armed forces played an active role in this military intervention and had a vested political interest in Jammeh stepping down; Adama Barrow, the current Gambian president, was sworn into his presidential office in the Gambian embassy in Dakar, Senegal for fear of his safety.[31] Additionally, Jammeh was a cause of concern because his alleged aid to Casamance separatists in Senegal.[30] Conflicts between pro-Jammeh forces and the Senegalese armed forces produced refugee flows into Senegal and Guinea-Bissau.[32]

Mali Federation (1959–60)

[edit]

Senegal was an active member of the Mali Federation during its existence from 1959 to 1960. Along with French Sudan, Senegal advocated for the union of French-speaking West African nations, including the proposal of the union's name, and was a key contributor in its creation.[33] The formation of the Federation reflected a desire to prevent AOF (Afrique Occidentale Française, or French West Africa) from fragmenting — the constitution writing process was led by Leopold Senghor and Modibo Keita, the first presidents of Senegal and Mali, respectively.[11]

In 1960, Senegalese and Malian interests conflicted when Senghor became a candidate for the presidency of the Federation and Keita responded by declaring a state of emergency. On August 20, Senegal left the Mali Federation. The Federation subsequently dissolved.[11]

Senegambian Confederation (1981-89)

[edit]

The Senegambian Confederation, comprising The Gambia and Senegal, was established in 1981 and dissolved in 1989. The Confederation was intended to promote security, political, and economic unity between the two countries, and in the vision of the Senegalese government, an eventual integration of the countries, to which The Gambia resisted.[34] The Confederation's disestablishment was initiated by the abrupt withdrawal of Senegalese troops from the Gambia, but ultimately was a culmination of multiple factors.[34]

CILSS

[edit]

The Comité permanent Inter-États de Lutte contre La Sécheresse dans Le Sahel (CILSS) or the Permanent Interstates Committee for Drought Control in the Sahel is an international organization dedicated to combatting the effects of drought and desertification in the Sahel region of Africa.[35] Founded in 1973 after major droughts across the Sahel, CILSS has worked to uphold the work of ECOWAS in ensuring food and energy security, to educate local engineers on more sustainable development practices, to provide information on ongoing environmental problems, and to research the effects of climate change and desertification.[35] While originally consisting of 13 mostly Francophone West African nations including Senegal, the organization was integrated into ECOWAS, expanding to a total of 17 members.[36]

Senegal is one of the founding members of CILSS and one of its biggest contributors[35] The nation and Senegalese President Macky Sall has been leaders in development projects like "2iS" or the "Sahel Irrigation Initiative" which would create a network of irrigation infrastructure across the Sahel belt to support water-insecure areas.[35]

African and Malagasy Common Organization (1961-1985)

[edit]

The African and Malagasy Common Organization or the Organization Commune Africaine et Malgache (OCAM) was an international organization that encompassed much of Francophone West and Central Africa and Madagascar from 1961 to 1985.[12] It was originally established as the Union Africaine et Malgache in 1961, with the support of France, for the purpose of greater economic, political, and social integration of French-speaking West Africa.[12] At its height from 1961 to 1973, the organization included 14-15 members and changed names several times before finally settling on the African, Malagasy, and Mauritian Common Organization (OCAMM).[12][37] After 1973, member states began to leave the organization because of the lack of substantive work and integration of its governing bodies, especially following the establishment of the Organization of African Unity (later the African Union) in 1963 which had a broader Pan-African focus and mandate.[12]

Senegal was a member of OCAM from its founding to its eventual dissolution in 1985 and was instrumental in its development. President Senghor, in particular, was a major supporter of the organization because of his policy of " la Francophonie" or the integration of French-speaking Africa.[37] Senegal remains a member of several of the institutions that were initially created by the Conference of Heads of State while OCAM was still functional, including the African and Malagasy Council on Higher Education (CAMES).[12]

OMVG

[edit]

Senegal is one of the two founding members of the Organization pour la Mise en Valeur de la Fleuve Gambie (OMVG), also known as the Organization for the Development of the Gambia River Basin.[38] Its other members include Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, and Guinea. The objective of the organization is to ensure the proper management and shared usage of water resources in the Gambia and Geba River Basins across the borders of member states.[39] The OMVG has become increasingly important in recent years due to climate change and conflicts between Senegal and Guinea-Bissau over water resources in the Geba river.[39] One of its main projects is the usage of the river basin for hydro-electrification. Particularly in Southern Senegalese region of Kédougou, the planned construction of Sambangalou Hydroelectric Development (AHES) on the border of Guinea would provide power and greater agriculture potential to the area.[38]

OMVS

[edit]

The Organization pour la Mise en Valeur de la Fleuve Sénégal (OMVS) or the Organization for the Development of the Senegal River Basin was established in 1972 and consists of four member states: Senegal, Guinea, Mali, and Mauritania.[40] Former Senegalese President Senghor is considered one of the "founding fathers" of the organization.[40] The goals of the OMVS are to promote the economic integration, development, and sustainability of the river basin which provides essential natural resources to member states.[41] Dakar, the capital of Senegal, relies on the Senegal river for 75% of its water usage.[42]

The OMVS has been an effective organization at developing the Senegal River Basin, but have experienced diplomatic and environmental problems throughout its existence. The most serious of these conflicts was between Senegal and Mauritania. In the late-1980s and early-1990s, there were a series of violent clashes between Senegalese farmers and Mauritanian herders over scarce resources near the river.[42] After the murder and expulsion of Senegalese farmers from Mauritania, troops from both countries were mobilized to the border and over 100 Mauritanians were killed in Dakar while the rest were expelled.[42] The only remaining Mauritanians in Senegal were diplomats working for the OMVS which remained the only diplomatic relationship between Senegal and Mauritania at the time.[42] This period almost saw the two countries go to war and cemented current tensions within the organization despite continuing plans for development and research.

Future developments in foreign policy

[edit]

Senegal is regarded on the international stage as one of the most stable democracies in Africa (Konte)[43] as a result of three peaceful power-transitions since 1960 (WorldBank). Senegalese policy making is primarily based on immediate neighbors, the remainder of Africa, the Arab world and other Muslim states, and western democracies (Schraeder and Gaye, 501)[7] and revolves around Mauritania, Mali, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, and Gambia (Schraeder and Gaye, 502).[7] A source of conflict between Senegal and surrounding nations has been the management and development of shared border resources (Schraeder and Gaye, 503).[7]

Senegalese foreign policy also revolves around Senegal's involvement in the internal affairs of other African nations and the desire to take and establish a lead role in a myriad of organizations committed to promoting regional integration and African unity (Schraeder and Gaye, 504).[7] International commitments are a distinctive aspect of Senegalese foreign policy and includes arrangements with international organizations that operate in Senegal and members of state organizations that Senegal belongs to (Sall, 9).[44] An obligatory resolution mandated by the United Nations or a decree by the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) may constitute an international commitment by Senegal.

Senegalese foreign policy is now characterized by a nationalism that is fueled by the place Senegal once had within the French colony and a traditional culture. Thus, constituting a sense of regional superiority in regards to the domain of regional integration. The thirty-five years of uninterrupted democratic rule in Senegal has also been a key factor in Senegalese foreign policy. Over seventy percent of people are dependent on agriculture to provide economic stability and most of Senegal's economic earnings stem from the exportation of groundnuts (Gray, 1).[6] Thus, Senegal is currently working towards a structural transformation of their economy by implementing a form of economic diplomacy to strengthen regional stability and seize foreign markets (Zacchia et al., 2).[45] Senegal plays an active role within international organizations such as the United Nations Security Council, Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), Nepad, and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation or the International Organisation of La Francophonie (WorldBank).[46]

Diplomatic relations

[edit]

List of countries which Senegal maintains diplomatic relations with:

# Country Date
1  Egypt 4 April 1960[47]
2  France 20 August 1960[48]
3  United Kingdom 20 August 1960[49]
4  Germany 23 September 1960[50]
5  United States 24 September 1960[51]
6  Japan 4 October 1960[52]
7  Israel 10 November 1960[53]
8  Morocco 15 November 1960[54]
9  Norway 2 December 1960[55]
10  Cameroon 1960[56]
11  Nigeria 1960[57]
12  Pakistan 1960[58]
13  Sri Lanka 1960[59]
14  Saudi Arabia 22 January 1961[60]
15  Belgium 1 February 1961[61]
16  Italy 1 March 1961[62]
17  India 2 April 1961[63]
18  Ghana 21 April 1961[64]
19  Lebanon 22 April 1961[65]
20  Brazil 26 April 1961[66]
21  Sweden 8 May 1961[67]
22  Denmark 16 May 1961[68]
23   Switzerland 26 May 1961[69]
24  Serbia 31 May 1961[70]
25  Guinea 9 June 1961[71]
—  Holy See 17 November 1961[72]
26  Netherlands 7 November 1961[73]
27  Austria 1961[74][75]
28  Haiti 4 February 1962[76]
29  Argentina 28 March 1962[77]
30  Mauritania 4 May 1962[78]
31  Mexico 9 May 1962[79]
32  Canada 1 June 1962[80]
33  Russia 14 June 1962[81]
34  Poland 18 June 1962[82]
35  South Korea 19 October 1962[83]
36  Sierra Leone 26 October 1962[84]
37  Liberia 1962[85]
38  Tunisia 1962[86]
39  Chile 4 June 1963[87]
40  Mali 22 June 1963[88]
41  Turkey 17 October 1963[89]
42  Algeria 9 April 1964[90]
43  Trinidad and Tobago 21 November 1964[91]
44  Ethiopia 1964[92]
45  Sudan 1964[93]
46  Syria 21 January 1965[94]
47  Spain 3 March 1965[95]
48  Gambia 13 May 1965[96]
49  Romania 5 November 1965[97]
—  Sovereign Military Order of Malta 1965[98]
50  Bulgaria 28 December 1967[99]
51  Czech Republic 28 December 1967[100]
52  Hungary 24 January 1968[101]
53  Luxembourg 13 June 1968[102]
54  Finland 31 January 1969[103]
55  Burundi January 1969[104]
56  Cambodia 27 March 1969[105]
57  Republic of the Congo 9 April 1969[106]
58  Zambia 25 April 1969[107]
59  Jordan 12 July 1969[108]
60  Kuwait 16 August 1969[109]
61  Tanzania 22 August 1969[110]
62  Vietnam 29 December 1969[111]
63  Kenya 13 March 1970[112]
64  Uganda 8 April 1970[113]
65  Venezuela 10 September 1970[114]
66  Rwanda 9 February 1971[115]
67  Iran 13 May 1971[116]
68  China 7 December 1971[117]
69  Burkina Faso 27 December 1971[118]
70  Greece January 1972[119]
71  Libya 2 February 1972[120]
72  North Korea 8 September 1972[121]
73  Central African Republic September 1972[122]
74  Chad October 1972[123]
75  Afghanistan 20 February 1973[124]
76  Niger 2 March 1973[125]
77  Albania 26 April 1973[126]
78  Qatar 5 June 1973[127]
79  Bangladesh 13 July 1973[128]
80  United Arab Emirates 23 July 1973[129]
81  Cuba 9 August 1974[130]
82  Guinea-Bissau 10 August 1974[131]
83  Portugal 2 September 1974[132]
84  Australia 26 September 1974[133]
85  Iraq 30 March 1975[134]
86  Fiji 14 May 1975[135]
87  Cape Verde 6 July 1975[136]
88  Somalia 2 October 1975[137]
89  Oman 25 December 1975[138]
90  Jamaica 8 January 1976[139]
91  Philippines 15 March 1976[140]
92  Barbados 18 March 1976[141]
93  Togo 18 June 1976[142]
94  Comoros 10 July 1976[143]
95  Malta 3 November 1976[144]
96  Malaysia 1 April 1977[145]
97  Ivory Coast 18 March 1978[146]
98  Djibouti 24 March 1978[147]
99  Uruguay 8 May 1978[148]
100  Costa Rica 23 January 1979[149]
101  Thailand 9 August 1980[150]
102  Ecuador 25 August 1980[145]
103  Indonesia 3 October 1980[151]
104  Maldives 15 February 1981[152]
105  Zimbabwe 1 June 1981[153]
106  Colombia 1 August 1981[154]
107  Bahrain 13 December 1981[155]
108  Angola 16 February 1982[156]
109  Mongolia 12 December 1985[157]
110  Bolivia 16 January 1987[145]
111  Panama 27 October 1987[145]
112  Seychelles 8 July 1988[158]
—  State of Palestine February 1989[159]
113  Namibia 18 April 1990[160]
114  Brunei 25 November 1991[145]
115  Estonia 3 April 1992[161]
116  Lithuania 4 May 1992[145]
117  Latvia 9 June 1992[162]
118  Ukraine 25 November 1992[163]
119  Slovakia 1 January 1993[164]
120  Bosnia and Herzegovina 20 August 1993[145]
121  South Africa 6 May 1994[165]
122  Uzbekistan 6 October 1995[166]
123  Azerbaijan 14 March 1996[167]
124  Slovenia 19 May 1997[168]
125  Croatia 1 October 1997[169]
126  Suriname 17 April 1998[145]
127  Singapore 16 June 1999[170]
128  Belarus 25 January 2002[145]
129  Madagascar 12 August 2002[171]
130  North Macedonia 20 October 2002[172]
131  Iceland 7 April 2004[145]
132  Armenia 8 April 2004[145]
133  San Marino 17 October 2006[173]
134  Andorra 20 December 2006[145]
135  Kazakhstan 13 March 2008[174]
136  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 23 September 2008[145]
137  Dominica 28 January 2009[145]
138  Monaco 23 June 2009[175]
139  Guyana 10 November 2009[145]
140  Paraguay March 2010[176]
141  Kyrgyzstan 2 April 2010[177]
142  Georgia 19 August 2010[145]
143  Montenegro 22 September 2010[145]
144  Honduras 14 February 2011[178]
145  New Zealand 17 April 2012[179]
146  Tuvalu 1 July 2013[145]
—  Kosovo 14 February 2014[180]
147  Mozambique 29 May 2014[181]
148  Turkmenistan 25 September 2014[182]
149  Eritrea 10 October 2014[183]
150  Botswana 16 March 2015[184]
151  El Salvador 29 September 2015[185]
152  Guatemala 29 September 2015[145]
153  Malawi 9 March 2016[186]
154  Saint Kitts and Nevis 27 April 2016[187]
155  Tajikistan 24 August 2018[188]
156  Dominican Republic 24 September 2018[189]
157  Moldova 28 April 2021[145]
158  Liechtenstein 2021[190]
159  South Sudan 19 July 2022[191]
160  Benin Unknown
161  Democratic Republic of the Congo Unknown
162  Cyprus Unknown
163  Equatorial Guinea Unknown
164  Eswatini Unknown
165  Gabon Unknown
166  Ireland Unknown
167  Lesotho Unknown
168  Mauritius Unknown
169  Nicaragua Unknown
170  Peru Unknown
171  São Tomé and Príncipe Unknown
172  Yemen Unknown

Bilateral relations

[edit]

Africa

[edit]
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Angola 16 February 1982 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 February 1982[192]
 Cape Verde 6 July 1975 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 July 1975[193]
 Eritrea 10 October 2014 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 October 2014 when Ambassador of Senegal to Eritrea Mr. Mamadou Mamadou Sall presented his credentials to President Isaias Afwerki.[194]
 Kenya
  • Kenya has an embassy in Dakar.
  • Senegal has an embassy in Nairobi.
 Libya 2 February 1972 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 February 1972.[195]
 Madagascar 12 August 2002 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 August 2002[196]
  • Madagascar has an embassy in Dakar.[197]
  • Senegal is accredited to Madagascar from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa.[198]
 Mauritania 4 May 1962 See Mauritania–Senegal relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 May 1962 when Permanent Representative of Mauritania to Senegal Mr. Mamadou Lamine Ba, presented his credentials to President Leopold Sedar Senghor.[199] In the years following independence, Mauritania's principal ally in sub-Saharan Africa was Senegal, although the two countries have espoused different strategies for development.[200] The growing split between blacks and Maures in Mauritania has, however, affected ties with Senegal, which sees itself as championing the rights of Mauritania's black minority.[200] Under Taya, relations between the two countries were correct, even though each accused the other of harboring exiled dissidents.[200]

In May 1987, Senegal extradited Captain Moulaye Asham Ould Ashen, a former black member of the Haidalla government accused of corruption, but only after veiled threats from Nouakchott that failure to do so would result in Mauritania's allowing Senegalese dissidents a platform from which to speak out against the government of President Abdou Diouf.[200] At the same time, Senegal and Mauritania have cooperated successfully with Mali under the Senegal River Development Office (Organisation pour la Mise en Valeur du Fleuve Sénégal—OMVS), which was formed in 1972 as a flood control, irrigation, and agricultural development project.[200]

 Morocco 15 November 1960 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 November 1960[201]
 Namibia 27 April 1990 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 April 1990[202]
  • Namibia has a resident embassy in Dakar.[203]
  • Senegal is accredited to Namibia from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa.
 South Africa 6 May 1994 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 May 1994[204]
 Tanzania 22 August 1969 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 August 1969 when accredited first Ambassador of Senegal to Tanzania (resident in Addis Ababa) Mr. Youssouph Sylla[205]
 Uganda 8 April 1970 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 April 1970 when accredited first Ambassador of Senegal to Uganda (resident in Addis Ababa) Mr. Youssouph Sylla[206]

Americas

[edit]
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Argentina 28 March 1962 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 March 1962[207]
  • Argentina has an embassy in Dakar.
  • Senegal is accredited to Argentina from its embassy in Brasília, Brazil.
 Brazil 26 April 1961 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 April 1961[208]
 Canada 26 May 1962 See Canada–Senegal relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 May 1962.[209]

 Guatemala 29 September 2015 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 September 2015[212]
  • Guatemala is accredited to Senegal, through its embassy in London, United Kingdom.
  • Senegal is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.[213]
 Mexico 10 May 1962 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 May 1962[214]

See Mexico–Senegal relations

  • Mexico is accredited to Senegal from its embassy in Rabat, Morocco.[215] and maintains an honorary consulate in Dakar.[216]
  • Senegal is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States and maintains an honorary consulate in Mexico City.[217]
 United States 24 September 1960 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 September 1960[218]

See Senegal–United States relations Senegal enjoys an excellent relationship with the United States. The Government of Senegal is known and respected for its able diplomats and has often supported the U.S. in the United Nations, including with troop contributions for peacekeeping activities. The United States maintains friendly relations with Senegal and provides considerable economic and technical assistance.

  • Senegal has an embassy in Washington, DC and a consulate-general in New York City.[219]
  • United States has an embassy in Dakar.[220]

Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Senegal". U.S. Bilateral Relations Fact Sheets. United States Department of State.

Asia

[edit]
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Australia 26 September 1974 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 September 1974[221]
 China 7 December 1971 See China–Senegal relations

The People's Republic of China established diplomatic relations with the Republic of Senegal on December 7, 1971.[222] The Senegalese Government and the Republic of China (Taiwan) signed a communique on "resuming diplomatic relations" on January 3, 1996. Therefore, the Chinese Government announced the suspension of diplomatic relations with Senegal on January 9, 1996. China and Senegal resumed diplomatic ties at the ambassadorial level as of Oct. 25, 2005.

 India 2 April 1961 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 April 1961[223]

See India-Senegal relations

  • India has an embassy in Dakar[224]
  • Senegal has an embassy in New Delhi.
 Indonesia 3 October 1980 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 October 1980[225]
 Iran 13 May 1971 See Iran–Senegal relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 May 1971.[226] Iranian president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and his Senegalese counterpart Abdoulaye Wade had a joint press conference along with a close meeting in Feb 2008 in the city of Mashhad, both side pledged to expand the bilateral ties in the fields of economy, tourism and politics in addition to increase the efforts for empowering the OIC.[227]

Also the giant Iran-based automaker Iran Khodro established[228] an assembly line to produce Iranian cars in Senegal and dispatch them to the African markets directly from Dakar. This Iranian-Senegalese company has the capacity to produce 10,000 Samand cars annually.[229]

In 2011, Senegal cut ties with Iran, accusing Tehran of supplying separatist rebels in the Casamance region with weapons. They purport that these weapons were used in the killing of three Senegalese soldiers.[230]

 Israel 10 November 1960
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 November 1960.[231]
  • Both countries restored diplomatic relations on June 4 2017 after they were broken on October 28 1973 following the Yom Kippur War.
  • Israel has an embassy in Dakar.[232]
  • Israel has persuaded Senegal to open an embassy in Jerusalem.[233]
 Japan 1960
 Malaysia 1 April 1977 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 April 1977[235]

See Malaysia–Senegal relations

 Philippines 15 March 1976 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 March 1976[238]
  • Philippines is accredited to Senegal from its embassy in Rabat, Morocco.[239]
  • Senegal is accredited to the Philippines from its embassy in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.[240]
 Saudi Arabia 22 January 1961 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 January 1961[241]
 South Korea 19 October 1962
  • The establishment of Diplomatic Relations between the Republic of Korea and the Republic of Senegal was on October 19, 1962[242]
  • South Korea has an embassy in Dakar.[243]
 Thailand 9 August 1980 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 August 1980[244]
 Turkey 17 October 1963 See Senegal–Turkey relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 October 1963 when accredited first Envoy of Turkey to Senegal with residence in Dakar Mr. Abdülahad Birden.[247]

 United Arab Emirates 23 July 1973

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 July 1973[249]

The United Arab Emirates established an embassy in Dakar in March 2018, which was unveiled by Abdullah Bin Zayed Al Nahyan.[250] The Abu Dhabi Fund for Development loaned Senegal $13 million to invest in rural solar energy.[250]

 Vietnam 29 December 1969 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 December 1969[251]

Both countries are former French colonies, Vietnam and Senegal have a long history of cultural links. Beginning in the 1930s, many Senegalese began serving in Vietnam as soldiers for France; some took local wives, with whom they had children. However, in the turbulent 1940s, with World War II and the First Indochina War, many Vietnamese women married to Senegalese followed their husbands back to Senegal.

Europe

[edit]
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Austria
  • Austria has an embassy in Dakar.[252]
  • Senegal is accredited to Austria, through its embassy in Berlin, Germany. Senegal also maintains an honorary consulate in Vienna.[253]
 France 20 August 1960 See France–Senegal relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 August 1960[254]

 Germany 23 September 1960 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 September 1960[257]

See Germany–Senegal relations

  • Germany has an embassy in Dakar.[258]
  • Senegal has an embassy in Berlin.[259]
 Kosovo 14 February 2014 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 February 2014[260]
  • Senegal was the first African country which recognizes Kosovo's independence in 2008.[261]
  • In 2017, Kosovo opened an embassy in Dakar, both country enjoy excellent friendships.[262]
 Poland 18 June 1962 See Poland–Senegal relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 June 1962[263]

  • Poland has an embassy in Dakar.
  • Senegal has an embassy in Warsaw.
 Romania 5 November 1965 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 November 1965[264]
  • Romania has an embassy in Dakar.[265]
  • Senegal is accredited to Romania, through its embassy in Berlin, Germany. Senegal also maintains an honorary consulate in Bucharest.[253]
 Russia 14 June 1962 See Russia–Senegal relations

The Soviet Union established diplomatic relations with Senegal on 14 June 1962[266]

  • Russia has an embassy in Dakar.
  • Senegal has an embassy in Moscow.
 Slovakia 1 January 1993 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 January 1993[267]
 Spain 3 March 1965 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 March 1965[269]

See Senegal–Spain relations

  • Senegal has an embassy in Madrid.
  • Spain has an embassy in Dakar.
 United Kingdom 20 August 1960 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 August 1960[270]
  • Senegal has an embassy in London.
  • The UK has an embassy in Dakar.

Disputes – international

[edit]

A short section of the boundary with the Gambia is undefined.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "The Foreign Policy of Senegal Since 2000". SAIIA. Retrieved May 5, 2022.
  2. ^ "Member States | African Union". au.int. Retrieved May 5, 2022.
  3. ^ Malanding, Jaiteh J. (December 16, 2008). "Senegambia". The Atlas of the Gambia. Retrieved October 1, 2019.
  4. ^ DeCorse, Christopher R. (2001). West Africa during the Atlantic Slave Trade Archaeological Perspectives. London: Leicester University Press. p. 8.
  5. ^ Tang, Patricia (2007). Masters of the Sabar: Wolof Griot Percussionists of Senegal. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. p. 3.
  6. ^ a b Gray, James K. (June 10, 2002). The Groundnut Market in Senegal: Examination of Price and Policy Changes (PhD thesis). Virginia Tech. hdl:10919/28143. S2CID 157599763.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Schraeder, Peter J. (1997). "Senegal's Foreign Policy: Challenges of Democratization and Marginalization". African Affairs. 96 (385). Nefertiti Gaye: 485–508. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a007881. JSTOR 723816.
  8. ^ Behrman, Lucy Creevey (1977). "Muslim Politics and Development in Senegal: The Journal of Modern African Studies". The Journal of Modern African Studies. 15 (2): 261–277. doi:10.1017/S0022278X00053933. JSTOR 159921. S2CID 154501016.
  9. ^ a b Thiam, Doudou (1965). The Foreign Policy of African States: Ideological Bases, Present Realities, and Future Prospects. New York: Praeger. ISBN 978-0-8371-8555-2.
  10. ^ a b c Steele, Robert (August 20, 2020). "The Keur Farah Pahlavi Project and Iranian-Senegalese Relations in the 1970s". Iranian Studies. 54 (1–2): 169–192. doi:10.1080/00210862.2020.1792768. ISSN 0021-0862. S2CID 225244330.
  11. ^ a b c Walters, Kurt Cornelis Frederik (June 1966). "The Mali Federation: A Case Study for Political Integration". Retrieved April 27, 2022.
  12. ^ a b c d e f Vinokurov, Evgeny; Libman, Alexander (2017), "Dissolution of Regional Organizations", Re-Evaluating Regional Organizations, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 211–222, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-53055-0_13, ISBN 978-3-319-53054-3
  13. ^ a b c d Taylor, Lauren Elizabeth (2019). The Art of Diplomacy in Dakar: The International Politics of Display at the 1966 Premier Festival Mondial des Arts Negroes. UCLA (Thesis).
  14. ^ a b c d Ripert, Yohann C. (January 5, 2021). "Decolonizing Diplomacy: Senghor, Kennedy, and the Practice of Ideological Resistance". African Studies Review. 64 (2): 292–314. doi:10.1017/asr.2020.91. ISSN 0002-0206. S2CID 234247930.
  15. ^ a b c "The United States and Senegal: 60 Years of Partnership". United States Department of State. Retrieved May 12, 2022.
  16. ^ "U.S. Government supports access to energy and finance through new grants operating in Africa including Senegal | Press Release | Senegal | U.S. Agency for International Development". www.usaid.gov. March 31, 2022. Archived from the original on May 12, 2022. Retrieved May 12, 2022.
  17. ^ Weiss, William; Piya, Bhumika; Andrus, Althea; Ahsan, Karar Zunaid; Cohen, Robert (January 6, 2022). "Estimating the impact of donor programs on child mortality in low- and middle-income countries: a synthetic control analysis of child health programs funded by the United States Agency for International Development". Population Health Metrics. 20 (1): 2. doi:10.1186/s12963-021-00278-9. ISSN 1478-7954. PMC 8734298. PMID 34986844.
  18. ^ "U.S. Donates 99,450 COVID-19 vaccines to Senegal". www.usaid.gov. May 3, 2022. Archived from the original on May 12, 2022. Retrieved May 12, 2022.
  19. ^ "U.S. and Senegal sign defense cooperation deal". Reuters. May 2, 2016. Retrieved May 12, 2022.
  20. ^ Datta, Christopher (November 1, 2019). "The Power of Ideas That Won the Cold War is Still Needed". American Diplomacy: 1–3. ProQuest 2312459151.
  21. ^ Elam-Thomas, Harriet Lee (2017). Diversifying diplomacy my journey from Roxbury to Dakar. Potomac Books. ISBN 978-1-61234-950-3. OCLC 1175634734.
  22. ^ Bagayoko, Niagale (April 3, 2009). "French Reactions to AFRICOM: An Historic Perspective". Contemporary Security Policy. 30 (1): 28–31. doi:10.1080/13523260902759761. ISSN 1352-3260. S2CID 153687304.
  23. ^ "Senegal's place in ECOWAS". www.presidence.sn. Archived from the original on April 18, 2023. Retrieved March 28, 2022.
  24. ^ "SENEGAL | Economic Community of West African States(ECOWAS)". ecowas.int. Archived from the original on February 21, 2022. Retrieved March 28, 2022.
  25. ^ "Gambia and Senegal finally inaugurate connecting bridge". AP NEWS. January 26, 2019. Retrieved March 28, 2022.
  26. ^ a b "Dakar and Nouakchott to be linked by Rosso bridge". apanews.net. January 13, 2021. Retrieved March 28, 2022.
  27. ^ Mboup, Sokhna Diarra; Baldé, Racky; Diallo, Thierno Malick; Emini, Christian Arnault (December 1, 2016). "The Impact of Trade Reforms on Employment and Welfare in ECOWAS Countries: The Case of Senegal". SSRN 3164364.
  28. ^ Francis, David J. (December 13, 2016). Uniting Africa: Building Regional Peace and Security Systems. London: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315235332. ISBN 978-1-315-23533-2.
  29. ^ Suzuki, Sanae (October 1, 2020). "Increasing ownership for intervention in ECOWAS". African Security Review. 29 (4): 364–375. doi:10.1080/10246029.2020.1843508. ISSN 1024-6029. S2CID 229366566.
  30. ^ a b Jawla, Famara Wassa (March 23, 2020). Factors That Influence Senegal's Proposal To Endorse Ecowas Military Intervention In The Gambia 2016-2018 (Bachelor thesis). State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.
  31. ^ "Gambia crisis: Senegal sends in troops to back elected leader". BBC News. January 19, 2017. Retrieved April 20, 2022.
  32. ^ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Senegal: Around 45,000 have fled political uncertainty in The Gambia". UNHCR. Retrieved April 20, 2022.
  33. ^ James S. Coleman; Carl G. Rosberg, eds. (2019) [1964]. Political Parties and National Integration in Tropical Africa. Berkeley, CA. ISBN 978-0-520-31175-6. OCLC 1149456625.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  34. ^ a b Hughes, Arnold (July 1, 1992). "The collapse of the Senegambian confederation". The Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics. 30 (2): 200–222. doi:10.1080/14662049208447632. ISSN 0306-3631.
  35. ^ a b c d "CILSS - Comité permanent Inter-Etats de Lutte contre la Sécheresse dans le Sahel". portails.cilss.bf. Archived from the original on May 18, 2022. Retrieved May 10, 2022.
  36. ^ "USAID/West Africa and Permanent Interstate Committee Drought Control Sahel (CILSS)". www.usaid.gov. October 15, 2021. Archived from the original on May 12, 2022. Retrieved May 10, 2022.
  37. ^ a b Ekue, Albert (1968). "L'Organisation Commune Africaine et Malgache". The Journal of Modern African Studies. 6 (3): 421–425. doi:10.1017/S0022278X00017547. ISSN 0022-278X. JSTOR 159312. S2CID 154661552.
  38. ^ a b "Indemnisation du Plan d'Action de Réinstallation des Postes du Sénégal | Site Web du Projet Energie OMVG". www.pe-omvg.org. Retrieved May 11, 2022.
  39. ^ a b "Multinational - Projet de Gestion Intégrée des Ressources en Eau dans le Bassin Versant du Fleuve Kayanga-Geba". projectsportal.afdb.org. Retrieved May 11, 2022.
  40. ^ a b "Organisation pour la Mise en Valeur du fleuve Sénégal (OMVS)". OMVS (in French). Retrieved May 11, 2022.
  41. ^ Amar, M. Ould (1972). "L'Organisation Pour la Mise en Valeur du Fleuve Sénégal". Journal of African Law. 16 (3): 299–303. doi:10.1017/S0021855300011670. ISSN 1464-3731. S2CID 145461233.
  42. ^ a b c d Schmeier, Susanne (December 12, 2012). "The Senegal River Basin and the Organisation pour la Mise en Valeur du Fleuve Sénégal (OMVS): Benign Conditions, Deficient Effectiveness". Governing International Watercourses. Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 237–288. doi:10.4324/9780203105160. ISBN 978-0-203-10516-0.
  43. ^ Konte, Suleyman Garaba (May 2018). Leadership in African Public Policy: A Comparative Study of the Effects of African Political Thought on Monetary, Trade, and Aid Policy in The Gambia and Senegal (PhD thesis). Howard University. ProQuest 2132006730.
  44. ^ Sall, Alioune (2013). "The Foreign Policy of Senegal Since 2000." South African Foreign Policy and African Drivers Programme". South African Institute of International Affairs. Retrieved October 10, 2019.
  45. ^ Paolo Zacchia; Federica Marzo; Aneliya Muller (2018). "Systematic Country Diagnosis of Senegal" (PDF). The World Bank. Retrieved September 30, 2019.
  46. ^ World Bank (2019). "The World Bank in Senegal". The World Bank Group. Retrieved September 29, 2019.
  47. ^ "Egypt and Senegal". State Information Service. Retrieved January 16, 2024.
  48. ^ "Liste Chronologique des Ambassadeurs, Envoyés Extraordinaires, Ministres Plénipotentiaires et Chargés D'Affaires de France à L'Étranger Depuis 1945" (PDF). Diplomatie.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved December 15, 2023.
  49. ^ The Foreign Office List and Diplomatic and Consular Year Book for ... Volume 137. Great Britain. Foreign Office. 1964. p. 491.
  50. ^ "Länder" (in German). Retrieved July 23, 2023.
  51. ^ "All Countries". Office of the Historian. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  52. ^ "Japan-Senegal Relations (Basic Data)". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. Retrieved February 17, 2024.
  53. ^ Yitzhak, Oron. Middle East Record Volume 2, 1961, issue 2. The Moshe Dayan Center. p. 342.
  54. ^ "VISITE DU ROI DU MAROC". seneplus.com (in French). November 6, 2016. Retrieved May 18, 2023.
  55. ^ "Norges opprettelse af diplomatiske forbindelser med fremmede stater" (PDF). regjeringen.no (in Norwegian). April 27, 1999. Retrieved October 18, 2021.
  56. ^ John Mukum Mbaku, Joseph Takougang (2004). The Leadership Challenge in Africa Cameroon Under Paul Biya. Africa World Press. p. 180. ISBN 9781592211791.
  57. ^ "BILATERAL RELATIONS BETWEEN SENEGAL AND NIGERIA, 1960-1980: COOPERATION AND CONFLICTS". ProQuest. Retrieved March 16, 2024.
  58. ^ "Africa". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Pakistan. Retrieved January 17, 2024.
  59. ^ "Diplomatic relations". Retrieved July 10, 2022.
  60. ^ Yitzhak Oron (1961). Middle East Record Volume 2, 1961 Volume 2. Israel Oriental Society, The Reuven Shiloah Research Center. p. 430. Retrieved April 17, 2023.
  61. ^ Belgisch staatsblad - Issues 51-77 (in French). 1961. 1961. p. 2167. Retrieved June 18, 2023.
  62. ^ "Presidenza Giovanni Gronchi: Sua Eccellenza Edouard Basse, nuovo ambasciatore del Senegal: presentazione delle lettere credenziali". Portale storico della Presidenza della Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved October 2, 2023.
  63. ^ Asian Recorder Volume 7. 1961. p. 3974.
  64. ^ W. Scott Thompson (1969). Ghana's foreign policy, 1957-1966; diplomacy, ideology, and the new state. Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press. p. 447.
  65. ^ Middle East Record Volume 2, 1961, Volume 2. The Moshe Dayan Center, 1961. p. 416.
  66. ^ "Cria uma Embaixada do Brasil na República do Senegal. DECRETO Nº 50.503, DE 26 DE ABRIL DE 1961". PORTAL DE LEGISLAÇÃO (in Portuguese). Retrieved June 4, 2023.
  67. ^ "Främmande makters beskickningar". Sveriges statskalender / 1963 / (in Swedish). p. 53. Retrieved June 3, 2023.
  68. ^ Kongelig Dansk Hof-og Statskalender 1963 (PDF) (in Danish). 1963. pp. 11 and 13.
  69. ^ "1961 Aufnahme der dipl. Beziehungen, vgl. Bundesratsbeschluss Nr. 935 vom 26.5.1961". dodis.ch (in German). Retrieved May 19, 2023.
  70. ^ Summary of the Yugoslav Press. Joint Translation Service. 1961. p. 19.
  71. ^ L'Afrique et l'Asie Issues 53-60 (in French). Université de Paris, Centre de hautes études administratives sur l'Afrique et de l'Asie modernes. 1961. p. 72. 9 Juin ... La veille, l'ambassadeur de Guinée au Sénégal , nouvellement nommé , avait présenté ses lettres de créance au président Senghor.
  72. ^ "Diplomatic relations of the Holy See". Retrieved September 5, 2022.
  73. ^ Jaarboek van het Departement van Buitenlandse Zaken Volumes 69-72 (in Dutch). Netherlands. Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken. 1961. p. 98.
  74. ^ The International who's who, 1971-72. London : Europa Publications. 1971. p. 176. Boissier-Palun, Léon Louis; Senegalese Amb. to United Kingdom 60-66, to Austria, Norway, Sweden and Denmark 61-66 ...
  75. ^ "Biographie Léon Boissier-palun". Who's who in France (in French). Retrieved April 3, 2024.
  76. ^ "First Ambassador of Senegal presents "Lettres de Creance" to President Duvalier". Haiti Sun. February 4, 1962. p. 16.
  77. ^ "Biblioteca Digital de Tratados" (in Spanish). Retrieved June 27, 2023.
  78. ^ Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts Issues 90–91. United States. Central Intelligence Agency. 1962. p. 11.
  79. ^ Mexico de Hoy (in Spanish). Vol. 294–311. 1975. p. 9.
  80. ^ Linwood, DeLong (January 2020). "A Guide to Canadian Diplomatic Relations 1925-2019". Retrieved June 26, 2023.
  81. ^ Soviet Foreign Policy: 1945-1980. Progress Publishers. 1981. pp. 642–681.
  82. ^ Dyplomacja polska w XX wieku. Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie. 2006. pp. 126–132.
  83. ^ "Korea and Senegal celebrate 60th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations". Seoul City. April 29, 2022. Retrieved February 17, 2024.
  84. ^ Afrika heute (in German). Deutsche Afrika-Gesellschaft. 1962. p. 210. Sierra - Leone und die Republik Senegal haben diplomatische Beziehungen zueinander aufgenommen . Der erste Botschafter des Senegal in Sierra - Leone ist Dr. Amadou Lamine Sall ...
  85. ^ Afrika heute (in German). Deutsche Afrika-Gesellschaft. 1962. p. 210.
  86. ^ "Relations bilatérales" (in French). Archived from the original on May 31, 2012. Retrieved June 4, 2023.
  87. ^ Memoria que el Ministro de Estado en el Departamento de Relaciones Exteriores presenta al Congreso Nacional de... (in Spanish). Impr. Nacional. 1963. p. 29.
  88. ^ Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts Issues 121-122. United States. Central Intelligence Agency. 1963. p. 7. Retrieved April 17, 2024.
  89. ^ "DIŞİŞLERİ BAKANLIĞI 1967 YILLIĞI" (PDF). diad.mfa.gov.tr (in Turkish). p. 855. Retrieved July 6, 2023.
  90. ^ "CHRONOLOGIE INTERNATIONALE: Etablissement des relations diplomatiques par l'Algérie" (in French). p. 39. Archived from the original on October 5, 2023. Retrieved October 3, 2023.
  91. ^ West Africa. West Africa Publishing Company, Limited. 1964. p. 1281.
  92. ^ "Ethiopia and #Senegal have a long and historic bilateral relations". The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ethiopia in Facebook. March 28, 2016. Retrieved March 15, 2024.
  93. ^ Steinberg, S. H. The Statesmans Year Book 1964-1965. p. 1427. Retrieved March 15, 2024.
  94. ^ Bulletin de l'Afrique noire - Issues 355-366 (in French). La Documentation africaine. 1965. ... Etablissement de relations diplomatiques entre la Syrie et le Sénégal
  95. ^ "Relaciones diplomáticas del Estado Espaniol" (in Spanish). p. 307. Retrieved July 23, 2022.
  96. ^ Diplomatic List. Gambia Government Printer., 1967. p. 1.
  97. ^ "Diplomatic Relations of Romania". Ministerul Afacerilor Externe. Retrieved December 28, 2023.
  98. ^ de Béthencourt, Marcos Fernández (2019). La orden de Malta: Estatuto Jurídico internacional (in Spanish). Editorial Sanz Y Torres. pp. 302–309.
  99. ^ "Установяване, прекъсване u възстановяване на дипломатическите отношения на България (1878-2005)" (in Bulgarian).
  100. ^ Petruf, Pavol. Československá zahraničná politika 1945 – 1992 (in Slovak). pp. 99–119.
  101. ^ Magyar Külpolitikai Évkönyv 1968-2010 Magyar Külpolitikai Évkönyv 1990 (in Hungarian). 1990. pp. 85 (164).
  102. ^ "Bulletin de documentation_1968_6" (PDF). sip.gouvernement.lu (in French). p. 19. Retrieved May 24, 2023.
  103. ^ "Finland och Senegal". finlandabroad.fi (in Swedish). Retrieved June 18, 2023.
  104. ^ "Ежегодник Большой Советской Энциклопедии. 1970. Выпуск четырнадцатый 7. Зарубежные государства_стр 197-425" (PDF) (in Russian). p. 223. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 24, 2023. Retrieved April 1, 2024.
  105. ^ Études cambodgiennes, 3–19 (in French). Service de presse. 1969. p. 16.
  106. ^ Summary of World Broadcasts: Non-Arab Africa, Issues 3041-3117. British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service. 1969. p. 6.
  107. ^ Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1969. p. 1374.
  108. ^ Summary of World Broadcasts Non-Arab Africa · Issues 3118-3192. British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service. 1969. p. 4.
  109. ^ Summary of World Broadcasts: Non-Arab Africa - Issues 3118-3192. British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service. 1969.
  110. ^ Diplomatic Missions, Consular Missions, Trade and International Organizations. Protocol Division, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1970. p. 2.
  111. ^ "Africa". April 2010. Retrieved April 29, 2023.
  112. ^ Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1970. p. 1694.
  113. ^ Diplomatic Missions and Other Representatives in Uganda. Uganda. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1966. p. 2.
  114. ^ Libro amarillo correspondiente al año ...: presentado al Congreso Nacional en sus sesiones ordinarias de ... por el titular despacho (in Spanish). Venezuela. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. 2003. pp. 528–529.
  115. ^ Bulletin de l'Afrique noire Issues 627-651 (in French). Ediafric. 1971. M. Mohamed DIOP , ambassadeur du Sénégal en République démocratique du Congo et au Burundi , a présenté ses lettres de créance au Rwanda le 9 février 1971 ...
  116. ^ Summary of World Broadcasts Non-Arab Africa · Issues 3650-3723. British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service. 1971. p. 7.
  117. ^ "Bilateral relations between China and Senegal". China Daily. Retrieved April 18, 2023.
  118. ^ Le Courrier consulaire de la Haute-Volta (in French). Chambre de commerce, d'agriculture et d'industrie de Haute-Volta. 1971. Le 27 décembre , au Palais de la Présidence , Son Excellence Moustapha Cissé , Ambassadeur du Sénégal a présenté ses let- tres de créance au Général Sangoulé Lamizana
  119. ^ "Ежегодник Большой Советской Энциклопедии. 1973. Выпуск семнадцатый. Зарубежные страны: Австралия-Мартиника" (PDF) (in Russian). p. 255. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 23, 2023. Retrieved March 2, 2024.
  120. ^ Bulletin de l'Afrique noire - Issues 673-697 (in French). Ediafric. 1972. TRIPOLI M. Djime Momar GUEYE , ambassadeur du Sénégal en RAU , en Syrie , en Jordanie et au Soudan , a présenté ses lettres de créance le 2 février 1972. ( résidence Le Caire )
  121. ^ "DPRK Diplomatic Relations" (PDF). NCNK. 2016. p. 8-9. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 9, 2022. Retrieved July 14, 2022.
  122. ^ Les Élites africaines Volume 6 (in French). Édiafric. 1985. p. 187. SANE Antoine Pascal Né ... ambassadeur du Sénégal au Zaire ( mai 1972 - janvier 1975 ) , cumulativement ambassadeur en RCA et au Gabon ( septembre 1972 - janvier 1975 ) ...
  123. ^ Les Élites africaines - Volume 6 (in French). Édiafric. 1985. p. 187. SANE Antoine Pascal Né ... ambassadeur du Sénégal au Zaïre ( mai 1972 - janvier 1975 ) , ... cumulativement ambassadeur au Tchad ( octobre 1972 - janvier 1975) ...
  124. ^ D.G. Lavroff (1973). L'Afrique dans le monde (in French). Editions A. Pedone. p. 628. Senegal ... 20 février. — Annonce de I'établissement de relations diplomatiques avec l'Afghanistan.
  125. ^ Bulletin de l'Afrique noire Issues 718-742 (in French). Ediafric. 1973. p. 2023. NIAMEY Moustapha CISSE , ambassadeur du Sénégal au Mali , a présenté ses lettres de créance au Niger le 2 mars. ( résidant à Bamako)
  126. ^ "Albania in the Focus of World Press in Years 1970-1973". Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences. 3 (8): 196. April 2012.
  127. ^ Africa News Letter: Risālat Ifrīqīyā. African Society, 1972. p. 13.
  128. ^ Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1973. p. 2935.
  129. ^ Record of the Arab World: Yearbook of Arab and Israeli Politics · Volume 1. Research and Publishing House. 1973. p. 180.
  130. ^ "Cuba y la República de Senegal conmemoran 48 años de relaciones diplomaticas basadas en el respecto, la solidaridad y el apoyo mutuo (Cancilleria de Cuba)". Retrieved April 12, 2023.
  131. ^ Translations on Sub-Saharan Africa Issues 1497-1511. United States. Joint Publications Research Service. 1974. p. 49. Retrieved April 27, 2023.
  132. ^ "Países" (in Portuguese). Retrieved July 2, 2022.
  133. ^ Australian Representation Overseas. Australian Foreign Affairs Record Volume 45 No. 9 (September 1974). Retrieved May 18, 2023.
  134. ^ Africa Year Book and Who's who. Africa Journal Limited. 1976. p. XVI.
  135. ^ "Formal diplomatic relations list" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 27, 2019. Retrieved March 31, 2018.
  136. ^ Notes d'information et statistiques Issues 230-234 (in French). The Bank. 1975. p. 33.
  137. ^ Notes d'information et statistiques Issues 224-229 (in French). Banque centrale des Etats de l'Afrique de l'Ouest. 1975. 2 octobre - ... Le Président Senghor reçoit les lettres de créance du premier ambassadeur de la République démocratique de Somalie au Sénégal.
  138. ^ Notes d'information et statistiques - Issues 235-240 (in French). Banque centrale des Etats de l'Afrique de l'Ouest. 1976.
  139. ^ "Countries with which Jamaica has Established Diplomatic Relations". April 16, 2021. Archived from the original on March 8, 2016. Retrieved April 16, 2021.
  140. ^ "Today, we celebrate 41 years of formal diplomatic relations with Senegal!". March 15, 2017. Retrieved July 31, 2023.
  141. ^ "LIST OF COUNTRIES WITH WHICH BARBADOS HAS DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS BY REGIONS". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade (Barbados). Archived from the original on August 13, 2017. Retrieved March 25, 2021.
  142. ^ Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1976. p. 4051.
  143. ^ "LOI N° 1977 5 DU 5 JANVIER 1977" (PDF). dri.gouv.sn (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on January 11, 2022. Retrieved June 18, 2023.
  144. ^ "Senegal – Joint Communique on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations". foreign.gov.mt. Retrieved October 3, 2023.
  145. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t "Diplomatic relations between Senegal and ..." United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved February 4, 2024.
  146. ^ "Diplomatie: le President Senegalais, Macky Sall, en visite d'etat a Abidjan du 20 au 22 Juin 2019". Portail Officiel du Gouvernement de Cote d'Ivoire (in French). June 19, 2019. Retrieved February 9, 2024.
  147. ^ La République de Djibouti: naissance d'un Etat : chronologie. Imprimerie Officielle, 1982. p. 160.
  148. ^ "La Política Exterior de Uruguay hacia los países africanos durante los gobiernos del Frente Amplio (2005-2017): ¿construcción de nuevas relaciones Sur-Sur?" (PDF). Ciencias Sociales (in Spanish): 225. 2019.
  149. ^ Revue française d'études politiques africaines Issues 157-162 (in French). Société africaine d'édition. 1979. p. 10.
  150. ^ "สาธารณรัฐเซเนกัล (Senegal)". mfa.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved May 12, 2023.
  151. ^ "Senegal". Embassy of the Republic of Indonesia in Dakar, Senegal. Retrieved May 17, 2023.
  152. ^ "Countries with which the Republic of Maldives has established Diplomatic Relations" (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Maldives. May 11, 2023. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 29, 2023. Retrieved July 7, 2023.
  153. ^ Summary of World Broadcasts Non-Arab Africa · Issues 6712-6762. British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service. 1981. p. 6. Diplomatic: Zimbabwe and Senegal have established diplomatic relations at ambassadorial level with immediate effect. (Salisbury in English 1600 gmt 1 Jun 81)
  154. ^ "Cancilleres de Colombia y Senegal hicieron revisión de la agenda bilateral en Nueva York" (in Spanish). September 21, 2016. Retrieved June 29, 2023.
  155. ^ "Bilateral relations". Archived from the original on May 5, 2012. Retrieved May 15, 2023.
  156. ^ Facts & Reports. Vol. 12. The Comité. 1970. p. 3.
  157. ^ "Diplomatic and Consular List" (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Mongolia. March 2020. p. 4-8. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 21, 2022. Retrieved February 13, 2024.
  158. ^ FBIS Daily Report-Africa (Sub-Sahara). United States Foreign Broadcast Information Service. July 12, 1988. p. 29. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
  159. ^ Legum, Colin (1988). Africa Contemporary Record: Annual Survey and Documents, 21. Africana Publishing Company. p. 159.
  160. ^ Notes d'information et statistiques (in French). Vol. 395–399. 1990. p. 2.
  161. ^ "Diplomaatiliste suhete (taas)kehtestamise kronoloogia" (in Estonian). January 30, 2018. Retrieved October 26, 2022.
  162. ^ "Dates of establishment and renewal of diplomatic relations". mfa.gov.lv. July 1, 2021. Retrieved October 5, 2022.
  163. ^ "Middle East and Africa". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved January 11, 2022.
  164. ^ "Štáty a teritóriá" (in Slovak). Retrieved May 26, 2023.
  165. ^ "Happy Independence Day to the Republic of Senegal. South Africa established full diplomatic relations with Senegal on 6 May 1994 (DIRCO South Africa)". Retrieved April 12, 2023.
  166. ^ "STATES WITH WHICH THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN ESTABLISHED DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS". Retrieved June 15, 2023.
  167. ^ "The Republic of Senegal". Republic of Azerbaijan Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved March 16, 2024.
  168. ^ Đogić, Mojca Pristavec (September 2016). "Priznanja samostojne Slovenije" (PDF) (in Slovenian). Retrieved July 11, 2023.
  169. ^ "Bilateral relations - Date of Recognition and Establishment of Diplomatic Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Croatia. Retrieved February 5, 2022.
  170. ^ "Diplomatic & consular list" (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Singapore. p. 305. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 5, 2020. Retrieved January 5, 2021.
  171. ^ "Midi de Madagascar 13/08/02: Deux rescapés". razafimahazo.free.fr (in French). Retrieved March 8, 2024.
  172. ^ "Bilateral relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of North Macedonia. Archived from the original on September 30, 2011. Retrieved April 3, 2021.
  173. ^ "Rapporti bilaterali della Repubblica di San Marino" (in Italian). Retrieved December 15, 2021.
  174. ^ "Страны, установившие дипломатические отношения с Республикой Казахстан" (in Russian). Archived from the original on February 20, 2020. Retrieved April 30, 2022.
  175. ^ "Remise des lettres de créance de S.E. Madame Maïmouna SOURANG NDIR, Ambassadeur Extraordinaire et Plénipotentiaire de la République du Sénégal auprès de la Principauté de Monaco".
  176. ^ "Paraguay inició lazos diplomáticos con dos naciones africanas y con Georgia" (in Spanish). April 29, 2010. Retrieved July 15, 2023.
  177. ^ "Список стран, с которыми КР установил дипломатические отношения" (in Russian). Retrieved October 10, 2021.
  178. ^ "Presidente Lobo Sosa recibe a embajadores". La Prensa (in Spanish). February 15, 2011. Retrieved October 18, 2023.
  179. ^ "Order of Precedence among Heads of Diplomatic Missions as at 24 January 2013". New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs & Trade. Archived from the original on February 9, 2013. Retrieved November 18, 2023.
  180. ^ Gëzim Visoka (2018). Acting Like a State: Kosovo and the Everyday Making of Statehood. Abingdon: Routledge. pp. 219–221. ISBN 9781138285330.
  181. ^ "PR acredita novos embaixadores" (PDF). HORIZONTE 25 - Diario Informativo Geral 807 (in Portuguese). May 30, 2014. p. 4. Retrieved April 20, 2024.
  182. ^ "STATES WITH WHICH TURKMENISTAN ESTABLISHED DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS". Archived from the original on May 8, 2019. Retrieved March 17, 2022.
  183. ^ "President Isaias Afwerki Receives Credentials Of 25 Ambassadors". TesfaNews. October 9, 2014. Archived from the original on August 2, 2023. Retrieved August 2, 2023.
  184. ^ "Botswana: Qatar, Senegal Envoys Present Credentials". March 16, 2015. Retrieved March 17, 2023.
  185. ^ "REGISTRO DE FECHAS DE ESTABLECIMIENTO DE RD" (in Spanish). Retrieved March 9, 2022.
  186. ^ "Malawi: Swaziland, Senegal and Qatar to Learn From Malawi on Agriculture". allAfrica. March 10, 2016. Retrieved August 22, 2023.
  187. ^ "Diplomatic Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Saint Kitts and Nevis. Retrieved April 1, 2021.
  188. ^ "LIST OF STATES WITH WHICH THE REPUBLIC OF TAJIKISTAN ESTABLISHED DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS" (PDF). Retrieved March 15, 2024.
  189. ^ "República Dominicana establece relaciones diplomáticas con Senegal y San Tomé" (in Spanish). September 24, 2018. Retrieved March 26, 2022.
  190. ^ "ÄUSSERES, BILDUNG UND SPORT" (PDF) (in German). 2021. Retrieved September 9, 2022.
  191. ^ "South Sudan, Senegal sign deal to affirm mutual relations". July 19, 2022. Retrieved July 19, 2022.
  192. ^ Revue génerale de droit international public Volume 86, Issues 3-4. 1982. p. 549.
  193. ^ Notes d'information et statistiques Issues 230-234 (in French). The Bank. 1975. p. 33.
  194. ^ "President Isaias Afwerki Receives Credentials Of 25 Ambassadors". TesfaNews. October 9, 2014. Archived from the original on August 2, 2023. Retrieved August 2, 2023.
  195. ^ Bulletin de l'Afrique noire - Issues 673-697 (in French). Ediafric. 1972. TRIPOLI M. Djime Momar GUEYE , ambassadeur du Sénégal en RAU , en Syrie , en Jordanie et au Soudan , a présenté ses lettres de créance le 2 février 1972. ( résidence Le Caire )
  196. ^ "Midi de Madagascar 13/08/02: Deux rescapés". razafimahazo.free.fr (in French). Retrieved March 8, 2024.
  197. ^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Madagascar. "Représentations extérieures" (in French). Archived from the original on September 20, 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2021.
  198. ^ "Madagascar: l'Ambassade du Sénégal sera fermée définitivement-Le Quotidien du Peuple en ligne".
  199. ^ Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts Issues 90-91. United States. Central Intelligence Agency. 1962. p. 11.
  200. ^ a b c d e Handloff, Robert E. "Relations with Other African States". In Mauritania: A Country Study (Robert E. Handloff, editor). Library of Congress Federal Research Division (June 1988). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  201. ^ "VISITE DU ROI DU MAROC". seneplus.com (in French). Retrieved May 18, 2023.
  202. ^ Marchés coloniaux du monde (in French). Rene Moreaux et Cie. 1990. p. 1221.
  203. ^ "Embassy of the Republic of Namibia to the Republic of Senegal". Ministry of International Relations & Cooperation of Namibia. Archived from the original on June 14, 2022. Retrieved December 18, 2021.
  204. ^ "Happy Independence Day to the Republic of Senegal. South Africa established full diplomatic relations with Senegal on 6 May 1994 (DIRCO South Africa)". Retrieved April 12, 2023.
  205. ^ Diplomatic Missions, Consular Missions, Trade and International Organizations. Protocol Division, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1970. p. 2.
  206. ^ Diplomatic Missions and Other Representatives in Uganda. Uganda. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1966. p. 2.
  207. ^ "Comunicado Conjunto estableciendo Relaciones Diplomáticas entre la República Argentina y la República de Senegal (Biblioteca Digital de Tratados Argentina)". Retrieved April 12, 2023.
  208. ^ "PORTAL DE LEGISLAÇÃO". diariodasleis.com.br (in Portuguese). Retrieved May 17, 2023.
  209. ^ Jean-François Juilliard, Françoise Moussu. "Chronologie des faits internationaux d'ordre juridique. Annuaire Français de Droit International / Année 1962/ 8 /". persee.fr (in French). p. 1071. Retrieved November 30, 2023.
  210. ^ "Embassy of Canada in Senegal". September 9, 2013.
  211. ^ a b "Embassy of Senegal in Ottawa (in French)".
  212. ^ "Diplomatic Relations between Guatemala and Senegal as of 29 Sept. 2015". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved April 12, 2023.
  213. ^ "Relaciones Diplomáticas de Guatemala". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Guatemala (in Spanish). Retrieved September 12, 2022.
  214. ^ "Hoy celebramos el 60 aniversario del establecimiento de relaciones diplomáticas entre México y Senegal (Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores de México)". Retrieved April 12, 2023.
  215. ^ "Embassy of Mexico in Morocco (in Spanish)". Archived from the original on August 31, 2017. Retrieved November 27, 2016.
  216. ^ "Honorary consulate of Mexico in Dakar, Senegal" (PDF).
  217. ^ "Embassy of Senegal in the United States (in French)". Archived from the original on December 25, 2019. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
  218. ^ "A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Senegal (Department of State USA)". Retrieved April 12, 2023.
  219. ^ Embassy of Senegal in Washington, DC (in French) Archived July 15, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
  220. ^ "Embassy of the United States in Dakar (in English and French)". Archived from the original on February 19, 2015. Retrieved December 18, 2019.
  221. ^ Australian Representation Overseas. Australian Foreign Affairs Record Volume 45 No. 9 (September 1974). Retrieved May 18, 2023.
  222. ^ "Bilateral relations between China and Senegal". China Daily. Retrieved April 18, 2023.
  223. ^ Asian Recorder Volume 7. 1961. p. 3974.
  224. ^ "Embassies of India". www.onlinevisa.com/. Archived from the original on March 14, 2022. Retrieved March 14, 2022.
  225. ^ "Senegal". Embassy of the Republic of Indonesia in Dakar, Senegal. Retrieved May 17, 2023.
  226. ^ Summary of World Broadcasts Non-Arab Africa · Issues 3650-3723. British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service. 1971. p. 7.
  227. ^ Iran, Senegal presidents urge OIC to support Muslims[permanent dead link]
  228. ^ "Iranian car assembly line in Senegal". Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved July 18, 2009.
  229. ^ "Iran Daily - Domestic Economy - 12/04/08". Archived from the original on September 29, 2009. Retrieved February 19, 2016.
  230. ^ "Senegal severs ties with Iran – Africa – Al Jazeera English".
  231. ^ Yitzhak, Oron. Middle East Record Volume 2, 1961, issue 2. The Moshe Dayan Center. p. 342.
  232. ^ "Senegal". Archived from the original on February 12, 2012. Retrieved September 15, 2011.
  233. ^ "Israel tries to persuade Senegal to open embassy in Jerusalem". July 9, 2021.[permanent dead link]
  234. ^ "Embassy of Japan in Senegal". Archived from the original on January 22, 2021. Retrieved December 16, 2020.
  235. ^ "Diplomatic relations between Malaysia and Senegal as of 1 Apr. 1977". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved April 12, 2023.
  236. ^ "Official Website of Embassy of Malaysia, Dakar". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia. Retrieved May 22, 2014.
  237. ^ "Ambassade (Malaisie)" (in French). Gourvernement du Senegal. Archived from the original on June 30, 2013. Retrieved May 22, 2014.