Free China (Second Sino-Japanese War)

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Free China
The extent of Japanese control of China as of 1940. The area in white constitutes "Free China".
Traditional Chinese	中華民國自由地區
Simplified Chinese	中华民国自由地区
Literal meaning	Free Area of the Republic of China (full form used only occasionally)
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Zhōnghuá Mínguó Zìyóu Dìqū Bopomofo ㄓㄨㄥ ㄏㄨㄚˊ ㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄗˋ ㄧㄡˊ ㄉㄧˋ ㄑㄩ Gwoyeu Romatzyh Jonghwa Min'gwo Tzyh'you Dihchiu Wade–Giles Chung¹-hua² Min²-kuo² Tzŭ⁴-yu² Ti⁴-chü¹ Tongyong Pinyin Jhonghuá Mínguó Zìhyóu Dìcyu MPS2 Jūnghuá Mínguó Tz̀yóu Dìchiū Hakka Pha̍k-fa-sṳ Chûng-fà Mìn-koet Chhṳ-yù Thi-khî Southern Min Hokkien POJ Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok Chū-iû Tē-khu Tâi-lô Tiong-hûa Bîn-kok Tsū-iû Tē-khu Eastern Min Fuzhou BUC Dṳ̆ng-huà Mìng-guók Cê̤ṳ-iù Dê-kṳ̆

The term Free China, in the context of the Second Sino-Japanese War, refers to those areas of China not under the control of the Imperial Japanese Army or any of its puppet governments, such as Manchukuo, the Mengjiang government in Suiyuan and Chahar, or the Provisional Government of the Republic of China in Beiping. The term came into more frequent use after the Battle of Nanking, when Chiang Kai-shek evacuated the government of the Republic of China to Chongqing.

History[edit]

In the final days of the Battle of Nanking, the Republic of China's National Revolutionary Army helped to evacuate the Chiang Kai-shek government to Chongqing, which was declared the provisional capital of the Republic of China. The Japanese, following their victory at Nanjing, created yet another puppet government, the Reformed Government of the Republic of China, which was later merged with the Provisional Government of the Republic of China to create the Wang Jingwei Government. Many civilians from Japanese-controlled areas of China fled to Free China.

Conflict between the Communists and Kuomintang continued in the area of Free China, the most severe example being the New Fourth Army Incident. At the same time, Japanese action against the Communists and Nationalists continued; Chongqing was bombed 268 times, making it the most-frequently bombed city in all of World War II. The battlefront was largely static and stabilized since 1940 and continued for four years that way. In December 1944, the Japanese Operation Ichi-Go succeeded in taking control of Guangxi, giving them a continuous railway link between Manchukuo and Southeast Asia. The Japanese also proposed to invade Sichuan in an attempt to destroy the regime in Chongqing, but did not implemented it before the formal surrender.^[1]

The term "Free area of the Republic of China" was later reused by the Nationalist government after their retreat to Taiwan to contrast their territory with that of the People's Republic of China.

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