Vulnerable residential area (Denmark)

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Residents at Mjølnerparken in Copenhagen taking part in a project to plant fruit bushes and herbs. Mjølnerparken was formerly classified as a vulnerable residential area, but was removed from the list in 2023.

"Vulnerable residential area" (Danish: Udsat boligområde) is an official term for a social housing district in Denmark which fulfils certain statistical criteria of relatively low employment/school attendance, relatively low income, a relatively low educational level and/or relatively many convicted inhabitants. If more than 50% of the residents in a vulnerable area are non-Western immigrants and their descendants, the area is additionally designated a "parallel society". The Danish government has published an official list of vulnerable residential areas annually since 2010, with changes in the definition and/or terminology in 2013, 2018 and 2021. During the period 2010-2021, the term "ghetto" was used officially to designate some or all of the vulnerable areas, but the term was considered controversial and removed in 2021.

History[edit]

Background[edit]

Denmark experienced considerable net immigration from the 1960s onwards due to a combination of various reasons, of which labour migration, granting of political asylum to refugees and family reunification were the major ones.[1] Many of the immigrants came from socalled non-Western countries with a social structure which was very different from the traditional Danish one, and the issue of integration of the immigrants and their descendants into Danish society became an increasingly prominent political issue from the 1990s onward. Most immigrants settled in the metropolitan area of Copenhagen and other major Danish cities,[1] in particular in residential areas in the widespread Danish non-profit social housing sector.[2] These areas became characterized by various social problems like low income and high unemployment, and several government initiatives have been taken over the years to further integration and counter urban decay in these neighbourhoods. Major plans to this end were presented in 1994 and 2000 by the governments of Poul Nyrup Rasmussen, in 2004 by the Anders Fogh Rasmussen I Cabinet, in 2010 by the Lars Løkke Rasmussen I Cabinet, in 2013 by the Helle Thorning-Schmidt I Cabinet, in 2018 by the Lars Løkke Rasmussen III Cabinet, and in 2021 by the Mette Frederiksen I Cabinet.[3][4]

Official listing[edit]

In 2010, an official list of vulnerable social housing residential areas meeting certain statistical criteria was introduced and accompanied by various measures concerning the neighbourhoods in question. The list has been updated annually since 2010, and its underlying definition(s) have been changed and refined in 2013, 2018, and 2021. Also the terminology concerning the vulnerable areas has been changed repeatedly.[5]

The term "ghetto"[edit]

During the 1990s and 2000s, the term "ghetto" was increasingly used informally in the Danish debate on neighbourhoods with a large proportion of refugees and other immigrants, in particular in the suburbs west of Copenhagen.[6] In 2010, the government explicitly used the term in its plan, and it was used in the law change of the same year, stating that a "ghetto" in this sense was a social housing neighbourhood fulfilling two out of three criteria: 1) more than 40% of the inhabitants aged 18–64 being neither employed nor taking an education, 2) more than 2.7% of the inhabitants aged 18 or more having been convicted of a crime, or 3) a share of more than 50% of non-Western immigrants and their descendants. The term was used legally with a somewhat changing definition until 2021.[7] In 2013, two additional criteria were added (relatively low income and low average educational level, after which an areas was designated a ghetto if it fulfilled three of the five criteria. In 2018, the details of the criteria were changed, and an official distinction was made between "vulnerable residential areas" and "ghettos": Henceforth, officially a vulnerable residential area was a social housing area fulfilling two of four criteria concerning relatively low employment/school attendance, relatively low income, relatively many convicted inhabitants and a relatively low educational level. A vulnerable residential area defined in this way was additionally named a ghetto if the majority of its inhabitants were non-Western immigrants or descendants.[8][9]

The term "ghetto" was controversial, however, inhabitants feeling stigmatized by the wording[10] and researchers pointing out that the areas in question were typically inhabited by 20-40 different ethnic minorities, hence being diametrically opposed to the ethnic homogeneity of the original ghettos, so that multi-ethnic residential areas would be a more appropriate term.[11][12] After 2018, when the term was reserved exclusively for areas having a majority share of non-Western immigrants and their descendants, the designation has also been criticized as racially discriminatory as neighborhoods with similar social problems where the residents are not of foreign origin are not subjected to the same sanctions.[13][9]

After a change of government, the newly-appointed minister of housing Kaare Dybvad said in July 2019 that official use of the word "ghetto" in reference to marginalised areas is "derogatory", and he wanted to put an end to political use of the word in order to avoid stigmatising the areas.[14][15] In a 2021 reform, the name was finally removed.[5]

Developments in the neighbourhoods[edit]

Since 2018, the number of vulnerable residential areas according to the official statistical definition has been more than halved, from 43 areas in 2018 to 17 areas in 2022. Parallel to this, the number of what is today officially designated "parallel societies" has declined from 29 areas in 2018 to 10 areas in 2022.[5]

Criteria[edit]

Non-Western determination[edit]

The Danish government classifies all 27 EU-member countries, Andorra, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Norway, San Marino, Switzerland, Vatican City, Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand as "Western countries". All other countries are classified as "Non-western countries". The Danish government only classifies someone as a "Person of Danish origin" if at least one of their parents were Danish citizens born in Denmark. All other people are classified as "Immigrant" or "Descendant [of immigrant]".[16] A Danish citizen born in Denmark could still be classified as "non-Western" if none of their parents were born in Denmark. Hettie O’Brien, a writer and assistant opinion editor at the Guardian, has noted the example of Muhammad Aslam, a taxi driver in Denmark who is a Danish citizen born in Pakistan and whose children are Danish citizens born in Denmark, with the children being classified as "non-Western" due to Aslam's Pakistani birthplace.[17]

Proclamation Requirements[edit]

After the changes made in 2021, a vulnerable residential area ("udsat boligområde") is defined as a social housing area with at least 1,000 residents that fulfil at least two of the following four criteria: [18]

  • The share of inhabitants aged 18–64 neither in employment nor education is higher than 40%, as an average over last 2 years.
  • The share of inhabitants convicted for infractions against the penal law, weapons law or drug regulations is more than three times as high as the national average, as an average over last 2 years.
  • The share of inhabitants aged 30–59 with only primary education is greater than 60%.
  • The average gross income for inhabitants aged 15–64 excluding those in education is less than 55% of the average gross income for the region in question.

If the share of immigrants or descendants of immigrants from non-Western countries in a vulnerable residential area is higher than 50%, the area is officially proclaimed a "parallel society" (parallelsamfund). A residential area that has been named as a parallel society for five consecutive years is proclaimed a redevelopment area (omdannelsesområde).

In addition to vulnerable residential areas, from 2021 a list of prevention areas ("forebyggelsesområder") is maintained and published by the government. A prevention area is a social housing area with at least 1,000 residents which does not fulfil the criteria for a vulnerable residential area, but has a share of non-Western immigrants and descendants of more than 30% and which additionally fulfils at least two of the following four criteria:[18]

  • The share of inhabitants aged 18–64 neither in employment nor education is higher than 30%, as an average over last 2 years.
  • The share of inhabitants convicted for infractions against the penal law, weapons law or drug regulations is more than twice as high as the national average, as an average over last 2 years.
  • The share of inhabitants aged 30–59 with only primary education is greater than 60%.
  • The average gross income for inhabitants aged 15–64 excluding those in education is less than 65% of the average gross income for the region in question.

Consequences[edit]

Housing in Vollsmose, Odense - a vulnerable area which is also classified as a redevelopment area.[19]

Special housing and education measures are imposed in the residential areas on the various lists.

Housing[edit]

In 2018 it was decided that the share of social housing in redevelopment areas (at the time designated as "hard ghettos") would be reduced to a maximum of 40%.[20] To achieve this end, some social housing blocks will be emptied and converted into private and co-operative housing, whereas others will be demolished.[13] Most frequently, however, new private residential buildings will be erected in the areas.[18]

Individuals receiving certain social welfare benefits face restrictions on moving to redevelopment areas.[21] The same is true for people convicted of crime,[22] and entire families can be evicted if one member is convicted of a crime.[13][23]

All meetings of housing associations are to be held in Danish, even if some housing association board members may not speak the language.[22]

Education[edit]

Before children in vulnerable areas start school, they will undergo a Danish language test and be offered language training before the school starts.[21] All children who are at least one year old and living in a vulnerable residential area are required to attend preschool for at least 25 hours per week in order to receive education in the Danish language and Danish traditions and norms, if the parents do not choose to take care of a similar instruction themselves. If the parents refuse to comply, they may forfeit receiving the normal Danish child benefit.[24][25]

Reactions[edit]

The laws concerning the so-called "parallel societies" (formerly classified as ghettos) have been met with widespread international condemnation and called racist and discriminatory by critics. The policy was first enacted during the term of Prime Minister Lars Løkke Rasmussen, then a member of the center-right Venstre party, it has maintained support from Prime Minister Mette Frederiksen and the center-left Social Democrats party.[26] The laws have been described as "among the most radical in Europe".[27]

In 2020, a group of independent experts from the United Nations Human Rights Council consisting of E. Tendayi Achiume, Balakrishnan Rajagopal and Fernand de Varennes called on Denmark to stop the sale of apartment homes under the law until a Danish court can make a ruling on the legality. They added that “The application of these laws targeting racial, ethnic, and religious minorities is a clear violation of the right of equality before the law and equal treatment before tribunals” and called on Denmark to "respect its obligations under human rights law based on the premise that all people, simply because they are human beings, should enjoy all human rights without discrimination on any grounds."[28]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Tranæs, Torben (December 2014). "Indvandring til Danmark: arbejdsmarkedets centrale rolle for indvandringspolitikken" (PDF). Samfundsøkonomen. 2014 (4). Retrieved 4 February 2023.
  2. ^ "Beboere i den almene boligsektor 2020" (PDF). lbf.dk (in Danish). The National Building Fund. December 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2023.
  3. ^ Allentoft, Nick (2 January 2018). "Regeringer har lanceret ghettoplaner seks gange på 25 år". www.denoffentlige.dk (in Danish). DenOffentlige. Retrieved 4 February 2023.
  4. ^ "Politisk flertal opfinder helt ny kategori for boligområder i kampen mod parallelsamfund". Politiken (in Danish). 15 June 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2023.
  5. ^ a b c Danmarks Almene Boliger. Ghettolisten eller Parallelsamfundslisterne. (in Danish) Retrieved 28 April 2022.
  6. ^ von Freiesleben, Anna Mikaela (2016). Et Danmark af parallelsamfund: Segregering, ghettoisering og social sammenhængskraft: Parallelsamfundet i dansk diskurs 1968-2013 – fra utopi til dystopi (PDF). Ph.D. dissertation, University of Copenhagen. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
  7. ^ "Aftale mellem regeringen (S), V, DF, SF, KF og LA om: Blandede boligområder – næste skridt i kampen mod parallelsamfund" (PDF). Ministry of the Interior (in Danish). 15 June 2021. Retrieved 28 January 2023.
  8. ^ "Disse boligområder er nu på ghettolisten". DR (in Danish). Retrieved 2018-07-14.
  9. ^ a b "Facing Eviction, Residents Of Denmark's 'Ghettos' Are Suing The Government". NPR.org. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
  10. ^ "Ny boligminister vil undgå ordet 'ghetto'". DR. 8 July 2019. Retrieved 28 January 2023.
  11. ^ "Ghetto - et ord med betydning". Berlingske. 25 October 2010. Retrieved 28 January 2023.
  12. ^ "Forsker: Udsatte boligområder kan være en fordel for integrationen". Kristeligt Dagblad. 1 December 2016. Retrieved 28 January 2023.
  13. ^ a b c "How Denmark's 'ghetto list' is ripping apart migrant communities". the Guardian. 11 March 2020. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
  14. ^ Thelocal.dk. Denmark's housing minister wants to scrap 'ghetto' label for underprivileged areas. Retrieved 5 April 2020
  15. ^ DR. Ny boligminister vil undgå ordet 'ghetto'. (in Danish) Retrieved 6 April 2020
  16. ^ Documentation of statistics for Immigrants and Descendants 2017 Month 01. Statistics Denmark. 2017.
  17. ^ O'Brien, Hettie (2022-06-27). "If you think Denmark is all Borgen and social equality, take a look at its awful 'ghetto' law". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2023-03-11.
  18. ^ a b c "Fald i antal af udsatte boligområder fortsætter i 2022". im.dk (in Danish). Ministry of the Interior and Housing. 1 December 2022. Retrieved 2 February 2023.
  19. ^ Ahlmann-Jensen, Camilla (22 May 2019). "To partier er sprunget fra Vollsmose-planen: - Den bygger på tvangsflytning af uskyldige mennesker". Fyens Stiftstidende. Odense.
  20. ^ "1000 familier i Aarhus skal flytte på grund af ghettoplan". DR (in Danish). Retrieved 2018-07-14.
  21. ^ a b "Flertal forbyder kontanthjælpsmodtagere at flytte i ghettoer". DR (in Danish). Retrieved 2018-07-14.
  22. ^ a b "Bredt flertal laver ghettoaftale". DR (in Danish). Retrieved 2018-07-14.
  23. ^ Copenhagen, Agence France-Presse in (17 March 2021). "Denmark plans to limit 'non-western' residents in disadvantaged areas". the Guardian. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
  24. ^ Barry, Ellen; Sorensen, Martin (1 July 2018). "In Denmark, Harsh New Laws for Immigrant 'Ghettos'". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 November 2022.
  25. ^ "Ghettopakkens lovelementer". kl.dk (in Danish). KL - Local Government Denmark. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
  26. ^ W, Christian (2022-10-22). "The Copenhagen Post". The Post. Retrieved 2023-03-11.
  27. ^ "Focus - 'Anti-ghetto' law in Denmark: Ruling Social Democrats take hard line on immigration". France 24. 2022-10-31. Retrieved 2023-03-11.
  28. ^ "UN human rights experts urge Denmark to halt contentious sale of "ghetto" buildings". OHCHR. Retrieved 2023-03-11.
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