List of bridges in Turkey
From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
Historical and architectural interest bridges
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Major road bridges
[edit]This table presents a non-exhaustive list of the road and railway bridges with spans greater than 100 metres (328 ft) or total lengths longer than 5,000 metres (16,404 ft).
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List of bridges by length
[edit]The top ten longest bridges in Turkey by total span.
| Name | Length | Completed | Traffic | Province(s) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| m | ft | ||||
| Çanakkale 1915 Bridge Otoyol 6 Current longest bridge of any type in Turkey | 4,608 | 15,118 | 2022 | Motorway | Çanakkale |
| Osman Gazi Bridge Otoyol 5 | 2,682 | 8,799 | 2010 | Motorway | Kocaeli/Yalova |
| Bornova Viaduct Otoyol 30 Longest bridge not crossing a body of water in Turkey | 2,328 | 7,638 | 2007 | Motorway | Izmir |
| Mt. Bolu Viaduct No. 1 Otoyol 4 | 2,272 | 7,454 | 2006 | Motorway | Bolu |
| Sakarya Viaduct Ankara-Istanbul high-speed railway Longest railway bridge and longest bridge crossing a river in Turkey | 2,233 | 7,326 | 2008 | High-speed rail | Ankara |
| Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge Otoyol 7 | 2,164 | 7,100 | 2016 | Motorway | Istanbul |
| Karasu Viaduct Otoyol 3 | 2,160 | 7,090 | 1990 | Motorway | Istanbul |
| Battalgazi Bridge Fevzipaşa-Kuratalan railway | 2,030 | 6,660 | 1986 | Railway | Malatya/Elazığ |
| Çatalan Bridge Göl Kenarı Road Longest road bridge not carrying a motorway in Turkey | 1,575 | 5,167 | 1998 | Roadway | Adana |
| Bosphorus Bridge Otoyol 1 | 1,560 | 5,120 | 1973 | Motorway | Istanbul |
| Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge Otoyol 2 | 1,510 | 4,950 | 1988 | Motorway | Istanbul |
See also
[edit]- Transport in Turkey
- Rail transport in Turkey
- General Directorate of Highways (Turkey)
- List of highways in Turkey
- List of Roman bridges
- List of aqueducts in the Roman Empire
- Geography of Turkey
- List of rivers of Turkey
- List of bridges in Ankara
- Türkiye'deki tarihi köprüler (in Turkish) - Historic bridges in Turkey
Notes and references
[edit]- Notes
- ^ Since completion in 2022, the 1915 Çanakkale Bridge has the longest span in the world, surpassing the Akashi Kaikyō Bridge in Japan who held the record since 1998.
- "TMMOB İnşaat Mühendisleri Odası" [TMNBO Construction Engineers Room]. imo.org.tr (in Turkish).
- "Su Yapısı Olarak Anadolu'daki Taş Köprüler" [Stone Bridge in Anatolia as a Water Structure] (PDF).
- ^ "Tarihi Diyarbakır Köprülerinin Mimari, Hidrolojik Ve Jeolojik Açıdan" [Architectural, Hydrolic and Geological Evaluation of Diyarbakır Bridges] (PDF).
- ^ "Tarihi Malabadi (Batman Su) Köprüsü'ndeYürütülen Restorasyon-Konservasyon Çalışmaları" [Restoration - Conservation Studies Carried Out on the Historical Malabadi (Batman Su) Bridge] (PDF).
- ^ "Tarihi Köprülerin Restorasyonları Kapsamında Yürütülen Yapısal Analiz Çalışmaları ve Sonuçları" [Structural Analysis Studies Carried Out Within the Scope of Restorations of Historical Bridges and Their Results] (PDF).
- ^ "TMH - Türkiye Mühendislik Haberleri - Köprüler - Viyadükler" [Turkey Engineering News] (PDF). 2006.
- Nicolas Janberg. "International Database for Civil and Structural Engineering". Structurae.com.
- ^ "Cendere Bridge".
- ^ "Penkalas Bridge".
- ^ "Bridge near Limyra".
- ^ "Valens Aqueduct".
- ^ "Aesepus Bridge".
- ^ "Sangarius Bridge".
- ^ "Karamagara Bridge".
- ^ "Adana Bridge".
- ^ "Hasankeyf Bridge".
- ^ "Malabadi Bridge".
- ^ "Seljuk Eurymedon Bridge".
- ^ "Akköprü".
- ^ "Akhurian River Bridge".
- ^ "Long Bridge".
- ^ "Edirne Bridge".
- ^ "Sultan Süleyman Bridge".
- ^ "Irgandı Bridge".
- ^ "Hacikiri Bridge".
- ^ "Atatürk Bridge".
- ^ "Galata Bridge".
- ^ "Çanakkale 1915 Bridge".
- ^ "Osman Gazi Bridge".
- ^ "Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge".
- ^ "Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge".
- ^ "Bosporus Bridge".
- ^ "Nissibi Euphrates Bridge".
- ^ "Kömürhan Bridge".
- ^ "Ağın Bridge".
- ^ "Golden Horn Metro Bridge".
- ^ "Çayırhan Bridge".
- ^ "Gülburnu Viaduct".
- ^ "Golden Horn Bridge".
- ^ "Golden Horn Bridge".
- ^ "Kömürhan Highway Bridge".
- ^ "Imrahor Viaduct".
- ^ "Nurdağı Viaduct".
- ^ "Kömürhan Arch Bridge".
- ^ "Manavgat Antalya Bridge".
- Other references
- ^ "Silifke (Göksu Köprüsü-Taşköprü) Köprüsü". kenthaber.com (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 2013-07-04.
- ^ "Bridges - The Severan Bridge". archserve.id.ucsb.edu.
- ^ Wurster, Wolfgang W.; Ganzert, Joachim (1978). Eine Brücke bei Limyra in Lykien (in German). Berlin: German Archaeological Institute. pp. 288–307. ISSN 0003-8105.
{{cite book}}:|periodical=ignored (help) - ^ "Valens Aqueducts". thebyzantinelegacy.com.
- ^ "Ceyhan üzerinde bir gerdanlık..." adanadan.biz.
- ^ "Kültür ve Tarihi Eserler - Akköprü". pozanti.gov.tr (in Turkish).
- ^ "Dicle Köprüsü (On Gözlü Köprü)". kenthaber.com (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 2012-03-18.
- ^ "The Bridge Over The Akhurian River". virtualani.org.
- ^ a b c d e "Edirne Köprüleri". edirnevdb.gov.tr (in Turkish).
- ^ "The Bridge of Uzunköprü". whc.unesco.org.
- ^ "Uzunköprü". islamansiklopedisi.org.tr.
- ^ "Kızılırmak üzerinde bir gerdanlık: Şahruh Köprüsü". kayseriden.biz (in Turkish).
- ^ "Küçükçekmece deki tarihi Mimar Sinan Köprüsü ihya edildi". v3.arkitera.com (in Turkish).
- ^ "Büyükçekmece Kanuni Sultan Süleyman Köprüsü". buyukcekmece.gov.tr (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 2015-04-04.
- ^ "Su Kemeri - Üzerinden su kanalı geçen bir çeşit köprü". islamansiklopedisi.org.tr (in Turkish).
- ^ "Edirne Köprüleri". edirnevdb.gov.tr (in Turkish).
- ^ "Türkiye'nin 10 Tarihi Köprüsü". atlasdergisi.com (in Turkish).
- ^ "The longest mid-span suspension bridge in the world". 1915canakkale.com (official website). Retrieved May 7, 2023.
- ^ Sobotková, Magdaléna (March 2019). "1915 Çanakkale Suspension Bridge" (PDF). e-mosty. No. 1. pp. 7–13. ISSN 2336-8179.
- ^ Zeybek, Fatih (June 2016). "Osman Gazi Bridge (Izmit Bay Suspension Bridge)" (PDF). e-mosty. No. 2. pp. 36–57. ISSN 2336-8179.
- ^ "Osman Gazi Bridge in Turkey" (PDF). Steel Construction Today & Tomorrow. Vol. 53. Japan Iron and Steel Federation. April 2018. pp. 1–2.
- ^ Fuglsang, Kent J. "Izmit Bay Bridge" (PDF). Brodag.dk. COWI A/S. Retrieved May 21, 2023.
- ^ "The Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge" (PDF). Structure Magazine. No. Special Issue. Freyssinet. November 2016.
- ^ Sobotková, Magdaléna (June 2016). "Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge (3rd Bosphorus Bridge)" (PDF). e-mosty. No. 2. pp. 6–29. ISSN 2336-8179.
- ^ Dost, Yakup; Dedeoğlu, Erdoğan (June 5, 2008). Fatih Sultan Mehmet Köprüsünün Projelendirilme Ve Yapim Aşamaları [Design and Construction Stages of Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge] (PDF). First Collaborative Symposium of Turk-Japan Civil Engineers (in Turkish). Istanbul, Turkey. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 25, 2011.
- ^ "Erste Bosporusbrücke, Istanbul, Türkei" [First Bosphorus Bridge, Istanbul, Turkey]. Bernd-nebel.de (in German).
- ^ "Boğaziçi Köprüsü" [Bosphorus Bridge] (PDF). TMH Turkey Engineering News (in Turkish). Vol. 51, no. 442–443. 2006. pp. 78–79.
- ^ "Sazlıdere Cable Stay Bridge, Istanbul, Turkish Republic" (PDF). Wiecon Project Reference Catalogue - Bridge Design Services. p. 24.
{{cite book}}:|website=ignored (help) - ^ "Sazlidere Cable-stayed Bridge". Pipenbaher-consulting.com - Pipenbaher Consulting Engineers. Retrieved May 7, 2023.
- ^ "Kanal İstanbul'un ilk temeli atıldı" [The first foundation of Kanal Istanbul was laid]. Hurhaber.com (in Turkish). 26 June 2021. Retrieved May 7, 2023.
- ^ Yokuş, Ahmet; Noyan, Cengiz; Yaşar, Orhan; Erdİş, Arif; Tadla, Janusz (May 8–10, 2015). "Fırat Nehri Üzerinde Yapılmakta Olan Nissibi Köprüsü Projesi" [Nissibi Bridge Project on the Euphrates River] (PDF). Imo.org.tr (in Turkish). Köprüler Viyadükler Sempozyumu.
- ^ "Nissibi Cable Stayed Road Bridge, Turkish Republic" (PDF). Wiecon Project Reference Catalogue - Bridge Design Services. p. 58.
{{cite book}}:|website=ignored (help) - ^ "Deprem Bölgesinde Yerli Teknolojiyle Üretilen Gurur Köprüsü - Nissibi Köprüsü" [Pride Bridge Produced with Domestic Technology in the Earthquake Zone - Nissibi Bridge] (PDF). Çelik Yapılar (in Turkish). No. 44. Turkish Constructional Steelwork Association. 2015. pp. 18–27. ISSN 1303-9067.
- ^ "Türk Mİmar Ve Mühendİslerİnİn Bİr Başyapiti - Kömürhan Köprüsü" [A Masterpiece of Turkish Architects and Engineers - Kömürhan Bridge] (PDF). Çelik Yapılar (in Turkish). Vol. 20, no. 69. Turkish Constructional Steelwork Association. March–April 2021. pp. 30–38. ISSN 1303-9067.
- ^ "Kömürhan Bridge - Highway Elazig - Malatya, Turkey". Pipenbaher-consulting.com - Pipenbaher Consulting Engineers. Retrieved May 7, 2023.
- ^ "The Komurhan Cable Stay Bridge - Eastern Anatolia, Turkish Republic" (PDF). Wiecon Project Reference Catalogue - Bridge Design Services. p. 55.
{{cite book}}:|website=ignored (help) - ^ "Agin Cable Stay Bridge, Elazig Province, Turkish Republic" (PDF). Wiecon Project Reference Catalogue - Bridge Design Services. p. 67.
{{cite book}}:|website=ignored (help) - ^ "Izmir Bay Crossing Bridge". Pipenbaher-consulting.com - Pipenbaher Consulting Engineers. Retrieved May 7, 2023.
- ^ "Izmir Bay Crossing Bridge". Yukselproje.com.tr - Yüksel Proje. Retrieved May 7, 2023.
- ^ Sanat Yapıları Daire Başkanlığı Güreşen Köprüsü / Artvin, p.15
- ^ Berk, Bülent; Çaycı, Özgür Ersin; Caner, Alp (2016). Design of the Highest Bridge in Turkey: A Rigid Frame Bridge - Çamlica Bridge (PDF). Istanbul Bridge Conference. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 31, 2021.
- ^ "Çamlıca Bridge". Yapifen.com.tr - Yapifen Engineering. Retrieved May 7, 2023.
- ^ Gonul, Onur. "The Botan Bridge collapsed while under construction in the valley of Botan, between Botan and Pervari, Siirt, Turkey". LinkedIn. Retrieved May 7, 2023.
- ^ "Güneydoğu'yu Doğu'ya bağlayacak Beğendik Köprüsü yarın ulaşıma açılıyor" [The Begendik Bridge, which will connect the Southeast to the East, opens for transportation tomorrow]. Anadolu Agency (in Turkish). Retrieved May 7, 2023.
- ^ "Gokdere Viaduct FCC / Extradosed Bridge - Turkish Republic" (PDF). Wiecon Project Reference Catalogue - Bridge Design Services. p. 167.
{{cite book}}:|website=ignored (help) - ^ "Gökdere Viyadüğü" [Gökdere Viaduct]. Inpro.com.tr - İnpro Mühendislik ve Müşavirlik (in Turkish). Retrieved May 7, 2023.
- ^ "Silifke Cable Stay Bridge, Mersin Province, Turkish Republic" (PDF). Wiecon Project Reference Catalogue - Bridge Design Services. p. 53.
{{cite book}}:|website=ignored (help) - ^ ""Silifke – Mut (1 Kisim) Yolu" Projesi'nin Sözleşmesi İmzalandı". Nurolinsaat.com.tr - Nurol İnşaat ve Ticaret A.Ş. (in Turkish). Retrieved May 7, 2023.
- ^ "Beylerderesi Road Bridge Project, Republic of Turkey" (PDF). Wiecon Project Reference Catalogue - Bridge Design Services Turkish Republic. p. 26.
{{cite book}}:|website=ignored (help) - ^ "Beylerderesi Viyadüğü – Türkiye" [Beylereresi Viaduct – Turkey]. Megayapi.com - Mega Yapı İnşaat ve Ticaret Limited Şirketi (in Turkish). Retrieved May 7, 2023.
- ^ "Bridge Type". Halicmetrokoprusu.com. Archived from the original on January 26, 2014.
- ^ Temur, E.; Erkus, B. (October 8–11, 2019). Seismic Performance Assessment of Golden Horn Metro Bridge Through Structural Health Monitoring System (PDF). 5. International Conference on Earthquake Engineering and Seismology. Ankara: Middle East Technical University.
- ^ "Golden Horn Metro Crossing Project, Istanbul, Turkish Republic" (PDF). Wiecon Project Reference Catalogue - Bridge Design Services. p. 74.
{{cite book}}:|website=ignored (help) - ^ "Çayırhan Bridge". Yapifen.com.tr - Yapifen Engineering. Retrieved May 7, 2023.
- ^ Sanat Yapıları Daire Başkanlığı Karababa Köprüsü / Şanlıurfa, p.46
- ^ "Karababa Köprü Yapım İşi" [Karababa Bridge Construction Work]. Yazicioglugrup.com (in Turkish). Retrieved May 21, 2023.
- ^ "Yusufeli Bridges / Tekkale FCC Bridge - Turkish Republic" (PDF). Wiecon Project Reference Catalogue - Bridge Design Services. p. 164.
{{cite book}}:|website=ignored (help) - ^ "PERI, Tekkale Viyadüğü Projesi için Ekonomik ve Güvenli Çözümler Sağlıyor" [PERI Provides Economic and Safe Solutions for Tekkale Viaduct Project]. RTB Road Tunnel Bridge (in Turkish). Vol. 18. October 2020. pp. 16–19.
- ^ a b c "Türkiye'nin en yüksek ayaklı 2'nci viyadüğü açıldı" [Turkey's second highest viaduct opened]. Yeni Şafak (in Turkish). Retrieved May 7, 2023.
- ^ "Eğiste Hadimi Viyadüğü Ulaşıma Açıldı" [Egiste Hadimi Viaduct Opened to Transportation]. Hadimkulder.org (in Turkish). Retrieved May 7, 2023.
- ^ a b Chen, Duan, 2014, p.846
- ^ "Türkiye'nin en uzun köprülerinden Hasankeyf-2 Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan'ın katılımıyla bugün açılıyor" [Hasankeyf-2, one of Turkey's longest bridges, opens today with the participation of President Erdogan]. Anadolu Agency (in Turkish). Retrieved May 7, 2023.
- ^ Harputoğlu, Zeki; Çelebi, Nuri; Tulumtaş, Fikret (September 29–30, 2007). "Gülburnu Köprüsü" [Gülburnu Bridge] (PDF). Imo.org.tr (in Turkish). Köprü ve Viyadükler Sempozyumu.
- ^ a b c Sümerkan, Soner; Bayraktar, Alemdar; Türker, Temel (May 8–10, 2015). "Dengeli Konsol Betonarme Köprüler İçin Deneysel Yöntemlere Dayalı Doğal Frekans Formülü" [Natural Frequency Formula Based on Experimental Methods for Balanced Console Concrete Bridges] (PDF). Imo.org.tr (in Turkish). Köprüler Viyadükler Sempozyumu.
- ^ "Türkiye'nin En Yüksek Dengeli Konsol Köprüsü Trafiğe Açıldı" [Turkey's Highest Balanced Cantilever Bridge Opened to Traffic]. Dsi.gov.tr (in Turkish). Archived from the original on March 19, 2020.
- ^ "Yusufeli Bridges / Silenkar FCC Bridge - Turkish Republic" (PDF). Wiecon Project Reference Catalogue - Bridge Design Services. p. 163.
{{cite book}}:|website=ignored (help) - ^ "Yusufeli Bridges / Baraj FCC Bridge - Turkish Republic" (PDF). Wiecon Project Reference Catalogue - Bridge Design Services. p. 165.
{{cite book}}:|website=ignored (help) - ^ Özkul, Özgür; Özel, C. Noyan; Erdoğan, J. Erdem (May 8–10, 2015). "Yerinde Dökme Dengeli Konsol Köprülerin Döküm Eğrisi Takibi" [Casting Curve Tracking of In-situ Balanced Cantilever Bridges] (PDF). Imo.org.tr (in Turkish). Köprüler Viyadükler Sempozyumu.
- ^ "Amasya Çevre Yolu'ndaki Şehzadeler Viyadüğü ve Kavşak Köprüsü İnşaatı" [Construction of Şehzadeler Viaduct and Junction Bridge on Amasya Ring Road]. Snh.com.tr - SNH İnşaat A.Ş. (in Turkish). Retrieved May 7, 2023.
- ^ "Derevenk Viyadüğü - Dengeli konsol / ardgerme metodu" [Derevenk Viaduct - Balanced cantilever / post-tensioning method] (PDF). Freysas.com.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved May 7, 2023.
- ^ "Dengeli Konsol / Derevenk Viyadüğü / Kayseri" [Balanced Console / Derevenk Viaduct / Kayseri]. Freysas.com.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved May 7, 2023.
- ^ "Karabük ve Safranbolu bu köprü ile birleşti". Turizmavrupa.com (in Turkish). Retrieved May 7, 2023.
- ^ a b c Chemerinsky, Oleg; Klimov, Vyacheslav; Seliverstov, Vadim (August 25–27, 1999). "Steel bridges on the peripheral motorway, Ankara, Turkey". IABSE Symposium: Structures for the Future: The Search for Quality. Report - E-Periodica. 83. Rio de Janeiro: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering: 326–327. doi:10.5169/seals-62962.
- ^ Chen, Duan, 2014, p.853–855
- ^ a b "Kömürhan Köprüsü" [Komurhan Bridge] (PDF). TMH Turkey Engineering News (in Turkish). Vol. 51, no. 442–443. 2006. pp. 74–75.
- ^ a b Bayraktar, Alemdar; Altunişik, Ahmet Can; Sevim, Bariş; Türker, Temel; Domaniç, Arman; Taş, Yavuzhan (March–April 2009). "Vibration Characteristics of Kömürhan Highway Bridge Constructed with Balanced Cantilever Method". Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities. 23 (2). American Society of Civil Engineers: 90–99. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0887-3828(2009)23:2(90).
- ^ Şener, Sıddık; Çağlar, Yasin (2016). "Kömürhan Köprüsü'nde Düşey Yerdeğiştirmeler" [Vertical Displacements on Kömürhan Bridge]. IMO Technical Journal (in Turkish): 7287–7308.
- ^ "Cengiz Trabzon Basarkoy 3 Bridge - Turkish Republic" (PDF). Wiecon Project Reference Catalogue - Bridge Design Services. p. 162.
{{cite book}}:|website=ignored (help) - ^ "İmrahor Viyadüğü" [Imrahor Viaduct] (PDF). TMH Turkey Engineering News (in Turkish). Vol. 51, no. 442–443. 2006. pp. 80–81.
- ^ "TAG Otoyolu Atatürk (Nur Dağı) Viyadüğü" [TAG Highway Atatürk (Nur Dağı) Viaduct] (PDF). TMH Turkey Engineering News (in Turkish). Vol. 51, no. 442–443. 2006. pp. 82–83.
- ^ "Sakarya FCC Bridge, Turkish Republic" (PDF). Wiecon Project Reference Catalogue - Bridge Design Services. p. 161.
{{cite book}}:|website=ignored (help) - ^ "Seyhan Nehri'nin "yeni gerdanlığı" Adana 15 Temmuz Şehitler Köprüsü olacak" [Adana 15 July Martyrs Bridge will be the "new necklace" of the Seyhan River]. Anadolu Agency (in Turkish). Retrieved May 7, 2023.
- ^ "Ormankoy-Akyazi-Dokurcun FCC Bridge, Viaduct 3 - Turkish Republic" (PDF). Wiecon Project Reference Catalogue - Bridge Design Services. p. 153.
{{cite book}}:|website=ignored (help) - ^ "Manavgat Antalya Cable Stayed Road Bridge, Turkish Republic" (PDF). Wiecon Project Reference Catalogue - Bridge Design Services. p. 75.
{{cite book}}:|website=ignored (help)
Further reading
[edit]- Apaydin, Nurdan M.; Bas, Selcuk (September 10–11, 2018). Long-Span Orthotropic Steel Deck Bridges of Turkey. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering - 9th International Symposium on Steel Bridges. Vol. 419. doi:10.1088/1757-899X/419/1/012023.
- Tekİn, Sabri (May 2018). "Monitoring System of Suspension Bridges in Turkey" (PDF). General Directorate of Highways (Turkey) (in Turkish). Senskin Workshop, İstanbul.
- Chen, Wai-Fah; Duan, Lian (2014). "Bridge Engineering in Turkey". In CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group (ed.). Handbook of International Bridge Engineering. CRC Press. pp. 823–864. ISBN 978-1-4398-1029-3.
- Prade, Marcel (1990). "La Turquie". Les Grands Ponts du Monde: Ponts Remarquables Hors d'Europe [The Great Bridges of the World: Remarkable Bridges Outside Europe]. Art et patrimoine (in French). Poitiers: Brissaud. pp. 206–214. ISBN 2-902170-68-8.
External links
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to List of bridges in Turkey.
- "Sanat Yapıları Daire Başkanlığı" [Department of Art Buildings] (PDF). General Directorate of Highways (Turkey) (in Turkish). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 31, 2021.
- "Karayolu" [Highway] (PDF). Uab.gov.tr (in Turkish). Ulaşan ve Erişen Türkiye 2018.
- "Bridge construction methods - Portfolio" (PDF). Freysas.com.tr.
- "Brücken in der Türkei" [Bridges in Turkey]. Brueckenweb.de (in German).
- Denenberg, David. "Suspension Bridges of Turkey". Bridgemeister.com.
- Sakowski, Eric. "Category: Bridges in Turkey". Highestbridges.com.
| Structural types |
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| Lists of bridges by type | ||
| Lists of bridges by size | ||
| Additional lists | ||
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