List of transport megaprojects

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This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

This is a list of megaprojects within the transport sector. Care should be taken in comparing the cost of projects from different times, even a few years apart due to inflation; comparing nominal costs without taking this into account can be highly misleading. Note that inflation-calculated values are current as of 2023.

According to the Oxford Handbook of Megaproject Management in 2017, "Megaprojects are large-scale, complex ventures that typically cost $1 billion or more, take many years to develop and build, involve multiple public and private stakeholders, are transformational, and impact millions of people".[1]

Completed projects[edit]

Project Description Country Location Est. cost (in billions USD) at or near time of completion Est. cost (in billions USD), adjusted for inflation Start of construction Year of completion Image Notes
Tokaido Shinkansen High-speed rail  Japan Taiheiyō Belt 1.06[2] 7.96 1959 1964
Map of Tokaidō Shinkansen, with the Tokaidō Shinkansen route shown in orange and stops labeled
Map of Tokaidō Shinkansen
 Original segment of the first shinkansen line
Çanakkale 1915 Bridge Bridge (road)  Turkey Çanakkale 4[3] 4.44 2017 2022
Spans two continents.
Sha Tin to Central Link Rapid transit  Hong Kong  Hong Kong, From Tai Wai, New Territories to Admiralty, Hong Kong Island 11.6[4] 13 2012 2022
HK$90.7 billion[4]
La Línea Tunnel Tunnel (road)  Colombia Cordillera Central 0.27[5] 0.31 2009 2020
Diagram showing cross-section of the tunnel through a mountain
Cross-section of the tunnel
Thameslink Programme Commuter rail upgrade  United Kingdom Southeast England 8.97[6] 10.4 2009 2020
Construction occurring at the Blackfriars Underground station work site during the Thameslink Programme rebuilding, as seen from platform 5 of the Blackfriars mainline station.
Blackfriars Underground station work site
 (GBP7bn)[6]
Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement tunnel Tunnel (road)  United States Seattle 3.3[7] 3.9 2013 2019
Santiago Metro Line 3, Phase One and 2023 extension. Rapid transit  Chile Santiago 2.17[8][9] 2.41 2012 2023
Combined cost of initial line and extension.[8][9]
Santiago Metro Line 6 Rapid transit  Chile Santiago 1.26[10] 1.54 2014 2017
Map of Line 6. Runs east and then north around outskirts of central Santiago
Map of Line 6
Crimean Bridge Bridge (rail/road)  Russia (one end is recognized internationally as being owned by Ukraine, but is de facto controlled by Russia) 3.7[11] 4.4 2015 2019
Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge Bridge–tunnel  China  Hong Kong, China Zhuhai, and  Macau 19.2[12] 23 2009 2018 ¥127 billion
New Tappan Zee Bridge Bridge (road)  United States South Nyack to Tarrytown, New York 3.98[13] 4.76 2013 2018
Tel Aviv–Jerusalem railway Railway  Israel Israel Jerusalem, Israel 1.9-2.5[14] 2.3-3 2001 2004 (first section)

2007 (second section)

2018 (final section)

NIS7-9 billion[14]
Abuja Light Rail (phase 1 nearing completion)[15] Light Rail  Nigeria Abuja 2.7[15][16] 3.2 2007 2018 Abuja Rail Mass Transit
Noord/Zuidlijn Rapid transit line  Netherlands Amsterdam 4.32[17] 5.96 2002 2018 2011-05-12 Startschacht Damrak (€3.1bn)
Klang Valley MRT Line 1 Rapid transit  Malaysia Kuala Lumpur 11.7[18] 15.4 2012 2017 MRT SBK Semantan station2 (MYR36B)
Ionia Odos Highway  Greece Western Greece 1.8[19] 2.3 2007 2017 (€1.4bn)
Otoyol 5 Highway  Turkey Istanbul to İzmir 7[20] 8.2 2013 2019
Including Osman Gazi Bridge.[21]
German Unification Transport Projects (Verkehrsprojekt Deutsche Einheit) Transport project to achieve the German Unity  Germany  Germany 42[22] 51.4 1991 2016 – continues expansion until 2020 Karte Verkehrsprojekte Deutsche Einheit
AVE - Spain's high-speed railway network High-speed rail  Spain  Spain 44[23] 55.8 1992 2016 - continues expansion 40[23] billion euros
Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge Bridge (rail/road)  Turkey Istanbul 2[24] 2.6 2013 2016
Evergreen Point Floating Bridge Bridge (road)  United States Seattle and Medina, Washington 4.56[25] 5.68 2012 2016
Eurasia Tunnel Tunnel (undersea, road)  Turkey Istanbul 1.3[26] 1.6 2011 2016
Gotthard Base Tunnel Tunnel (rail)   Switzerland Swiss Alps 9.7[27] 12.1 1999 2016 (CHF 9.56 billion)[27]
World Trade Center Transportation Hub Transit center and retail  United States New York City 3.9[28] 4.9 2006 2016
Blanka tunnel complex Tunnel (road)  Czechia Prague 1.75[29] 2.2 2006 2015 43bn Kč[29]
Adler–Krasnaya Polyana road and railway Highway and railway  Russia  Russia 9.4[30] 11.9
2010
 2014
Budapest Metro Line 4 Rapid transit line  Hungary Budapest 1.95[31][32] 2.52 2004 2014 (HUF 452.5 bn)
Marina Coastal Expressway Highway  Singapore  Singapore 3.4[33][34] 4.4 2008 2013[35] (S$4.3 bn)
Marmaray Tunnel Tunnel (undersea, rail)  Turkey Istanbul 4.5[36] 5 2004 2008(Phase I)
2013(Phase II) 		Deepest immersed tube tunnel in the world.
Eastern span replacement of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge Bridge (road)  United States San Francisco Bay Area 6.5[37] 8.4 2002 2013
Russky Bridge Bridge (road)  Russia Vladivostok (Muravyov-Amursky Peninsula) and Russky Island 1.1[38] 1.4 2008 2012
Freeway Durango-Mazatlán and Baluarte Bridge Highway and road bridge  Mexico Durango – Sinaloa 1.46[39][40] 1.9 2008 2012
Jiaozhou Bay Bridge Bridge (road)  China Shandong 1.5[41] 2 2007 2011
Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway High-speed rail  China Eastern China (Beijing to Shanghai, via Tianjin and Nanjing) 33.1[42] 44.2 2008 2011 (RMB 220.9bn)
Clem Jones Tunnel Tunnel (road)  Australia Brisbane 3.3[43] 4.4 2006 2010 (AUD3.2bn)
CBD and South East Light Rail Light rail  Australia Sydney 2.3[44] 2.6 2015 2019 (AUD 3.1bn)[44]
Wuhan–Guangzhou high-speed railway High-speed rail  China  China 17.1[45] 23.6 2005 2009 (RMB 116.6bn)
Egnatia Odos Highway  Greece Northern Greece 8.4[46] 11.6 1994 2009 (€5.9bn)
Incheon Bridge Bridge (road)  South Korea Incheon 2.12[47] 2.9 2005 2009 (₩2.45 trillion; source listed that as being equivalent to US$2.12 billion)
Sound Transit '1 line'

(initial segment)

Light rail  United States Seattle metropolitan area 2.9[48] 4 2003 2009
Bologna–Florence high-speed railway High-speed rail  Italy  Italy 7.8[49] 10.6 1996 2009
(€5.89 billion)[49]
Milan–Bologna high-speed railway High-speed rail  Italy  Italy 9.2[49] 12.6 1993 2008 (€6.92 billion)[49]
Beijing–Tianjin intercity railway High-speed rail  China Beijing and Tianjin[50] 2.34[51] 3.3 2005 2008
High Speed 1 High-speed rail  United Kingdom South East England 13.7[52] 19.4 1998 2007
Diagram of High Speed 1's route, showing a connection with the Channel Tunnel
Map overview of the rail's route
 (£6.84 billion)[52]
Lötschberg Base Tunnel

(initial bore)

Tunnel (rail)   Switzerland Swiss Alps 3.6[53] 5.1 1999 2007 (CHF 4.3 billion)[53]
Copenhagen Metro phase 1-3 Rapid transit  Denmark Copenhagen 1.47[54] 2.1 1996 2007 11,400,000,000 DKK
"Big Dig" Central Artery/Tunnel Project Tunnel (road)  United States Boston 22[55] 30.6 1991 2007 14.6 billion USD; additional $7 billion in interest
Colorado T-REX Project (TRansportation EXpansion) Highway & Light rail upgrade  United States Denver 1.7[56] 2.5 2001 2006
Shanghai Maglev Train High-speed rail, Maglev  China Shanghai 1.4[57] 2.2 2001 2004
Red Line and Purple Line Rapid transit  United States Los Angeles 4.5[58] 7.6 1986 2000 represents expenditure prior to the D Line Extension
Toei Ōedo Line Rapid transit  Japan Tokyo 8.68[59] 14.9 1988 2000 (¥988.6 billion in 1999 yen values)
Jubilee Line Extension Rapid transit line  United Kingdom London 6.83[60] 9.32 1993 1999 3.5 billion GBP

6.83 billion USD is for 2010 prices[60]

Honshu-Shikoku Bridge Project Bridges

17 bridges connecting the islands of Honshū and Shikoku

 Japan  Japan 48[61] 82.6 1978 1999 4 trillion Yen
Øresund Bridge Bridge–tunnel (rail/road)  Denmark,  Sweden  Denmark -  Sweden 5.7[62] 9.8 1995 1999 (DKK30.1bn)
Great Belt Fixed Link Bridge–tunnel (rail/road)  Denmark  Denmark 3.2 7.1 1988 1998 (DKK21.4bn)[63]
Vasco da Gama Bridge Bridge (road)  Portugal Lisbon 1.3[64] 2.4 1995 1998 (€897m / 180bn PTE)
Akashi-Kaikyō Bridge Bridge (road)  Japan Kobe 5[65] 8.7 1988 1998
Channel Tunnel Tunnel (undersea, rail) Strait of Dover, English Channel between the  United Kingdom and  France 15.4[66] 28.7 1988 1994 (GBP9.5bn)
Interstate Highway System Highway Network  United States  United States 114[67] 608 1956 1992[68][69] 425 billion in 2006 dollars[70] 548 billion in 2021 dollars[71]
Baikal–Amur Mainline Railway  Soviet Union (modern-day  Russia) Sovetskaya Gavan to Tayshet (modern-day Russia) 15[72] 37.2 1974 1984
Bay Area Rapid Transit Rapid transit  United States San Francisco Bay Area 1.586[73] 6.6 1964 1976 - continues expansion $11.6 billion adjusted for inflation
St. Lawrence Seaway Canal system  United States,  Canada St Lawrence River and North American Great Lakes between the  United States and  Canada 0.470[74] 3.8 1954 1959
Caracas-La Guaira highway Highway  Venezuela Greater Caracas 0.06[75][76] 0.5 1950 1953
Trans-Siberian Railway Railway  Russian Empire (modern-day  Russia) Moscow to Russian Far East (Vladivostok) (modern-day Russia) 0.770[77] 14.9 1891 1916
Panama Canal Canal  Panama  Panama 0.375[78] 8.4 1881 1914
First transcontinental railroad Railway  United States Omaha, Nebraska, to Sacramento, California 0.1[79] 2 1863 1869 $2.03 billion adjusted for inflation
Suez Canal Canal  Khedivate of Egypt (modern-day  Egypt) Sinai Peninsula, Khedivate of Egypt (modern-day Egypt) 0.082[80] 1.7 1859 1869
Suez Canal expansion Canal expansion  Egypt Sinai Peninsula 8[81] 10.1 2014 2015
Silver Line Rapid transit  United States Northern Virginia 6[82] 6.7 2009 2014 (Phase 1)

2022 (Phase 2)

WMATA Alstom 6000 Series On The Silver Line
WMATA Alstom 6000 Series On The Silver Line
 While the Silver Line runs through Maryland and through Washington, D.C., the actual new sections of railway were all located in Northern Virginia.
Mid-Coast Extension of the Blue Line (San Diego Trolley) Light rail  United States San Diego 2.17[83][84] 2.41 2016 2021
Green Line Extension Light rail  United States Greater Boston 2.28[85] 2.5 2012 2022
The new Lechmere station under construction in May 2020. The tracks at this station are elevated.
The new Lechmere station under construction in May 2020
Highway Vespucio Oriente Tunnel (road)  Chile Santiago 1.1 1.2 2017 2022
East Side Access project (including Grand Central Madison station) Transit center, commuter rail  United States New York City 11.1[86] 12.3 2007 2023
The East Side Access project, including Grand Central Madison station, allows Long Island Rail Road service to Grand Central Terminal.
Taichung Metro Rapid transit  Taiwan Taichung 2.08[87] 2.41 2009 2021
Almaty Metro Rapid transit  Kazakhstan Almaty 1[88] 1.3 1988 (was temporarily suspended as a result of the collapse of the Soviet Union) 2011
Dubai Metro Rapid transit  United Arab Emirates Dubai 7.62[89] 10.52 2009
Canada Line Rapid transit  Canada Greater Vancouver 1.79[90] 2.47 2005 2009
Map of Vancouver's transit lines in 2016, showing Canada Line in sky blue
Canada Line (sky blue) as part of the Metro Vancouver transit system in 2016
 $2.05 billion CAD – set as the value for 2009, though estimate was originally made in 2006
Second Avenue Subway, Phase 1 Rapid transit  United States New York City 4.4[91] 5.5 2007 2017
Inflation is based on 2016, as the line opened on January 1 of 2017; construction was thus technically completed before then.
Silicon Valley BART extension, Phase I Rapid transit  United States San Francisco Bay Area 2.3[92] 2.7 2012 2020
Algiers Metro (original section of Line 1) Rapid transit  Algeria Algiers 1.2[93] 1.6 1982 (was suspended for a time) 2011
Changsha Metro, Line 2 Rapid transit  China Changsha 1.8[94] 2.2 2009 2014
Doha Metro Rapid transit  Qatar Doha 36[95][96] 42.3 2013 2019
Mombasa–Nairobi Standard Gauge Railway Railway  Kenya Mombasa

NairobiNaivasha

5.3[97] 6.2 2013 2019
Original phase: $3.8bn and extension: 1.5bn[97]
Edinburgh Trams Light rail  United Kingdom Edinburgh 1.72[98] 2.18 2008 2014
(£1.043bn)[98]
Padma Bridge Bridge (rail/road)  Bangladesh Padma River 3.6[99] 4 2014 2022
Woodrow Wilson Bridge Bridge (Bascule)  United States Washington metropolitan area 2.357[100] 3.04 2000 2013
Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge (original/upper deck) Bridge (road)  United States New York City 0.320[101] 2.4 1959 1964
AirTrain JFK People mover  United States New York City 1.9[102] 3 1998 2003
While it does serve passengers within JFK, it was primarily built for transport between the airport and the city.
Taiwan High Speed Rail High-speed rail  Taiwan  Taiwan 14.63[103] 20.72 2000 2007
480.6 billion converted to USD in 2007 dollars is $14.63 billion.[104]
Goethals Bridge (replacement) Bridge (road)  United States New York City and New Jersey 1.25[105] 1.49 2014 2017 (New eastbound span)

2018 (New westbound span)

Danyang-Kunshan Grand Bridge Bridge (rail)  China Shanghai and Nanjing 8.5[106] 11.36 2006 2011 (construction ended in 2010; opened in 2011)
Bolshaya Koltsevaya line Rapid transit  Russia Moscow 8.59[107] 10.5 2011 2023
Seikan Tunnel Tunnel (undersea, rail)  Japan Tsugaru Strait 8.58[108] 19.1 1971 1988
Rennes Metro Line B Rapid transit  France Rennes 1.405[109] 1.56 2014 2022
Line B in green
 €1.342 billion converted to USD based on average rate for 2022
Paris Métro Line 14 (original segment) Rapid transit  France Paris 1.2682[110] 1.961 1993 2007
Inflation clock starting in 2004
Crossrail 1 Commuter rail, Rapid transit  United Kingdom Greater London 23.0[111] 25.5 2007 2023[112]
A new 73m (117 km) railway line in England, serving London, Berkshire, Buckinghamshire & Essex.

Core section opened May 24, 2022, full integration of routes and completion expected by May 2023.[112]

Regional Connector Light rail tunnel  United States Downtown Los Angeles 1.8[113] 1.9 2014 2023
IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line Rapid transit  United States New York City 0.06[114] 1.44 1900 Complete line: 1908
Lekki Port Seaport  Nigeria Lekki 1.5[115] 1.6 2015 2023
Ohio River Bridges Project Bridges and interchange reconfiguration  United States Louisville metropolitan area 2.3[116] 2.78 2014 2017
A new motorway project near Louisville, Kentucky. Major works included two new bridges across the Ohio River; a short tunnel section; and reconstruction of interchange ramps.

Partially completed and open[edit]

Project Description Country Location Est. cost (in billions USD) at or near time of completion Est. cost (in billions USD), adjusted for inflation Start of construction Year of completion Image Notes
Confederation Line Rapid transit  Canada Ottawa 5.1[117] 6 2013[118] Completed
2019 (stage 1)
Expected
2026 (stage 2)
$2.1 billion + $4.66 billion CA$[117]
Milan Metro Line 4 Rapid transit  Italy Milan 2.24[119] 2.6 2014[120] Completed

2022 (Phase One)

2023 (Phase Two)

Expected

2024 (Phase Three)

Map showing the M4 line, with a solid blue line depicting Phase 1 and a dotted blue line showing Phases 2 and 3
Map showing the M4 line, with a solid line depicting the already-open route and a dotted line showing the part of the route not yet opened
 Roughly €1.9 billion as of April 2020.
Lusail Tram Light rail  Qatar Lusail 2.7 as of 2014[121] 3.4 2016 Completed

2022 (First part of orange line)

Expected

Unclear timeline for rest of lines/stations

Hyderabad Metro Rapid transit  India Hyderabad 2.4 as of November 2017[122] 2.9 2012 Completed

2018 (First stretch)

2020 (Second stretch)

Expected

Unclear timeline for rest of lines/stations

Trans-Sumatra Toll Road Highway  Indonesia Sumatra 33.2[123] 36.8 Completed
Several segments at varying times (2019-2022)
Expected
2023, 2024 (Remaining segments)
K Line Light rail  United States Los Angeles 2.1[124] 2.3 2014 Completed
2022 (first section)
Expected
2024 (rest of line)
WestConnex Tunnel (road)  Australia Sydney 14[125] 17.6 2015 Completed
Several segments at varying times (2016-2023)
Expected
2023 (Remaining segments)
($16.8 billion AUD)
Skyline Railway  United States Oʻahu 12.4[126] 13.8 2011 Completed
2023 (Phase 1)
Expected
2025 (Phase 2)
2031 (Phase 3)
Sydney Metro Rapid transit  Australia Sydney 14.2[127] 15.8 2013 Completed
2019 (Phase 1)
Expected
2030 (remaining phases)
Map of Sydney North Western Line and the City and South Western Line overlayed on top of the existing rail network
 AUD $20.5 billion (Stage 1 and 2)[127]
El Insurgente Commuter rail  Mexico State of Mexico; Mexico City 2.8[128] 3.2 2015 Completed
2023 (Zinacantepec to Lerma)
Expected
2024 (Lerma to Observatorio)
Kınalı-Balıkesir Motorway Highway  Turkey Tekirdağ to Balıkesir 2[129] 2.5 2017 Completed
2023 (Malkara-Lapseki)
Expected
2024 (remaining phases)
Lagos Rail Mass Transit Rapid transit, Commuter rail  Nigeria Lagos 3.6[130][131] 3.7 2009 Completed
2023 (Blue Line)
Expected
2024 (Red Line)
A-1 motorway Highway  Montenegro  Montenegro 3.7[132][133] 3.8 2015[134] Completed
2023 (first 43 km section)

Expected
2024 (Andrijevica segment)

(2.77 billion €)

Under construction[edit]

Project Description Country Location Approximate cost (in billions USD) Start of construction Planned year of completion Image Notes
Silver Line Commuter rail  United States Dallas 1.9[135] 2020 2025
Also known as the "Cotton Belt Line"
Purple Line Light rail  United States Maryland suburbs of Washington, D.C. 3.4[136] 2017 (halted in 2020); resumed in 2022 2027[137]
Map depicting the purple line's route in relation to the Washington Metro's train lines. The map is fairly schematic and not very geographically accurate.
Map showing the Purple Line's intersection points with the Washington Metro
Red & Purple Modernization Rapid transit  United States Chicago 2.1[138] 2019 2025
Thessaloniki Metro Rapid transit  Greece Thessaloniki 1.83[139] 2006 2024[140]
Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link Tunnel (undersea, rail/road)  Denmark,  Germany Fehmarn to Lolland 8.75[141] 2019[141] 2028[141]
Lagos-Kano Standard Gauge Railway Railway  Nigeria From Lagos to Kano 8.3[142][143] 2011 TBA
Badagry Deep Sea Port Seaport  Nigeria Badagry 2.3[144] 2024[145] TBA
Fourth Mainland Bridge Bridge (road)  Nigeria Across the lagoon to connect Ikorodu and Lekki 4.2[146] 2024 TBA
California High-Speed Rail High-speed rail  United States California 80.3[147] 2015 2033
(Phase I)
A topographic map of California with California High-Speed Rail
class=notpageimage|
Locations of planned California High-Speed Rail route. Phase I: black; Phase II: dark blue. (The separate Brightline West system is shown in light blue.) Route is approximate in some places.
China Pakistan Economic Corridor Economic corridor  Pakistan,  China Pakistan Gwadar to China Kashgar 65[148] 2015 2030
Barcelona Metro line 9 Rapid transit line  Spain Barcelona 26.3[149][150] 2009 2027[151] (€19bn)
Santiago Metro Line 7 Rapid transit line  Chile Santiago 2.5[152] 2022[153] 2027
Map of Santiago Metro Line 7
Map of the line
Cross River Rail Commuter rail tunnel  Australia Brisbane 4.7[154] 2017 2026[154]
AUD $6.3 billion
Metro Tunnel Commuter rail tunnel  Australia Melbourne 9.46[155] 2018 2025
Map of the Metro Tunnel project in Melbourne, new 9km twin rail tunnels running through the CBD with five underground stations. New tunnel is depicted in blue with existing metropolitan rail lines in grey. The new line will connect the Sunbury line in the west with the Pakenham and Cranbourne lines in the east, with a future branch (not depicted) to the airport.
Map of the Metro Tunnel in blue and existing railway lines in grey
 AUD $12.58 billion
Suburban Rail Loop Rapid transit  Australia Melbourne 23.31-43.61[156] 2022 2035-2053[a]
The map of the Suburban Rail Loop East (Lime, Cyan, Orange and Green) placed on top of the Victorian Train Map post Metro Tunnel (Grey and Purple)
 AUD $31–58 billion
NHDP/ Bharatmala Highway upgrade  India  India 207.6 (total)

(NHDP: 53.2, 75.3 in 2023)[157]

(Bharatmala: 135.37)[158]

2000 2018: (NHDP)

2026: Bharatmala Phase I[159]

Phase II was set to start in 2024, but now is uncertain[160]

NH 47 between Coimbatore and Salem in Tamil Nadu, India.
 (INR 4.5 trillion).This project was partially completed by 2018 and was then subsumed under the Bharatmala project.
Agua Negra Tunnel Tunnel (road)  Argentina,  Chile Argentina San Juan, Argentina, & Chile Coquimbo Region 1.5[161] 2018 2027
Fastracks Light rail, Commuter rail  United States Denver 6.5[162] 2006 2044
City Rail Link Commuter rail  New Zealand Auckland 3.4[163] 2015 2025
(NZD$5.5bn)
Line 5 Eglinton Light rail  Canada Toronto 10.26[164] 2010 2024
Grand Paris Express Rapid transit  France Île-de-France (Paris region) 48[165] 2016 2030 4 new lines, 200 km, 72 new stations
Scarborough Subway Extension Rapid transit  Canada Toronto 3[166] 2022 2029-2030
CA$3.982 billion, 3 stops, 7.8 km [167]
Tehran-Shomal Freeway, 121 km Highway  Iran Tehran Province and Mazandaran Province 1.7[168] 1996 2024?

(sections 1,2, & 4 are already complete)

(HUF 452bn)
Stuttgart 21 Railway & Urban Development  Germany Stuttgart 10.8[169] 2010 2025
€9.15 billion[169]
Birmingham Northern Beltline (I-422) Highway  United States Birmingham, Alabama 5.4[170] 2014 2047
Brenner Base Tunnel Tunnel (rail)  Austria,  Italy Austria Innsbruck to Italy Franzensfeste 11[171] 2008 2032
Koralm Tunnel Tunnel (rail)  Austria Styria / Carinthia 6.2[172] 2009 2026
(€5.4 bn)
Semmering Base Tunnel Tunnel (rail)  Austria Lower Austria / Styria 4.6[173] 2012 2024
(€3.9 bn)
Mumbai–Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor High-Speed Rail  India From Ahmedabad to Mumbai 20[174] 2019 2026 (partial), 2027 (complete)
(₹1.6 lakh crore)
Sagarmala Seaport  India Coastal areas of India 82.7[175] 2017 2035 (₹6.5 lakh crore, only counting current projects)
Réseau express métropolitain Light rail, Rapid transit  Canada Montreal 5.7[176] 2018 2025[177]
67 km of rails, 26 stations, automated light metro. Cost estimated in June 2021 to be $CDN 6.9bn; in June 2021, that was equivalent to $USD 5.7bn.
High Speed 2 High Speed Railway  United Kingdom England 106.4[178] 2017[179] 2033 330 mi/530 km of High Speed track,[180] 5 stations and West Coast Mainline integration
Northern Powerhouse Rail Railway & Urban renewal  United Kingdom England 39[181] 2018[182] 2026 Links Liverpool, Sheffield, Kingston-upon-Hull & Newcastle-upon-Tyne to High Speed 2.
Link light rail 2 Line Light rail line  United States Eastside King County, Washington 3.7[183] 2016 2025
Bogotá Metro

(line 1)

Rapid transit  Colombia Bogotá 4.5[184] 2020 2028
Brussels Metro line 3 Rapid transit  Belgium Brussels 1.86[185] 2020[186] 2030
Chūō Shinkansen High-speed rail, Maglev  Japan  Japan 64.35[187] as of May 2021 2014 Unknown[188]
Tel Aviv Light Rail Light rail  Israel Tel Aviv 5.8[189][190] 2011 2028
NIS18.8 billion
Tel Aviv Metro Rapid transit  Israel Tel Aviv metro area 39.4[191] 2025 2032
Panama Metro Line 3 Rapid transit line (monorail)  Panama Panama City 2.7154[192] 2021 2025
The Panamanian balboa is tied to the United States dollar.
Millennium Line Broadway Extension ("Broadway Subway Project") Rapid transit  Canada Vancouver 2.35[193] 2021[193] 2026[194]
Map showing the extension along Broadway in relation to existing lines and surface streets
Map showing the extension along Broadway in relation to existing lines and surface streets
 Cost estimated in May 2021 to be 2,830,000,000 Canadian dollars; in roughly May 2021, that was roughly equivalent to 2,350,000,000 US dollars.
Penn Station Access Commuter rail  United States New York City and Westchester County, New York 2.87[195] 2022 2027
South Coast Rail Commuter rail  United States Southeastern Massachusetts 3.42[196] 2019[197] 2030
Trillium Line Expansion Light rail  Canada Ottawa 3.5[198] 2019 2024
4.72 billion CAD
Bangkok–Nong Khai high-speed railway High-speed rail  Thailand  Thailand 4.65[199] 2020 2026
179 billion baht as of October 2022
Oslo Metro Line T6 Rapid transit line  Norway Oslo and Bærum 1.6[200] 2020 2027
Cost is as of January 2017
Caltrain Modernization Program (CalMod) Commuter rail  United States San Francisco Bay Area 2.44[201] 2017 2024
Lima Metro Line 2 Rapid transit  Peru Lima 5.8[202] 2014 2025
Line 2 in yellow
Line 4 (Athens Metro) Rapid transit  Greece Athens 1.9 2021 2029-30
€1.6 billion[203]
Cairo Metro Line 3, Phase 3 Rapid transit  Egypt Cairo 2.6[204] 2023 (last extensions)
Line 3 shown in green
 Entire Line 3 costs more
São Paulo Metro, Line 6 Rapid transit  Brazil Greater São Paulo 2.6[205] Resumed in 2020 2025
Toulouse Metro, Line C Rapid transit  France Toulouse Métropole 3.65[206] 2022 2028
Metro Line C shown in green
 €3.4 billion as of February 7, 2023
Abidjan Metro Rapid transit  Ivory Coast Abidjan 1.46[207] 2022 2025
€1.36 billion as of December 20, 2022
Ho Chi Minh City Metro, Line 1 Rapid transit  Vietnam Ho Chi Minh City 2.5[208] 2012 2023[208]
Line 1 in red; remaining lines in planning stage or on hold
Vienna U-Bahn, U2xU5 Project Rapid transit  Austria Vienna 2.5[209] 2018[210] 2030
Map of metro after project concludes in 2030
Riyadh Metro Rapid transit  Saudi Arabia Riyadh 22.5 as of July 2013[211] 2014 2024
There were disputes regarding at least $1 billion in 2022; as of January 2023, it is unclear if/how that affected the overall cost.[212]
Xiong'an–Xinzhou high-speed railway High-speed rail  China Xiong'an–Xinzhou 8.86[213] 2022 2027
Tanzania Standard Gauge Railway Railway  Tanzania Tanzania At least 7.6[214] 2017 Unclear (does vary based on phase)
Portal Bridge replacement Bridge (rail)  United States New Jersey 1.5[215] 2022 2025 (first line of track)[216]
Bridge to be replaced
Rogfast Tunnel (road)  Norway Rogaland 2.91[217] 2018 (paused 2019; unclear if/when resumed, but it is still expected to be constructed) 2033
Gordie Howe International Bridge Bridge (road)  United States,  Canada Detroit to Windsor, Ontario 5.4[218] 2018 2025
D Line Extension Rapid transit  United States Greater Los Angeles 9.5[219] 2014 (Section 1)
2018 (Section 2)
2021 (Section 3) 		2027 (final section: Section 3)[219]
Belgrade Metro Rapid transit  Serbia Belgrade 5.35[220] 2021 2028
Ontario Line Rapid transit  Canada Toronto 7.3-8.7[221] 2022 2031
16 km, 15 stop line with at-grade, elevated and underground sections operated with driverless trains.[222]
São Paulo Metro Line 2 extension Rapid transit  Brazil São Paulo 1.4[223] 2020 2026
Valley Metro Rail: South Central Extension Light rail  United States Phoenix, Arizona 1.35[224] 2019 2024
Hamburg U5 Rapid transit  Germany Hamburg 1.75[225] 2022 2030
U5 shown in red and purple
Project Connect Public transit[b]  United States Austin, Texas 10.3 for the light rail components; unclear for the rest[226] 2021 Unclear
Measure approved by Austin voters. Construction of at least one bus rapid transit corridor has begun; light rail construction has not begun.
Hampton Roads Bridge–Tunnel Expansion Project Bridge–tunnel (road)  United States Hampton Roads (Virginia) 3.9[227] 2020 2025
Frederick Douglass Tunnel Tunnel (rail)  United States Baltimore 6[228] 2023 2033
Replacement for old Baltimore and Potomac Tunnel)

Suspended or abandoned[edit]

Project Description Country Location Status (suspended or abandoned) Approximate cost (in billions USD) and year of cost estimate Start of construction Year suspended Image Notes
Northern Latitudinal Railway Railway  Russia Labytnangi (Obskaya) - Korotchaevo Suspended 3.03 (2018)[229] 2018 2022

Proposed[edit]

Project Description Location Approximate cost (in billions USD) Proposed start of construction Proposed year of completion Notes
Great Istanbul Tunnel Railway, Undersea tunnel Turkey Istanbul, Turkey 3.5[230] TBD TBD After Marmaray and Eurasia Tunnel's, it will be the third tunnel to connect Istanbul's sides.
Arctic Railway Railway  Finland,  Norway 3.43[231] TBD TBD A connecting line between Kirkenes port and the Finnish railway network.
Bridge of the Horns Bridge (rail/road)  Djibouti,  Yemen 20 TBD TBD A bridge across the Red Sea.
Crossrail 2 Railway, Commuter rail, Rapid transit United Kingdom Greater London, United Kingdom 49.4 in 2014 money[232] 2023 2030s[citation needed] A new railway line in England, serving London, Surrey & Hertfordshire to interlink with Crossrail (above).
Helsinki City Rail Loop Commuter Rail  Finland 1.77[233] TBD TBD An underground rail loop in Helsinki.
Helsinki–Tallinn Tunnel Railway, Undersea tunnel  Finland,  Estonia 17.74[234] TBD TBD
Irish Sea Bridge Bridge (rail/road)  United Kingdom 20.55[235] TBD TBD A proposed bridge between Scotland and Northern Ireland, supported by the Johnson ministry.[236]
Lentorata Railway tunnel  Finland 6.5[237] 2030 TBD An airport rail link for Helsinki Airport.
Malacca Strait Bridge Bridge (road)  Indonesia,  Malaysia 14[238] TBD TBD A proposed 48 kilometer bridge over the Strait of Malacca.
MetroLink (Dublin) Rapid transit Republic of Ireland Greater Dublin Area, Ireland 9.83[239] 2025 2031-2034
Saudi–Egypt Causeway Causeway  Saudi Arabia,  Egypt 4 TBD TBD
Strait of Messina Bridge Bridge (rail/road)  Italy 6.6 TBD TBD
Sunda Strait Bridge Bridge (rail/road)  Indonesia 18.87[240] TBD TBD The project has been indefinitely postponed.[241]
Singapore Strait crossing Tunnel (undersea)  Singapore,  Indonesia TBD TBD TBD A proposed tunnel between Singapore and Indonesia.
Qatar–Bahrain Causeway Causeway  Qatar,  Bahrain 5 TBD TBD
Brightline West High-speed rail United States California and Nevada 10[242] 2023 2027
Texas Central Railway High-speed rail United States Texas 5.9 TBD TBD Would operate between Dallas and Houston, with a stop in the Brazos Valley region
LinkUS Rapid transit United States Columbus, Ohio 8[243] 2024 2030 Cost includes three rapid-transit corridors set to open by 2030, and two more by 2050.[243][244]
Second Avenue Subway, Phase 2 Rapid transit United States New York City 6.39[245] TBD TBD Project was moved to the engineering stage in January 2022.[246]
Gateway Tunnel Tunnel (rail) United States New York City to New Jersey (Hudson River) 16.1[247] TBD TBD
Interborough Express Light rail United States New York City 5.5[248] (in 2027 dollars)[249] TBD TBD New light rail line, built largely along existing tracks, connecting Brooklyn and Queens. Still in planning stages.
Rio de Janeiro Light Rail Expansion Light rail Brazil Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 3[250] 2023 2025 (at least first sections) Would add 145.5 km (90.4 mi) to existing light rail network
Bagamoyo Port Seaport Tanzania Bagamoyo, Tanzania 10[251] 2023
Valparaíso–Santiago rail replacement Railway Chile Valparaíso and Santiago, Chile 1.32[252] 2025 2030
D2 Subway Light rail United States Dallas 1.7-1.9[253] TBD 2028
City Centre–Mangere Line Light rail  New Zealand 8.7[254] TBD TBD In the detailed planning phase. Would connect Auckland Airport to the CBD, terminating at Wynyard Quarter

Airport projects[edit]

Airport Primary market(s) served Country IATA Code Type of project Passengers (total) Year completed Est. cost (in billions USD) at or near time of completion Est. cost (in billions USD), adjusted for inflation
Abu Dhabi International Airport Abu Dhabi  United Arab Emirates AUH New airport 20,000,000 1982 6.8 18.2
Adolfo Suarez Madrid-Barajas International Airport Terminals 4 and 4S Madrid  Spain MAD New terminals 57,891,340 2006 8.7 12.7
Al Maktoum International Airport Dubai  United Arab Emirates DWC New airport 410,278 (expected: 260 million) 2010 32 43.7
Athens International Airport Athens  Greece ATH New airport 16,225,885 2001 3 4.9
Auckland Airport Auckland  New Zealand AKL New terminal, new runway 2028-2029 (expected) 2.4[255]
Bahrain International Airport expansion Bahrain  Bahrain BAH New terminal 2021 1.1[256] 1.2
Beijing Capital International Airport Terminal 3 Beijing  China PEK New terminal 50,000,000 2008 3.8[257] 5.3
Beijing Daxing International Airport Beijing  China PKX New airport 25,051,012 2019 17 20.4
Berlin-Brandenburg International Airport Berlin  Germany BER New airport 28,000,000 (expected)[258] 2020 10 (as of 2018)[259]
Central Transport Hub Warsaw  Poland N/A ≈45,000,000 (expected) 2027 (expected) 4.2-5.0 (expected, without rail component and road component)
Changi Airport Terminal 3 Singapore  Singapore SIN New terminal 22,000,000 2008 1.4[260] 1.9
Changi Airport Terminal 4 Singapore  Singapore SIN New terminal 65,628,000 2017 1[261]
Charles de Gaulle Airport Paris  France CDG New airport 26,196,575 as of 2021[262] 1973 0.27[263] 1.4
Chengdu Tianfu International Airport Chengdu  China TFU New airport 4,354,758 as of 2021 2021 10.8[264] 12
Chennai greenfield airport, Parandur Chennai  India N/A New airport 100,000,000 (expected) Unclear 2.5 (₹20,000 crore)[265]
Ciudad Real Central Airport Ciudad Real  Spain CQM New airport Ceased operations in 2012 (expected: 10 million) 2009 1.41
Comodoro Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport: International Terminal Santiago  Chile SCL New terminal 30,000,000 2022[266][unreliable source?] 0.99
Dallas Fort Worth International Airport Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex  United States DFW New airport 62,465,756 as of 2021 1973 0.7[267] 3.7
Dallas Fort Worth International Airport Terminal F; overhaul Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex  United States DFW New terminal; terminal expansion; renovations 2028 or 2033 (expected) 4.8[268]
Denver International Airport Denver  United States DEN New airport 50,167,485 1995 4.8[269] 8.8
Dubai International Airport Terminal 3 Dubai  United Arab Emirates DXB New terminal 2008 4.5[270] 6.3
Felipe Ángeles International Airport Mexico City  Mexico NLU New airport 2022 3.68[271]
George Bush Intercontinental Airport, international terminal construction Houston  United States IAH Terminal redevelopment and/or expansion Unclear 1.2[272] (as of October 2019)
Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport Guangzhou  China CAN New airport 59,732,147 2004 2.39 3.7
Hamad International Airport Doha  Qatar DOH New airport 2014 15.5[273] 19.7
Harry Reid International Airport (then McCarran International Airport), Terminal 3 Las Vegas  United States LAS New terminal 2012 2.4[274] 3.1
Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport Terminal 3 Dhaka  Bangladesh DAC New terminal Additional 12,000,000 (expected) 2.53[275] (as of 2019)
Hong Kong International Airport Hong Kong HKG New airport 70,502,000 1998 20[276][unreliable source?] 34.9
Heathrow Airport Terminal 5 London  United Kingdom LHR New terminal 32,100,000 as of 2018 2008 7.9[277] 11
Incheon International Airport Seoul  South Korea ICN New airport 28,677,161 2001 (Phase 1)

2008 (Phase 2)

2017 (Phase 3)

5 (Phase 1)

2.6 (Phase 2)

3.54 (Phase 3)

8.2 (Phase 1)

3.6 (Phase 2)

4.3 (Phase 3)

Istanbul Airport Istanbul  Turkey IST New airport 52,578,008[278] 2018 29 (including side projects)[279] 34.7
John F. Kennedy International Airport, (New) Terminal One New York City  United States JFK New terminal Expected:

2026 (Phase 1)

2030 (Full completion)

9.5[280]
John F. Kennedy International Airport, (New) Terminal 6 New York City  United States JFK New terminal Expected:

2026 (Phase 1)

2028 (Full completion)

4.2 (Phase 1)[281]
Kansai International Airport Osaka  Japan KIX New airport 27,987,564 1994 20 (as of 2008) 27.8 (starting inflation calculation in 2008)
Kansas City International Airport Kansas City  United States MCI New terminal (replacement) 2023 1.5[282]
Kertajati International Airport Majalengka Regency  Indonesia KJT New airport 29,000,000 (expected) 2018 15 17.9
King Abdulaziz International Airport Jeddah  Saudi Arabia JED New airport 18,000,000 1981 7.2[283]
King Shaka International Airport Durban  South Africa DUR New airport 7,500,000 2010 1 1.4
Kuala Lumpur International Airport Kuala Lumpur  Malaysia KUL New airport 52,643,511 1998 3.5
Kualanamu International Airport Medan  Indonesia KNO New airport 12,245,116 2013 4.4[284]
Kuwait International Airport, Terminal 2 Kuwait City  Kuwait KWI New terminal 25,000,000 additional passengers (estimated) 2024 (expected) 5[285]
LaGuardia Airport New York City  United States LGA Renovation 15,601,063 2025 (expected) 8[286]
Long Thanh International Airport Ho Chi Minh City  Vietnam N/A New airport 100,000,000 (expected) 2025 (expected) 10
Los Angeles International Airport Los Angeles  United States LAX Renovation and expansion 14
Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport (new terminal) New Orleans  United States MSY New terminal 2019 1.3[287] 1.5
Manchester Airport Transformation Programme Manchester  United Kingdom MAN New terminal 2025 (expected) 1.6[288] (equivalent to £1.3 billion as of February 2023)
Munich Airport Munich  Germany MUC New airport 1992 5.17[289] 10.08
Nashville International Airport, BNA Vision Nashville, Tennessee  United States BNA Airport overhaul[c] 2023 (expected) 1.5[290]
Nashville International Airport, New Horizon Nashville, Tennessee  United States BNA Terminal expansion; other improvements[d] 2028 (expected) 1.4[291]
Navi Mumbai International Airport Mumbai  India NMU New airport 60,000,000 (expected) 2024 (expected) 2
New Islamabad International Airport Islamabad  Pakistan IBD New airport 5,140,585 2018 3.91 4.7
New Lisbon Airport Lisbon  Portugal N/A 50,000,000 (expected) 2035 (expected) 4.5
New Mexico City International Airport Mexico City  Mexico Ceased operations in 2018 (expected: 125 million) 2018 13
Newark Liberty International Airport Terminal A Newark, New Jersey; New York City  United States EWR Terminal replacement 2023 2.7[292]
Newark Liberty International Airport Terminal C Newark, New Jersey; New York City  United States EWR Terminal renovation and expansion 33,399,207 2003 1.2 1.9
O'Hare International Airport Chicago  United States ORD Expansion 2028 (expected) 8.7[293] (as of March 2019)
Orlando International Airport, Terminal C Orlando, Florida  United States MCO New terminal 2022 2.8[294]
Salt Lake City International Airport Salt Lake City  United States SLC Renovation and expansion 2024 (expected) 4.1[295] (as of January 2020)
Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport, replacement terminal Shenzhen  China SZX Terminal replacement 2013 1.4[296] 1.8
Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport, third runway Shenzhen  China SZX New runway 2025 (expected) 1.76[297]
Suvarnabhumi Airport Bangkok  Thailand BKK 55,892,428 2006 3.8 5
Taoyuan International Airport Terminal 3 Taipei  Taiwan TPE New terminal First stage: 2024 (expected)[298] 3.13 (as of November 2022)[299]
Western Sydney Airport Sydney  Australia WSI (provisional) New airport 10,000,000 (initially) 82,000,000 (by 2036) 2026 (expected) 3.3

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ SRL East 2035
    SRL North 2043-2053
  2. ^ This plan includes multiple light rail lines, a new commuter rail line, and multiple bus rapid transit routes.
  3. ^ The project includes terminal lobby renovation, an international arrivals facility (including six new international gates and a new Customs and Border Protection area), a new tarmac terminal apron and taxilane expansion, an on-airport hotel and corresponding garage, a satellite concourse, the creation of Concourse D, multiple new terminal garages, and roadway updates to accommodate the changes.
  4. ^ The project includes expanding multiple concourses, as well as constructing a new air freight building, making terminal roadway improvements, and making baggage system handling improvements.

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