List of tornado outbreaks by outbreak intensity score

From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

In late 2023, American meteorologist and tornado expert Thomas P. Grazulis created the outbreak intensity score (OIS) as a way to rank tornado outbreaks.[1][2] For the score, only significant tornadoes are counted: F2/EF2 tornadoes receive 2 points each, F3/EF3 tornadoes receive 5 points each, F4/EF4 tornadoes receive 10 points each, and F5/EF5 tornadoes receive 15 points each.[1] The number of total points determine the rating for the outbreak, which is broken up into seven categories.[1]

Type of outbreak Weak Minor Significant Major Devastating Historic Super
Number of
points 		2–6 7–10 11–29 30–79 80–119 120–249 250+

List[edit]

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

Super outbreaks[edit]

There have been two tornado outbreaks which scored more than 250 points on the OIS, reaching the status of "super outbreak".[1]

Super outbreaks[1]
Outbreak OIS score # of (E)F2s # of (E)F3s # of (E)F4s # of (E)F5s Total tornadoes Deaths Injuries References
1974 Super Outbreak 578 34 35 23 7 148 319 5,454 [1][3][4][5][6][7]
2011 Super Outbreak 378 49 22 11 4 360 324 2,892 [1][8][9][10]

Historic outbreaks[edit]

There have been 24 tornado outbreaks which scored at least 120 points, but less than 249 on the OIS, reaching the status of "historic outbreak".[1]

Historic outbreaks[1]
Outbreak OIS score # of (E)F2s # of (E)F3s # of (E)F4s # of (E)F5s Total tornadoes Deaths Injuries References
1965 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak 238 14 6 18 0 55 266 3,662 [1][11]
Tornado outbreak sequence of May 2003 232 36 20 6 0 363 42 652 [1][12][13]
Tornado outbreak sequence of May 6–27, 1995 188 39 14 4 0 279 13 500+ [1]
Tornado outbreak of November 21–23, 1992 187 26 15 6 0 95 26 641 [1][6][14][15]
Tornado outbreak of June 14–18, 1992 186 33 15 3 1 170 1 110 [1][16][17]
1932 Deep South tornado outbreak 182 16 10 10 0 38 330 2,141 [18][19]
Tornado outbreak sequence of May 1982 174 42 16 1 0 329 14 18+ [1]
Tornado outbreak of May 22–31, 1973 172 41 10 4 0 145 24 820 [1][13][20]
Tornado outbreak sequence of May 2019 172 31 18 2 0 402 8 288 [1][21][22]
Tornado outbreak of March 21–22, 1952 169 7 11 10 0 30 204 1,155 [1][23]
1985 United States–Canada tornado outbreak 169 7 12 8 1 44 90 875 [1][24][25]
Tornado outbreak sequence of May 21–26, 2011 162 31 8 3 2 239 178 1,630 [1][26]
May 1960 tornado outbreak sequence 157 26 10 4 1 71 33 302 [1][27]
Tornado outbreak sequence of May 1983 146 33 16 0 0 157 6 2+ [1]
1999 Oklahoma tornado outbreak 145 20 10 4 1 152 50 895 [1][28][13]
Enigma tornado outbreak 135 25 9 4 0 51+ 180+ 1,056+ [29]
2020 Easter tornado outbreak 133 19 13 3 0 141 32 257 [1][30][31][32]
Tornado outbreak of March 31 – April 1, 2023 129 32 11 1 0 147 26 218+ [1][33]
Tornado outbreak of April 14–16, 2011 129 32 13 0 0 178 38 588 [1]
June 1990 Lower Ohio Valley tornado outbreak 129 17 5 7 0 66 9 253 [1]
Tornado outbreak of April 2–3, 1982 128 14 11 3 1 63 30 433 [1][34]
Tornado outbreak sequence of April 19–21, 1973 127 26 9 3 0 68 2 106 [1]
1991 Andover tornado outbreak 126 18 7 4 1 55 21 313 [1]
March 1990 Central United States tornado outbreak 126 13 10 2 2 64 2 89 [1][35]

Devastating outbreaks[edit]

There have been several tornado outbreaks which scored at least 80 points, but 119 or less on the OIS, reaching the status of "devastating outbreak".[1]

Devastating Outbreaks[1]
Outbreak OIS score # of (E)F2s # of (E)F3s # of (E)F4s # of (E)F5s Total tornadoes Deaths Injuries References
1984 Carolinas tornado outbreak 109 7 5 7 0 24 57 1,249 [1]
2008 Super Tuesday tornado outbreak 107 16 5 5 0 87 57 425 [1]
Tornado outbreak sequence of May 2004 106 23 8 2 0 389 7 123 [1][36]
Tornado outbreak of March 20–21, 1976 104 17 8 3 0 66 3 189 [1]
Tornado outbreak of November 17, 2013 101 23 7 2 0 77 8 190+ [1]
Tornado outbreak of April 15–16, 1998 100 10 7 3 1 63 12 120 [1]
Tornado outbreak of May 22–27, 2008 98 14 9 1 1 173 13 215 [1]
Tornado outbreak sequence of March 9–13, 2006 97 16 11 1 0 99 10 183 [1][37]
Tornado outbreak of April 27–30, 2014 97 16 9 2 0 82 35 447 [1]
Tornado outbreak sequence of May 1971 94 22 8 1 0 76 6 242 [3]
Tornado outbreak of April 12, 1945 94 7 5 4 1 17 128 1,001 [3][38][39]
Tornado outbreak sequence of April 1996 93 19 11 0 0 118 6 200+ [1]
Tornado outbreak of March 2–3, 2012 93 14 9 2 0 70 41 300+ [1]
Tornado outbreak of June 7–8, 1984 91 23 4 1 1 46 13 322 [1]
Tornado outbreak sequence of May 7–11, 2008 91 23 5 2 0 120 25 419 [1]
1979 Red River Valley tornado outbreak 90 25 4 2 0 61 58 1,927 [1]
2002 Veterans Day weekend tornado outbreak 90 20 8 1 0 76 36 303 [1]
Tornado outbreak of June 16–18, 2014 89 12 3 5 0 76 2 28 [1]
Tornado outbreak of November 23–24, 2001 83 19 3 3 0 69 13 219 [1]
Tornado outbreak of December 10–11, 2021 82 16 6 2 0 71 89 676 [1][40]
Tornado outbreak sequence of June 10–16, 1970 81 18 7 1 0 82 3 73 [3]
Tornado outbreak of June 8, 1974 81 8 9 2 0 36 22 1+ [1]
Tornado outbreak of January 21–23, 1999 81 13 9 1 0 128 9 162 [1][41]
Tornado outbreak sequence of April 17–19, 1970 80 10 2 5 0 33 26 68 [3]
1886 St. Cloud–Sauk Rapids tornado outbreak 80 10 4 4 0 18+ 87+ 324+

Major outbreaks[edit]

There have been several tornado outbreaks which scored at least 30 points, but 79 or less on the OIS, reaching the status of "major outbreak".[1]

Major outbreaks[1]
Outbreak OIS score # of (E)F2s # of (E)F3s # of (E)F4s # of (E)F5s Total tornadoes Deaths Injuries References
Tornado outbreak of April 9–11, 2009 79 12 9 1 0 85 5 112 [1]
June 2010 Northern Plains tornado outbreak 78 9 4 4 0 93 3 43 [1]
Tornado outbreak of April 18–21, 1974 76 18 6 1 0 36 2 1+ [1]
Tornado outbreak of March 28–31, 1976 73 14 5 2 0 35 10 1+ [1]
March 1997 tornado outbreak 71 8 5 3 0 39 27 464 [1][42][43]
Tornado outbreak of May 4–6, 2007 70 15 5 0 1 132 14 89 [1]
1980 Grand Island tornado outbreak 68 9 4 3 0 29 6 413 [1]
Tornado outbreak sequence of May 22–26, 2016 68 9 8 1 0 98 0 11+ [1]
Tornado outbreak of May 6–8, 1973 66 23 1 0 1 47 2 41 [3]
Tornado outbreak of April 8–9, 1999 66 8 4 3 0 54 6 100 [1]
Tornado outbreak of May 10–13, 2010 66 13 4 2 0 91 3 127 [1]
December 2021 Midwest derecho and tornado outbreak 66 33 0 0 0 120 5 3 [1]
Tornado outbreak of June 7–9, 1993 65 10 5 2 0 107 1 1+ [1]
Tornado outbreak of February 21–22, 1971 64 7 3 2 1 19+ 123 1,592 [3]
Tornado outbreak of April 27–28, 2002 64 12 6 1 0 48 6 256 [1]
1975 Omaha tornado outbreak 63 14 3 2 0 36 3 137+ [1]
1994 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak 63 4 7 2 0 29 40 491 [1]
Tornado outbreak of February 28 – March 2, 2007 63 9 3 3 0 57 20 98 [1]
Tornado outbreak sequence of June 3–11, 2008 63 14 5 1 0 192 7 84 [1]
Tornado outbreak of April 23–27, 1970 62 11 6 1 0 34 3 26+ [3]
Tornado outbreak of December 23–25, 1982 62 16 4 1 0 44 1 11+ [1]
Tornado outbreak of April 19–22, 1972 60 10 6 1 0 28 8 42 [3]
Tri-State tornado outbreak 59 2 4 2 1 12+ 751 2,298
Tornado outbreak sequence of April 26–30, 1971 58 9 4 2 0 30 10 187 [3]
Tornado outbreak of April 22–25, 2010 58 9 4 2 0 88 10 184 [1]
Tornado outbreak of March 13–17, 1982 57 11 7 0 0 23 4 1+ [1]
Tornado outbreak of March 26, 1976 56 3 3 2 1 17 4 89 [1]
Tornado outbreak sequence of January 7–11, 2008 54 7 8 0 0 73 4 62 [1]
Tornado outbreak of May 26–31, 2013 54 12 6 0 0 134 9 172 [1]
Tornado outbreak sequence of April 29 – May 2, 1972 53 4 7 1 0 21 0 12 [3]
2009 South American tornado outbreak 52 6 4 2 0 28 15 1+ [44][45][46][47]
Tornado outbreak of May 18–21, 2013 50 5 1 2 1 78 26 229 [1]
Tornado outbreak sequence of March 24–28, 2021 50 10 4 1 0 43 7 37+ [1]
2012 Leap Day tornado outbreak 49 17 1 1 0 42 15 193 [1]
2003 South Dakota tornado outbreak 48 9 2 2 0 125 2 19 [1]
Tornado outbreak of December 1–3, 1982 47 6 7 0 0 38 2 0+ [1]
2008 Atlanta tornado outbreak 47 16 3 0 0 46 3 53 [1]
Tornado outbreak of June 5–6, 2010 47 11 3 1 0 53 8 68 [1]
1997 Central Texas tornado outbreak 46 3 3 1 1 20 28 30 [1]
Tornado outbreak of April 2, 2006 46 8 6 0 0 66 27 348 [1][48]
Tornado outbreak of April 9–11, 2011 46 8 4 1 0 49 0 21 [1]
Tornado outbreak sequence of May 5–10, 2015 46 8 6 0 0 127 5 67 [1]
Tornado outbreak of June 13, 1976 45 5 2 1 1 16 2 1+ [1]
Tornado outbreak of April 1977 45 10 2 0 1 22 24 158 [1]
May 1989 tornado outbreak 45 5 1 3 0 16 7 168 [1]
Tornado outbreak of November 22–24, 2004 45 15 3 0 0 104 4 39 [1][49][50][51]
Tornado outbreak of October 17–19, 2007 45 15 3 0 0 63 5 28 [1]
Tornado outbreak of March 28–31, 2007 45 10 5 0 0 81 5 26 [1]
Tornado outbreak sequence of April 19–24, 2011 45 15 1 1 0 134 0 14 [1]
Tornado outbreak of April 4–7, 2022 45 10 3 1 0 89 1 17+ [1]
Tornado outbreak of December 12–15, 2022 45 20 1 0 0 77 3 64 [1]
Tornado outbreak of December 14–15, 1971 44 17 2 0 0 40 2 119 [3]
Tornado outbreak of April 25–27, 1982 44 7 6 0 0 13+ 0 0+ [1]
Tornado outbreak of November 4–5, 2022 44 7 2 2 0 31 2 34+ [1]
Great Storm of 1975 43 14 1 1 0 45 12 377 [1]
Tornado outbreak of April 23, 2000 43 14 3 0 0 33 0 12 [1]
Tornado outbreak of June 18–22, 2011 43 9 5 0 0 78 0 4 [1]
Tornado outbreak of December 16–17, 2019 43 9 5 0 0 41 3 14+ [1]
Tornado outbreak of February 22–24, 1975 42 11 2 1 0 23 3 1+ [1]
Tornado outbreak of May 22–23, 1981 42 11 2 1 0 43 0 12 [1]
Tornado outbreak of May 7–10, 2016 42 6 4 1 0 57 2 19 [1]
Tornado outbreak of April 19, 1976 41 8 2 0 1 16 0 11 [1]
Hurricane Ivan tornado outbreak 41 18 1 0 0 120 7 24+ [1][52]
Tornado outbreak of April 13–16, 2012 41 3 5 1 0 113 6 101 [1]
Tornado outbreak of February 28 – March 1, 2017 41 8 3 1 0 71 4 38 [1]
Tornado outbreak of March 21–23, 2022 41 13 3 0 0 85 3 68 [1]
Tornado outbreak of April 25–27, 1994 40 10 0 2 0 101 6 1+ [1]
Tornado outbreak of April 13–15, 2019 40 15 2 0 0 75 3 65 [1]
Tornado outbreak of September 24–25, 1973 39 2 5 1 0 8 3 66 [3]
Tornado outbreak of April 6–9, 1998 39 7 2 0 1 62 41 250+ [1]
Tornado outbreak of November 15, 2005 39 7 3 1 0 49 1 108 [1]
Tornado outbreak of November 27–28, 2005 39 12 3 0 0 73 2 15 [1]
Tornado outbreak of April 30 – May 2, 2010 39 12 3 0 0 60 5 31 [1]
Tornado outbreak of July 1–3, 1997 38 9 4 0 0 52 2 100 [1]
Tornado outbreak of May 30 – June 1, 1999 37 6 5 0 0 59 3 1+ [1]
Tornado outbreak of April 10–11, 2001 37 16 1 0 0 79 4 18 [1]
Tornado outbreak of January 21–23, 2017 37 11 3 0 0 81 20 204 [1]
Tornado outbreak of March 24–27, 2023 37 6 3 1 0 35 23 236 [1][53][54]
Tornado outbreak of February 12, 1945 36 3 4 1 0 8 45 427 [3][55]
Tornado outbreak of April 1–2, 1974 35 10 3 0 0 23 4 72 [1]
Tornado outbreak of May 1–3, 2008 35 10 3 0 0 60 6 45 [1]
Tornado outbreak of March 9–11, 1973 34 7 2 1 0 16 7 132 [3]
Tornado outbreak of June 2, 1998 34 7 2 1 0 33 22 77 [1]
Tornado outbreak sequence of June 14–19, 2023 34 12 2 0 0 93 4 120
Tornado outbreak of December 16, 2000 33 9 1 1 0 24 12 186 [1]
2010 New Year's Eve tornado outbreak 33 4 5 0 0 37 9 32 [1]
Tornado outbreak of March 29–31, 2022 33 9 3 0 0 90 2 17 [1]
Tornado outbreak of January 12, 2023 32 11 2 0 0 44 8 53
1984 Soviet Union tornado outbreak 31 3 1 2 0 11 403 804 [56]
November 1989 tornado outbreak 31 8 1 1 0 40 30 523 [1]
Tornado outbreak of September 21–23, 2006 31 8 1 1 0 48 0 14+ [1][57][58]
October 2013 North American storm complex 31 3 1 2 0 22 3 17+ [1]
Tornado outbreak and floods of April 28 – May 1, 2017 31 8 1 1 0 75 5 70 [1]
Tornado outbreak of March 12, 1971 30 0 4 1 0 10 1 5 [3]
1978 Bossier City tornado outbreak 30 5 2 1 0 11 5 277 [1]
May 2009 Southern Midwest derecho 30 10 2 0 0 39 4 5+ [1]
Late-May 2010 tornado outbreak 30 10 0 1 0 80 0 0 [1]
Tornado outbreak of December 23–25, 2015 30 5 2 1 0 38 13 77 [1]
Tornado outbreak of February 23–24, 2016 30 5 4 0 0 61 7 136 [1]
August 2017 Chinese tornado family 30 0 0 3 0 3 5 58+ [59]
Tornado outbreak sequence of June 20–26, 2023 30 10 2 0 0 114 5 126

See also[edit]

References[edit]

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  59. ^ "佛山顺德气象局".
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